Tom Gilson & Carson Weitnauer (eds), True Reason: Confronting the Irrationality of the New Atheism (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2013), 315pp, US$17.99 (paperback), ISBN 978-0-8254-4338-1
Reviewed by Gregory W. Dawes, Associate Professor of Philosophy
Science, Religion and Culture
... Its aim, as the title suggests, is both to counter the work of the so-called “new atheists” and to offer a defence of the reasonableness of Christianity. Its essays cover an extraordinarily wide range of topics. These include the theological problems posed by religious diversity, the so-called “naturalism” of the modern sciences, the relations between faith and reason and religion and science, the role of religion in supporting our mor...
Thaddeus Metz
...ning that undercut his suggestion that there is no such thing....
Sandeep Satapathy and Rupam Ghosh
...s which subsequently triggers virus specific immune response....
Simon Mwangi Kihu1*, George Chege Gitao1, Lily Caroline Bebora1, Njenga Munene John1, Gidraph Gachunga Wairire2, Ndichu Maingi1, Raphael Githaiga Wahome1, Davis Njuguna Karanja1, Julius Otieno Oyugi3, Ernest Lutomia3
...ical observations were suggestive of PPRV infection, which were confirmed by the application of a reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Collectively, results indicate the continuous persistence of PPRV in Kenya....
Khalid Usman, Aziz-Ur-Rehman
...mponents. Results also suggested that application of N in three splits particularly in T3 is more productive and economical strategy for wheat production following cotton. It is concluded that wheat seeded in zero tillage following cotton did not decrease stand or yield compared to conventional tillage and wheat grain yield and N agronomic efficiency increased with application of 150 kg N ha-1 in three equal splits viz. at sowing, first irrigation, and second ...
Salma Shaheen, Muhammad Jamil Khan, Saleem Jilani
... manure. These results suggested that Press mud applied with EM have the most potential to increase yield and quality of spinach. Our results also suggest of taking integrating approach by applying organic wastes with readily available source of chemical fertilizer to minimize the risk of reduced plant growth due to immobilization and with EM to enhance mineralization of organic nutrients, therefore warrant testing under fie...
Mohammad Fayaz, Abbas Ullah Jan, Dawood Jan
...ompared to urban ones, suggesting that urban households are spending relatively more on vegetables quality (except onion and tomato). Hence, from the policy point of view, evidence of positive demand for quality vegetables would facilitate devising food policy for the development of food markets in terms of market segmentation and quality improvements in Pakistan....
Muhammad Mushtaq
E-mail | mushtaq@uaar.edu.pk
... Pakistan. The results suggested that in case of pre-baiting trial, a 25% reduction in burrow activity was achieved in case of groundnut – maize (1:1) grain bait loaded with 2% strychnine alkaloid and supplemented with 5% saccharin and a 10% reduction could be achieved without saccharin supplementation. In case of without pre-baiting trial, a 10% reduction in burrow activity was recorded in case of saccharin supplemented groundnut – maize grain bai...
Nisar Ahmad1*, Inayatullah Jan2, Saif Ullah1 and Sidra Pervez1
... Limited (ZTBL). It is suggested that financial institution should expand the credit facilities to the farmers which shall be utilized exclusively for agricultural purposes. It is also suggested that credit constraint should be plausibly minimized so that small farmers could also get loans easily....
Shen Yang1, Guang-Zhi Tong1, 2*
... innate immune system triggered by HP-PRRSV often lead to the elimination of infection. However, HP-PRRSV induces pathological changes and can cause aberrant immune responses in the host, resulting in acute lung injury and immune dysfunction. Studies of the innate immune responses to HP-PRRSV infection are crucial to gaining insight into HP-PRRSV-induced pathogenesis and for the development of novel protective vaccines. In this review, we discuss the innate im...
Josef D. Jarhult1, 2
...ug. The available data suggests that oseltamivir treatment of uncomplicated influenza in otherwise healthy patients shortens influenza symptoms with approximately 24 hours, and increases nausea and vomiting by 3-5%. Whether oseltamivir treatment has an effect on the frequency of influenza complications or not remains controversial. Oseltamivir is still standard as prophylaxis, treatment of severely ill patients and patients with risk factors for severe influen...
Hayat Badshah1*, Farman Ullah1, Abid Farid2, Ahmad-U-Rahman Saljoqi1, Sajjad Ahmad3
...ever, further study is suggested to identify if there are any detrimental effects on the reared parasitoid i.e. a tri-trophic effects on parasitoid- Aenasius bambawalei....
