Ruse, Michael, The Gaia Hypothesis: Science on a Pagan Planet, The University of Chicago Press, 2013, 251 pp, $26.00, ISBN 978-0-226-73170-4
Science, Religion and Culture
Muhammad Zahid1*, Muhammad Salman2, Shah Alam Khan2, Alamzeb1, Inamullah Khan1
...ure treatment applied to tree trunks was very effective in reducing the borer infestation during dormant season. After pruning orchards, Nurelle-D 505EC and Triazofos 40EC @ 75ml of each proved to be the best toxicants, which showed synergistic effect in Bordeaux mixture (Copper oxychloride 75g + Lime 3kg + water 10L) in reducing borer infestation (exit holes/ gum points) in the month of January.
...
Ali Muhammad*, Muhammad Ayub
...ortant part of the olive tree which is popular for their medicinal values. Due to its bitter taste the fruit is unable to eat directly because the fruit contain high level of bitter glucoside such as oleourepean. Aim of this research work was to reduce the bitterness level of olive fruit by different treatment such as water, salt and lye solution which were coded as RW1, RW2 and RW3 respectively. During treatment process the bitter glucoside level such as oleo...
Koksal Karadas1, Muhammad Tariq2, Mohammad Masood Tariq3* and Ecevit Eyduran4
...M >CART. The decision tree results of CHAID algorithm displayed that ewe age, number of milking and lactation length for lactation milk yield should be taken into account and lactation lengths for Akkaraman sheep milked more than 2 a day should be longer than 150 days at 3 year old age group, and longer than 160 days at 4 year old age group for sustaining high productivity in lactation milk yield. Consequently, it is recommendable that determinant factors s...
Zisha Liu1, Na Song1, Takashi Yanagimoto2, Zhiqiang Han3, Bonian Shui3 and Tianxiang Gao3*
...-3). The Bayesian and ML tree topologies of 19 Gobiidae represented two groups: one large group consisted of Amblyopinae, Gobionellinae, Oxudercinae and Sicydiinae, and the other was the monophyletic Gobiinae. Phylogenetic analysis also demonstrated clade Amblyopinae included all three species and that O. lacepedii
Ecevit Eyduran1, Daniel Zaborski2*, Abdul Waheed3, Senol Celik4, Koksal Karadas5 and Wilhelm Grzesiak2
...ification and regression trees (CART), chi-square automatic interaction detector (CHAID), radial basis function (RBF) networks and multilayer perceptrons with one (MLP1) and two (MLP2) hidden layers in body weight (BW) prediction from selected body measurements in the indigenous Beetal goat of Pakistan. Moreover, the results obtained with the data mining algorithms were compared with multiple linear regression (MR). A total of 205 BW records including one cate...
Muhammad Aslam Shahid, Muhammad Iqbal and Muhammad Niamatullah
... diocious nature of palm tree. Pollen sources play important role in fruit setting .The growers pollinate the date by using low potency pollen source and get low yield. Present studies were conducted with the aim to explore best pollen sources for maximum fruit set and yield. In this respect, an experiment was conducted during 2012 and 2013 to evaluate the male spath characteristics and to observe the effect of pollen sources on fruit set, yield and physico-ch...
Yusuf Koc1, Ecevit Eyduran1* and Omer Akbulut2
...AID, and CART regression tree methods for different combinations of parent node: child node in the data set regarding animal science. To achieve the aim, 1884 Mengali lambs were provided for predicting weaning weight from sex (male and female), birth type (single and twin), birth year (2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2009), farm (Research station, Mastung, Quetta, and Noshki), birth weight, dam age, and dam weight. To choice the best regression
Irshad Ahmad
...regia) is a valuable tree for its fruit, furniture wood and ecological purposes. It is widely grown on farmlands in Northern Areas of Pakistan, where it is a cash crop ranked third in value of exports after onion and tomato. It is attacked by a number of insect pests including walnut borer (Zeuzera coffeae Nietner) that adversely affects the yield and quality of the fruit and wood. This study describes the life cycle of the pest, the nature and exte...