David F. Bradley*, Julie J. Exline, Alex Uzdavines
...ruel god. Our findings suggest nonbelievers, when prompted to imagine a hypothetical god, do not uniformly imagine cruel gods, but a diverse array of deities based partly on prior experiences with gods and current interactions with nonbelief....
Muhammad Nawaz Kandhro*, Habib-Ur-Rehman Memon, Muhammad Ali Ansari, Ahmed Naqi Shah
.... Overall results suggested that maximum net income was recorded when sorghum water extract was applied in integration with Dual Gold. The combined application of sunflower with Dual Gold ranked second in monetary benefits. Interculturing twice was found less economical due to higher costs of labour. Hence, it can be inferred from the above results that Dual Gold dose can be reduced up to 50% in combination with sorghum or sunflower wa...
Rick Repetti
...c. This is not to suggest that Buddhism contains or endorses a theory of free will, but that Buddhism may formulate such a theory....
Claudia Kohl*, Andreas Nitsche, Andreas Kurth
Email: kohlc@rki.de
...cing, though on a much bigger scale. For instance, the metagenome of a lake would include all the fish, ducks, plants, fungi, bacteria and everything else that belongs to the lake. If we apply this approach to clinical samples we can identify the community of etiological pathogens, without any knowledge on the targets in advance. However, clinical specimens usually comprise an overwhelming amount of host nucleic acids, which by far exceeds the number of pathog...
Mudasir Irfan Dar*, Fareed Ahmad Khan and Farha Rehman
E-mail | irfanmudasir@gmail.com
... stages. These results suggested that the lower concentrations of Imidacloprid applied on the mustard might have no severe effect on the mustard plant because of the regulation of the anti-oxidative enzyme system and MDA, but provoked oxidative stress when applied at high dosages. Therefore, pesticide application at high concentrations can be considered as a kind of stress, similarly to other stresses such as salt, drought and low or high temperatures....
Shubhada K Chothe, Bhushan M Jayarao and Suresh V Kuchipudi
...s a strong evidence to suggest the association of differential regulation of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) to a number of disease processes including viral infections. Cellular and virus encoded lncRNAs are emerging as novel regulatory factors which can escape the anti-protein environment in the virus infected cells and are likely to be conserved across the species. Here, we summarize our current knowledge about the role of lncRNAs in influenza virus infection and ...
Muhammad Arif Zafar1*, Arfan Yousaf1, Murtaz-ul-Hasan1, Faisal Ayub Kiayani1, Matee ul Islam2 and Muhammad Farooq Iqbal1
...operative complication suggesting that modified two-layer hand-sewn anastomosis technique was a successful technique. It was concluded that traumatic hernia may lead to septic shock and modified two-layer hand-sewn anastomosis technique may be recommended in calves with no postoperative complications and there is a good chance for long-term survival....
Moorthy S. Muthuswamy
...s approach, as history suggests, has a good chance of reinvigorating modernity in affected Muslim communities....
Ilham Ulla, G. Arjumand, Nawab Ali and Mohammad Akmal*
...up>-1. The study suggests that delay sowing of summer sunflower crop in the region either by monsoon rains or any other circumstances decreased production drastically. Moreover, an increase of N from 120 kg ha-1 is not of much value under these circumstances but have the potential to investigate for increasing production of the sunflower crop in the region. ...
Tahir Khan, Raziuddin, Fakharuddin* and Muazam Jamal Razi
...tions. Current results suggested the effectiveness of selection in early generations for the improvement of these traits. ...
Qaizar Ahmed1, Fida Mohammad2, Hidayat-ur-Rahman2, Sheraz Ahmed2* and Fakharuddin2
...e and negative values, suggesting additive as well as non-additive gene actions in the expression of traits. Performance of hybrids was environment-specific. However, heterobeltiosis estimates ranged between -7.9 and 25.90 for leaf area, -6.76 and 130.8 for number of cured leaves kg-1, -10.8 and 17.1 for yield, -16.0 and 9.94 for grade index, -10.4 and 68.66 for nicotine and -26.89 and 31.25 for reducing sugar, respectively. The current study identi...
Klara Fischer1*, Erika Chenais1,2, Emeli Torsson1, Jonas Johansson Wensman1
...emiology (PE) has been suggested as a particularly suitable research method to study epidemiology and social impacts of diseases in these contexts. However, for PE to achieve its full potential, stronger efforts to achieve true participation and to incorporate lessons about participation and power from the social sciences may be required. This review shows that social science engagement in PE to date is virtually non-existent, but that increased efforts to dra...
Muhammad Jurial Baloch1*, Ghulam Murtaza Channa2, Wajid Ali Jatoi2, Abdul Wahid Baloch1, Imdad Hussain Rind1, Muhammad Ahmed Arain1 and Ayaz Ali Keerio1
... GCA and SCA variances suggested that both additive and non-additive genes were controlling these characters. The magnitude of SCA variances were higher than GCA indicating pre-dominance of non-additive gene effects for spike length, spike density, seeds spike-1, grain yield plant- and harvest index, while GCA variances were greater for days to 75% maturity, tillers per plant. Parental cultivar TD-1 expressed maximum GCA effects for tille...
Shahab e Saqib, Mokbul Morshed Ahmad, Sanaullah Panezai, Hidayatullah, Khalid Khan Khattak
...o credit. Our findings suggest that there is a need to revamp the policy to address the interests of small landholders, particularly those who possess land less than 5 acres because they had limited access to formal sources of credit....
Aqila Shaheen
...ubsoils. These results suggested that fertility status of these soils with respect to NO3-N, P, Zn and B was poor. The characterization of eroded lands provides a quantitative data and on the basis of this data application of integrated soil conservation practices could improve the soil sustainability and crop productivity of eroded lands. Furthermore, this data could also be helpful in developing policies, strategies and programs for the conservation of erode...
Christopher U Orji1*, Ignatius O Onyeocha2, Steven S Shaida3, Peter M Dede4, Bitrus Yakubu5, Elijah E Ella6 and Pam D Luka5
...gher genetic diversity suggests a higher evolutionary rate. Haplotype diversity and Nucleotide diversity (genetic diversity) of a species population is often related to the ecological systems, evolutionary rate, adaptation of the species, gene flow, epidemiology and control strategies. Our study observed that the two laboratory grown species of tsetse flies may be genetically related....
Wan-Long Zhu* and Gao Wenrong
...e. The present results suggest that the observed physiological regulation from the organismal, hormonal levels to the cellular levels of this alpine small mammal were important and allowed A. chevrieri to overcome the physiological challenges of an change to cold environment in winter successfully with the seasonal variations. Cold can induce an increase in mitochondrial protein contents and COX activity both in liver and brown adipose tissue, su
Mazhir Nadeem Ishaq, Li Cui Xia, Rukhsana Rasheed, Zeeshan Ahmad, Muhammad Abdullah
... options has also been suggested to extend the farmer cooperative activities over different aspects of agriculture sector....
Zuhao Huang1, Feiyun Tu2 and Dianhua Ke1*
...ution and genetic data suggest the elevation of M. v. americanus to a full species Rufous-crowned Bee-eater M. americanus, supporting the latest taxonomic arrangement by IUCN....
Shagufta Jabeen1, Muhammad Saqlain Raja1, Sadia Saeed1, Muhammad Mobeen Zafar1, Rizwana Abdul Ghani1, Abid Mahmood1, Muhammad Fiaz2, Pakeeza Arzoo Shiaq1, Shahid Mahmood Baig3, S.M. Saqlan Naqvi1 and Ghazala Kaukab Raja1*
...an early age seems to trigger transition to heroin addiction under the influence of environmental risk factors.
...
Abida Saleem, Sajida Parveen and Muhammad Jamal Khan
... over non-treated soil suggesting its contrasting effect at different IZnA levels....
Ai Ming Zhou1,2, Guang Wen Liang2, Ling Zeng2, Yong Yue Lu2 and Yi Juan Xu2*
...e plots. These results suggest that S. invicta suppresses the exploitation of honeydew-producing hemipterans by ghost ant and occupies most of the honeydew resource.
...
Sadiq Hussain, Muhammad Sharif, Sarmad Khan, Fazli Wahid, Hina Nihar, Wiqar Ahmad, Imran Khan, Nadeem Haider and Tabassum Yaseen
... vermicompost. Results suggested that inoculation of mycorrhiza with vermicompost at half as well as full dose has potential to improve yield, yield component and nutrients uptake of wheat under prevailing soil and environmental conditions....
Robina Karim and Dawood Jan
...post-WTO period, which suggests Pakistan exports got smoothened after WTO’s implementation in the world arena, perhaps due to less restrictions on trade after WTO’s arrival, relative to pre-WTO period. Compared to exports, Pakistan imports’ coefficient of variation does not show significant declines; rather it appears largely static, suggesting Pakistan imports trade could not be benefited much by reduction...
Muhammad Imran*, Munir Ahmad, Muhammad Naeem, Muhammad Farooq Nasir, Imran Bodlah, Muhammad Nasir and Umer Ayyaz Aslam Sheikh
...of rearing environment suggests polycarbonate boxes the most suitable on all three developmental stages of bumblebees for efficient commercial mass rearing....