Rashid Mahmood1,*, Waqar Ahmad1, Muhamamd Khalid Rafique1, Ghulam Sarwar1 and Anjum Shahzad2
.... Apple fruits yield per tree ranged between 214.56 to 218.64 in 2013 and 2014 respectively. Average fruit weight varied between 124.84 to 127.34 g, average number of seeds varied between 7.95 to 7.73 seeds per fruit and yield per tree was recorded between 28.92 to 31.65 kg per tree. Number of Apple fruits per tree ranged between 145.72 to 164.58 in 2013...
Saqib Ali1, Suliman Ali1, Lina1, Wen Zhou1, Muhammad Irfan Waris1, Ashfaq Ali2 and Man Qun Wang1,*
...est in addition to shade trees, shrubs, and pink wood products as well as vectors of tree ailments. The alien species related to hardwood packing substances have been remarkable tree destroyers in the urban and semi-urban areas of China. In forests flora and fauna inhabitant species take action against disturbances, for instance fires in addition to windstorms, and start the bio-worsening ...
Jun Gao1,2, Liang-Liang Yue3, Xianhuan Jiang1, Liju Ni4, Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf5, Yuxun Zhou,1 Kai Li1,* and Junhua Xiao1,*
...istinct populations. The trees, inferred from maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analysis, highly supported all the M. fortis individuals clustering into one monophyletic lineage. Three main clades are recovered within M. fortis: (1) North group; (2) South group; and (3) GX group. The North Group distributed on the north side of Qinling Mountains-Huaihe river line as well as the South Group was on the south. It suggests this geographic ...
Yi-qiang Ouyang1, Zhen-xin Liang1, Shi-wen Huang2, Ying Zhang3, Shao-shi Luo1, Jin-ning Liang1, Jia-fu Li1, Yu He4 and Song-chao Guo1,*
...e rats and mice, yet the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri) is in many respects more similar to primates than rodents are. To demonstrate the feasibility and usefulness of using the tree shrew as an AD model, we examined how well the model recapitulates features of the disease. Injecting animals intraperitoneally with d-galactose to induce acute senility, and then injecting them with β amyloid fragment 1-42 and iboten...
Wazha Mugabe1,2, Lawrence Akanyang1, Mackenzie Nsinamwa1, Batanani Moatswi1, Naledi Matthews1, Kealeboga Dipheko1, Imtiaz Ahmed Ujjan3 and Assar Ali Shah2*
...ion or changes in fodder tree species composition caused by grazing pressure is critical since fodder trees form the base diet for browser such as goat as well as maintenance purposes for cattle in the dry season. Thus understanding the dynamics on rangeland response to grazing could prove worthy in finding an equilibrium point for optimizing animal productivity, with limited range degradation. Therefore, the current study w...
Sohail Ahmed, Muhammad Arshad and Babar Hassan*
...resins on woods of three tree species to ward off subterranean termites. Three resins types in three concentrations were applied by brushing and dipping on wooden stakes which were exposed to termites’ for a period of 4 weeks in the field. Weight loss before and after resin treatment was indicative of effectiveness. Highest concentration of all resins significantly reduced the chances of termites’ infestation as compared to other concentrations by ...
Muzafar Shah1,*, Mian Sayed Khan1, Muhammad Ather Rafi2, Habib Ahmed3 and James M. Carpenter4
...Polistinae. Phylogenetic tree were reconstructed using 12 SrRNA (12S) gene showing homology of 73% compared with gene bank data while on the basis of cytochrome oxidase 1 (Co1) gene 93% homology were recorded. It was concluded that Co1 gene is more reliable than 12S rRNA gene for confirmation of R. brevita position in the Vespidae family.
...
Ghulam Abbas1,Asif Nadeem1,*, Masroor Ellahi Babar2, Tanveer Hussain2, Muhammad Sajid Tahir3, Wasim Shehzad1, Rajput Zahid Iqbal3, Muhammad Tayyab1 and Maryam Javed1
...truction of phylogenetic tree and genetic diversity analysis. Lower genetic diversity was observed. The finding of this research is prerequisite for future research.
...
Ali Karabacak1, Senol Celik2, Adile Tatliyer3, Ismail Keskin1, Yakup Erdal Erturk4, Ecevit Eyduran5, Yasir Javed6 and Mohammad Masood Tariq7,*
...only CHAID was the ideal tree-based algorithm in the estimation of BW trait. In conclusion, the determination of the best data mining algorithm on the estimation of BW and CCW traits might be utility for further researches linked with characterization of sheep breeds, and sheep breeding in very large flocks.
...
Fareeda Tasneem1, Farah Rauf Shakoori1 and Abdul Rauf Shakoori2,*
...equences. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using the aligned sequences of our study with 22 entries of closely related species from GenBank Data. Highly polymorphic sites were observed in FT8 strain sequence as compared to other species. Analysis of H4 gene sequences in our study showed they are closely related and behaved as a good substitute for phylogenetic analysis. Phylogenetic tree constructed by maximum likelihood ...
Muhammad Abdullah1,*, Rashid A. khan2, Muhammad Rafay3, Tanveer Hussain3, Tahira Ruby4,Fariha Rehman5, Sangam Khalil3 and Sohail Akhtar6
...served as most preferred tree for nesting followed by Syzygium cuminii. At three selected sites, 30 nests from each were marked and regularly monitored to get data on nesting behavior (nest height and diameter), birds plumage variations, courtship behavior, eggs measurements (clutch size, eggs length, breadth and weight), incubation and hatching. The hatching of the chicks was observed to be an asynchronous one i.e., chicks did not hatch at the s...
Lu Liu1, Sher Khan Panhwar2, Tianxiang Gao3, Zhiqiang Han3, Chunhou Li4, Dianrong Sun4 and Na Song1,*
...Bank. A neighbor-joining tree showed the specimens to form a strong monophyletic group. The mean within-species genetic distances for L. affinis, L. carinata, and L. klunzingeri were 0.26%, 0.52%, and 0.47%, respectively. The mean genetic distances among L. affinis, L. carinata, and L. klunzingeri ranged from 12.22% to 14.74%, higher than the threshold for species delimitation. The results confirmed the taxonomic valid...
Sadia*, Abdur Rab, Sayyed Hamad Ahmad Shah, Irfan Ullah, Farida Bibi and Islam Zeb
...nced the growth of guava tree. ...
Zuhao Huang*, Meifang Li, Rujue Ruan and Jiawei Qin
...nstruct the phylogenetic trees based on HKY+ G model. The phylogenetic tree grouped members of every genus were grouped into each clade, except the genus Gorsachius. Our results indicated that the genus Gorsachius might not be monophyletic.
...
Syed Tanveer Shah* and Muhammad Sajid
...three times. Peach fruit trees at berry stage were sprayed with three sources of calcium (calcium chloride, calcium nitrate and calcium sulphate) at three calcium concentrations (0.5, 0.75 and 1.0%) stored for 30 days at 10 days interval. The experimental results showed that calcium sources, concentration and storage duration significantly affected all the studied attributes. More fruit firmness (5.57 and 5.69 kg cm2), less Total soluble solids [TSS] (8.57 and...
Jie Wu1, Jiagui Zhu2, Ke Wang2, Dejing Cai2, Yingying Liu1, Yanzhen Bu1,* and Hongxing Niu1,*
... likely to choose higher tree nests that were closer to residential areas and in a lower slope position in the breeding season; 2) thirty-three eggs were laid in 12 nests, the average clutch size being 2.75±0.75 (range 2-4); 3) twenty-five eggs were hatched, with the average hatching success 78.48%; 4) twenty-three fledglings flew; the average fledging rate: 75.00%; 5) the average breeding success rate was 70.14%. The results will help guide the recover...