Syeda Farzana Bibi*, Lal Badshah and Siraj-ud-Din
...on of this area. It is suggested that plantation of invasive species should be discouraged which might become problematic in future for the indigenous flora....
Muhammad Basit1, Shafqat Saeed2, Mushtaq Ahmad Saleem3, Rana Zulfiqar4
...uous and Empoasca spp, suggested increased in temperature also increased their population. In conclusion, B. tabaci, Empoasca spp and N. inconspicuous are major pests of sunflower which should be controlled by exploiting of spiders and lady beetles....
Pan-pan Guo1, Wei Liu2, Yan Li2, Rui-yu Ma2, Wang Zaigui1*, Kai Zhan2*, Jun-ying Li2 and Sheng-nan Liu2
...hicken breeds, but the suggestions that HTT may be considered as a potential molecular marker for the selection of production performance-related phenotypes in local chicken breeds need to be further verified....
Shakeel Ahmed* and Sarwat Jahan
...n conclusion our study suggested that NMS has a role in regulation of adipokines secretion. Its inhibitory effect on leptin and stimulatory effect on resistin shows an important relationship between NMS and adipokines in the regulation of reproductive axis in male rhesus monkeys. Further studies are required to confirm this relationship....
Wenmin Cheng1,2*, Weirong Pan1,2, Yubo Qing1, Yingchao Liu1, Xingqin Zha1,2, Yan Huang2, Jige Xin1,2, Hongjiang Wei1 and Yangzhi Zeng2
... PGA group. These data suggested that addition of recombinant Npm obtained by prokaryotic expression or PGA could improve the development of SCNT embryos in the BMI....
Muhammad Sohail1,*, Muhammad Naeem Khan1, Naureen Aziz Qureshi2 and Abdul Shakoor Chaudhry3
...ic health and could be suggested as biomarker. It is concluded that the Cu and Pb induced more DNA damage as compared to Cr and combined metal exposure (Pb + Cu + Cr). Moreover, our results showed that the low dose treatment of metals have more genotoxic effect as compared to the medium and high doses....
Abdul Mannan Babar1* and Abdul Hannan Nagi2
...rtrophic scars are an exaggeration of fibroplasia in dermal repair. Keloids are found solely in humankind, and not in animals. Thus far no practicable animal model of Keloid has been made. Recently a prototype rabbit ear keloid model has been produced by the authors by giving Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1 injection, and then skin punch excision on rabbit ear. In the present follow-up study consisting of eight refind techniques, best Keloid was produced by...
Atta ur Rehman1, Sher Ali2 and Sajid Malik2*
...in lower KPK which may suggest a disturbed nature of these populations. Further studies are needed to understand the nature of differentiation between these Pashtun populations....
John G. Bruno
...coli serotype. Results suggest that these aptamers may be useful for enriching specific E. coli pathogens during aptamer-magnetic separation in food samples, leading to a greater ability to detect these serotypes if coupled with genetic identification techniques such as PCR or gene probe hybridization....
Ahmed Samy, Wesam Mady, Naglaa M. Haggag, Samah H. Mohamed, Ebtissam N. AlShamy, M.K. Hassan
...ltogether, our results suggest that the concurrent up-regulation of IFNα, IL-1b and IL-6 with higher viral load could represent an important feature affecting the viral pathogenicity and associated with impairment of innate immune response that in turn facilitate and magnify the effect of co-infections....
Xiangxing Zhu1, Junyu Nie1, Shouneng Quan1,2, Huiyan Xu1, Xiaogan Yang1, Yangqing Lu1, Kehuan Lu1 and Shengsheng Lu1*
... and in vivo, evidence suggests that mouse models are limited and sometimes do not fully replicate the complete spectrum of neurological phenotypes seen in human diseases. On the contrary, pigs, especially mini-pigs, show exciting potential for modeling human CNS diseases due to similarities in body size, anatomy, life span, CNS structure and neurobiology. Previously, via the somatic cell nuclear transfer technique, we successfully generated transgenic Guangxi...
Bin Wang, Bo Zhang, Nan Yang, Liang Dou and Jianghong Ran*
...hroated partridge, and suggest that variation in food resources might cause variation in demography and the frequency of cooperative breeding among populations....
Neelum Andaleeb and Munir Khan
...duction. These results suggest that small sized dairy farms are more productive and profitable; however, farmers need to utilize each input at its allocatively efficient level in order to get maximum profit....
Nusrat Habib, Safeena Inam and Abdul Hayee Qureshi
...nce of this crop it is suggested to provide market structure for sunflower growers near to their field areas and Research efforts should be made to overcome the problems faced by sunflower growers....