Muhammad Imran Mahmood* and Muhammad Zubair
...wth parameters of forest trees Shisham, Neem, Siri and Sufeda. The effect of different irrigation levels exhibited the highest plant height in Sufeda under flooding which were 135 and 125cm after and before the experiment. However, Neem showed maximum plant height after experiment (103 cm) under drought condition. But, the minimum plant height (57 cm) before experiment was observed in Sufeda under droughtexhibiting 50% decline than Sufeda under flooding. Contr...
Jie Wu1, Jiagui Zhu2, Ke Wang2, Dejing Cai2, Yingying Liu1, Yanzhen Bu1,* and Hongxing Niu1,*
... likely to choose higher tree nests that were closer to residential areas and in a lower slope position in the breeding season; 2) thirty-three eggs were laid in 12 nests, the average clutch size being 2.75±0.75 (range 2-4); 3) twenty-five eggs were hatched, with the average hatching success 78.48%; 4) twenty-three fledglings flew; the average fledging rate: 75.00%; 5) the average breeding success rate was 70.14%. The results will help guide the recover...
Tariq Mahmood*1, Syed Wasif Ahmed Shah1, Muhammad Rais1, Hira Fatima1, Faraz Akrim1 and Muhammad Sajid Nadeem2
...estigated nesting use of tree species by avifauna at Pabbi Range Forest Kharian (32.811°N and 73.865°E), District Gujrat, from September 2013 to June 2015. Data were collected from five selected sampling sites by searching and identifying nests of different bird species in various vegetation types and observing birds on the nest. The nests were monitored for breeding activity of the particular bird species through clutch size, incubation period, and ha...
Yakut Gevrekçi* and Çiğdem Takma
...nbsp;
...
Muhammad Jamal Nasir*, Anwar Saeed Khan and Said Alam
...flowering time of fruits trees, biodiversity and livestock’s. Respondents were selected randomly but priority was given to elders and those possess land and practice agriculture. The study reveals that majority of the respondents are well aware of climate change and its effects on cropping calendar, crop variety, crop yield, crop diseases as well as an earlier blossoming of fruit trees. The respondents in all the fifte...
Muhammad Abubakar,1,2,* Aamer Bin Zahur,1,3 Khalid Naeem1,3, Muhammad Azeem Khan1,3 and Subhan Qureshi4
...ults of the phylogenetic tree indicated that all Pakistani PPRV strains, regardless of the gene used either F or N, clustered in lineage IV which is the most prominent and prevalent lineage of Asia. The distribution of Pakistani strains of PPRV was more dispersed as the isolate collected from Taxilla was clustered slightly distinct compared to rest of the isolates collected from Pakistan. Our findings are indicative of PPR endemic state of the country.
...
Senol Celik1,* and Orhan Yilmaz2
...ification and regression tree (CART) and multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) approaches to estimate the most important variables in predicting the body weight of Turkish Tazi dogs. Using various body measurements, the CART algorithm proposed that withers height (WH), abdominal width (AW), rump height (RH) and chest depth (CD) can significant effect the body weight. Quantitatively, it was identified that values of WH > 62.500 cm and RH > 67.50...
Golam Moula*
EFFECT OF SHADE ON YIELD OF RICE CROPS
...e effect of shade of the trees on the yield of paddy and green straw of two different rice varieties, local variety, Kazol Shail and high yielding variety, BRRI-32. The yields of paddy of Kazol Shail in the shaded and un-shaded area were 0.76 and 2.21 t ha-1, respectively. The yields of paddy of BRRI-32 in the shaded and un-shaded area were 1.83 and 3.63 t ha-1, respectively. The yields of green straw of Kazol Shail in the shaded and un-shaded area were 4.89 a...
Faisal Khalil, Khalid Mahmood Qureshi, Ammaz Khan, Fakhar-ul-Hassan and Nabila Bibi*
EFFECT OF GIRDLING AND PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS ON PRODUCTIVITY IN OLIVE (OLEA EUROPAEA)
...y was envisaged on olive trees to explore possibilities of inducing fruitfulness through the use of hormones and girdling operations under Islamabad conditions. Treatments consisted of control, girdling and spray of gibberellic acid, salicylic acid and naphthalene acetic acid @ 30 ppm, 250 ppm and 60 ppm, respectively. This experiment was laid out according to Randomized Complete Block Design with two factors, in four replications. Statistical analysis of data...