Muhammad Jamal Nasir, Anwar Saeed Khan, Said Alam and Saeed Akhtar
...ea net sown. The study suggests that mouza has capacity for further increase in cropping intensity and cultivated land, if innovatory irrigation and agriculture practices were adopted which can surely raise the agricultural productivity and socio economic condition of the residents....
Sheraz Ahmad Khan and Ghulam Hassan
...r spike. These results suggest that all the traits showing significant correlation with grain yield needs better attention in future wheat breeding programs for increasing yield....
Muhammad Aslam Shahid, Muhammad Iqbal and Muhammad Niamatullah
...igation. These results suggest that for maximum fruit set, yield and quality, the Dhakki date should be pollinated with pollens of M2 and M6....
Aqila Shaheen and Nadia Sabir
...ilizers. These results suggest that deep tillage has the potential to increase crop yield and WUE of wheat-maize cropping system in mountainous and sub-humid conditions....
Sana Irshad Khan1*, Zafar Iqbal2, Hamid Ullah Shah2 and Shaukat Hussain3
... potent metabolites is suggested to get a useful lead structure for development of novel antibiotics to combat resistant pathogens....
Muhammad Arshad1*, Hafiz Azhar Ali Khan2*, Faisal Hafeez3, Ravaid Sherazi1 and Naeem Iqbal4
...quo;s preference index suggest that pea aphid was the most preferred (by all stages of C. septempunctata) aphid species followed by coriander, and the cabbage aphid was the least preferred species. The results of the present study revealed predatory potential of C. septempunctata against different aphid species under the laboratory conditions. The results could be helpful in designing biological management strategies for aphids.
...
Wan-Long Zhu1 and Guang Yang2,*
...ns. All of the results suggested that short photoperiod can reduce body mass, body fat mass, increased food intake. Leptin may play a regulation on body mass and energy metabolism by acting on hypothalamic neuropeptide of NPY expression under different photoperiods in E. miletus.
...
Blood Selenium and Vitamin E Levels in Heifers: Regional and Seasonal Differences in Northern Cyprus
Serkan Sayiner1* and Hilal Karagul2
...s for both seasons. We suggest that feed supplements containing selenium should be added for the Iskele region during the winter months. For the Morphou region we advise that feed supplements should be added during summer due to low levels of selenium found in roughages.
...
Pam D Luka, Frank N Mwiine, Bitrus Yakubu, Joseph Erume, Ricardo Pérez-Sánchez, Hermann Unger and David Shamaki
...te to high reactivity, suggestive of domestic pigs’ exposure to tick-bite. Antibody reactivity’s were found in eight of the 10 states studied and all the states have favourable climatic conditions for soft ticks’ survival and national parks harbouring wild swine (warthogs) able to maintain the developmental cycle of these ticks. This provides some evidence of interaction between the host and the vector within the Nigeria’s ecosystem. Th...
Muhammad Akbar Khan1,*, Sayyed Ghyour Abbas1, Muhammad Adeeb Babar1, Sabah Kiran1, Ayesha Riaz2 and Muhammad Akhtar1
... Formation of Pakistan suggests a humid habitat with abundant cover.
...
Yang Wang1, Zhide Cheng2, Mengjie Tang3, Haixia Zhou1, Xiaolu Yuan4,Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf5, Shuting Mao1 and Jing Wang1,*
...pectively. The results suggest that Ldh-c expresses in skeletal muscles of plateau pika, and the pika skeletal muscle may get at least 32.42% ATP for its activities by LDH-C4 catalyzed anaerobic glycolysis, which reduces the dependence on oxygen and enhances the adaptation to the hypoxic environments.
...
Jun Cui, Xiaoxu Zhou, Zhicheng Wang, Derong Kong, Xuemei Qiu, Hongdi Wang and Xiuli Wang*
...arp after heat stress, suggesting that increase in Wap65 gene may be related to high water temperature stress and play important roles in high water temperature environment of crucian carp.
...
Waqar Islam*1, 2, Madiha Zaynab3, Muhammad Qasim2 and Zujian Wu1,2
...echanisms involved in triggering the antiviral resistance in plants. Antiviral RNA silencing, R-gene mediated resistance and host factor related recessive resistance are categorized as most beneficial plant defense approaches used by plants. The review also briefly explains about introgression of durable resistance to generate virus resistant cultivars for economically important crops through molecular breeding techniques via utilizing advanced molecular marke...
Abdul Malik1,4, Ghulam Abbas1*, Hameeda Kalhoro2, Illahi Bux Kalhoro3, Syed Sajjad A. Shah4 and Halima Kalhoro3
...linity level of 20% is suggested for red tilapia breeding in concrete tanks.
... 