Frasat Saeed*, Jehanzeb Farooq*, Abid Mahmood**, Tassawar Hussain***, Muhammad Riaz* and Saghir Ahmad****
GENETIC DIVERSITY IN UPLAND COTTON FOR COTTON LEAF CURL VIRUS DISEASE, EARLINESS AND FIBER QUALITY
...erance. Scatter plot and tree diagrams demonstrated sufficient diversity among the cotton accessions for various traits and some extent of association between various clusters. It is concluded that diversity among the genotypes could be utilized for the development of CLCuD resistant lines with increased seed cotton and lint yields with desirable fiber quality....
Maimoona Bashir*, Imtiaz Ahmad Qamar*, Muhammad Fateh Ullah Khan* and Abdul Razzaq*
EFFECT OF MIXING LOW PALATABLE GRASSES AND IPIL IPIL LEAVES ON FORAGE QUALITY
...Chrysopogon aucheri with tree leaves of Leucaena leucocephala (Ipil ipil) in the ratio of 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, along with sole species on their chemical composition. Samples were analyzed for proximate parameters (crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), total ash and ether extract (EE)). The results revealed that there were significant differences in dry matter (DM) among different grasses. DM content of low palatable grasses was generally high (70-75%) as compa...
Maimoona Bashir*, Imtiaz Ahmad Qamar*, Muhammad Fateh Ullah Khan* and Raheel Babar*
EFFECT OF MIXING LOW PALATABLE GRASS OF HETEROPOGON CONTORTUS WITH IPIL IPIL LEAVES ON DIGESTIBILITY IN GOATS
...gon contortus (HC), with tree leaves of Leucaena leucocephala (Ipil ipil, II) in the ratio of 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, along with sole species on their digestibility in small ruminants. Goats fed II , HC II , HC II , HC II and HC had similar 100% 25% 75% 50% 50% 75% 25% 100% dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and crude fibre (CF) consumption among all the treatments. The digestibility percentage of dry matter intake (DMI) varied among the treatments ranging from ...
Muhammad Mohsin Raza*, Muhammad Aslam Khan*, Irfan Ahmad**, Ali Ahsan Bajwa***, Hafiz Muhammad Usman Aslam*, Badar Ahsan Ullah****, and Kashif Riaz*
FOREST PATHOGENS AND DISEASES UNDER CHANGING CLIMATE -A REVIEW
...anging climate threatens tree health by affecting the likelihood, frequency of occurrence, types and severity of forest diseases caused by diverse pests, resultantly altering the forest ecosystems. The present review covers the relationship between climate and diverse cases of forest diseases and potential shocks of climate change on pathogens and diseases. Biotic diseases, cankers, decays, declines, foliar diseases, root diseases and stem rust of pine have be...
Raja Zoq-ul-Arfeen*, Aamir Saleem*, Sarwat Naz Mirza*, Muhammad Akmal**, Hafiz Muhammad Tayyab* and Obaid Afzal***
BIODIVERSITY AND PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM RIPARIAN AREAS OF PAKISTAN: SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TAUNSA WILDLIFE SANCTUARY AND KETI SHAH FORESTS
...considering the adaptive tree species in future plantation and endangered species can be conserved....
ROLE OF HONEY BEES FORAGING ACTIVITIES IN INCREASED FRUIT SETTING AND PRODUCTION OF APPLES APIS MELLIFERA MALUS DOMESTICA
...pple weight. Apple Ameri trees were applied with natural pollination (T ) , pollination by honey bees only (T ), natural pollination augmented with honey bees (T ) and no pollination (T ,control). There was a significant increase in the apple fruit setting and weight gain in pollinated plants compared to non-pollinated plants. Maximum number of fruits per panicle were 5.33±0.51(Mean±SE) whereas the highest fruit weight 170±2.65g (Mean&plus...
Yanling Xia1,2, Heping Li2, Yuntao Liang2, Jichen Zhao2, Binshan Lu2 and Di Liu1,*
...ignment and phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that theVps26A protein of sika deer was highly similar to that of Bos taurus. Expression analysis by real-time quantitative RT-PCR revealed that Vps26A gene had a higher expression level at day 90 than those obtained at day 60 and 30.
...
Ejaz Ashraf1*, Hafiz Khurram Shurjeel2 and Zafarullah Baloch3
...h more than 57 date palm trees per acre on average. It is also observed that respondents generally get 76 kg of dates on average per tree. Many of the farmers use Radio and contact farmers as sources of knowledge for agricultural practices and date palm cultivation. However, more than 68% of the respondents do not get advisory services from government extension service institutions at all. Age and experience are significantl...
Nadia Faqir1, Aish Muhammad2*, Ghulam Muhammad Ali2, Armghan Shehzad2, Hafeez Ur Rahman3, Farhatullah4 and Muhammad Zeeshan Hyder5
...ioecious evergreen woody tree of the Arecaceae family is an important fruit crop of Pakistan. In this study seven date palm cultivars (Dhaki, Aseel, Halawi, Qantar, Hamin wali, Kupra and Shakri) grown in Pakistan were characterized on the basis of seventeen morphological traits, five parameter of proximate composition of date fruit and sequence analysis of two genes (maturase k and geranyl geranyl biphosphate reductase) from chloroplast region. Analysis of var...
Shuai Shang1,2, Honghai Zhang2,*, Xiaoyang Wu2, Qinguo Wei2, Jun Chen1, Huanxin Zhang1, Huaming Zhong2 and Xuexi Tang1,*
...nstructed a phylogenetic tree using Tas2r genes sequences from these fifteen species. Phylogenetic analyses showed that most Tas2r genes of raccoon dogs were closed to other canid-species, indicating that the Tas2r genes were very conservative. Besides, we also detected positive selection in 11 intact genes in raccoon dogs. The results of the positive selection analyses indicated that Tas2r10 and Tas2r67 had positively select...
Hongqun Li1, Xiaoli Liu2,*, Zhenmin Lian3,RenheWang4, Yongbin Wang4, Yongyao Fu1 andDingyi Wang5
...l nest sites had greater tree cover, increased cover and density of shrubs, and more low-lying shrub cover (1.0 m in height) than unsuccessful nest-sites. Forward elimination stepwise logistic regression was worked out with the above significantly different variables and their first-order interaction as independent variables. Finally, regression equation with the lower Akaike’s Information Criterion for small sample sizes (AICc) value was regarded as the...
Baoying Guo*1, Yu Chen1, Chuan Zhang2, Zhenming Lv1, Kaida Xu3, Hongling Ping4 and Huilai Shi4
...constructed phylogenetic trees estimating their relationships. The genome was 16,228 bp and contained 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, and 2 long-noncoding regions [both in the control regions (CR)]. The composition and order of genes in S. lycidas were similar to those of most other invertebrates. The overall base composition of S. lycidas is 35.8% T, 14.8% C, 41.3% A, and 8.1% G, with extremely high A+T con...
Nadia Saeed1,Mian Sayed Khan2, Habib Ahmad3, Muhammad Abdullah4 and Muzafar Shah5,*
...atodes.
...
Tanveer Hussain1,*, Masroor Ellahi Babar1, Marcos De Donato2, Abdul Wajid1, Asif Nadeem3, Zahoor Ahmad3, Waqas Ahmad Khan4, Sunday O. Peters5 and Ikhide G. Imumorin6
...tein sequence. The UPGMA tree showed a clear differentiation between taurine and indicine cattle, except mitochondrial taurine sequences in Lohani and Nari Master breeds. The within-breed estimates of divergence were very low in all breeds except for Nari Master (mixed-bred). The estimates of divergence among breeds were also low for most breed pairs, except for Nari Master and Dhanni. While the overall genetic divergence within the B. indicus or within...
Ai Guo1,2,3, Jiaguang Xiao4, Binbin Shan4, Tianxiang Gao5 and Yongdong Zhou3,*
...at the basal part of the trees, and showed obvious genetic differentiations with other Coilia species (d>0.19). Our results suggested that the north and south lineages of C. mystus could be genetically distinct as different species.
...
Muhammad Amir Maqbool1*, Muhammad Aslam1, Waseem Akbar2, Muhammad Waheed Anwar3 and Ehtisham Shakeel Khokhar1
...ftware, and phylogenetic trees were constructed by using MEGA5 software. Medicago truncatula found to have total 35 MIPs which further comprised of 10 MtPIPs, 6 MtTIPs, 17 MtNIPs and 2 MtSIPs. Cicer arietinum genome comprised of 41 MIPs which were consisted of 10 CaPIPs, 12 CaTIPs, 15 CaNIPs and 4 CaSIPs protein sequences. Genome of Zea mays was carrying 36 ZmMIPs which were categorized into 12 ZmPIPs, 13 ZmTIPs, 8 ZmNIPs and 3 ZmSIPs. Phylogenetic
Zisha Liu1, Na Song1, Takashi Yanagimoto2, Zhiqiang Han3, Bonian Shui3 and Tianxiang Gao3,*
...-3). The Bayesian and ML tree topologies of 19 Gobiidae represented two groups: one large group consisted of Amblyopinae, Gobionellinae, Oxudercinae and Sicydiinae, and the other was the monophyletic Gobiinae. Phylogenetic analysis also demonstrated clade Amblyopinae included all three species and that O. lacepedii has been proved to be a much closer affinity to Odontamblyopus sp. than O. rebecca. Our study theoretically provided a supplem...
Bushra Qadir1, Muhammad Asim2 and Mohammad Akmal1*
...lution made of perennial tree leaves. The study compares early growth performance of alfalfa varieties for forage biomass production. The seed was soaked overnight (14 h) in extracts made from dry powdered leaves of Bakayn (Azadir achtaindica), Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana) and water (H2O) and planted in pots on the next morning. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design at the University of Agriculture Peshawar during winter 2013-14. Periodic...
Aneel Salman1, Muhammad Iftikhar ul Husnain1, Inayatullah Jan2*, Muhammad Ashfaq2, Mudassar Rashid1 and Usman Shakoor1
...ifferent crop varieties, tree planting, and drip irrigation methods are prevalent in the research area. The major hurdles that farmers perceived in adaptation are limited access to credit, lack of access to information, and institutional support. As expected, no significant variations were found across districts in the characteristics of respondents (age and income) that can affect their perceptions, their adaptation strategies, and obstacles faced in adaptati...
Fehmeeda Fatima, Asif Nadeem* and Maryam Javed
...onstructing phylogenetic tree which indicated that Sindh ibex, domestic goat, and sheep share a common ancestor.
... 
*Nageen Fatima1, Sadia Murawwat1 and Syeda Ameena Rizvi1
EVALUATION OF IMAGE COMPRESSION TECHNIQUES: AN IMPLEMENTATION OF TRUE COMPRESSION ON 2-D IMAGE
... encoding, Embedded Zero tree Wavelet (EZW) and Set Partitioning in Hierarchical Trees (SPINT) technique is performed. The result showed that lossy techniques are reliable to save hardware memory consumption but having low CR ratio. In lossless techniques, CR ratio is higher and it uses more space to store compressed image. Proposed comparison between lossy and lossless techniques is supportive in choosing an optimal techniq...
Muhammad Akram and Faheem Aftab
THIDIAZURON INDUCES IN VITRO BUD BREAK AND SHOOT DEVELOPMENT FROM NODAL EXPLANTS OF ORTHOTROPIC SHOOTS OF MAIDENHAIR TREE (GINKGO BILOBA L.)
Halil Erhan Eroğlu
The comparison of the Felidae species with karyotype symmetry/asymmetry index (S/AI)
...I values, a phylogenetic tree was drawn showing
relationships among the species....
relationships among the species....
Muhammad Shahzad Akbar, Muhammad Zeeshan Majeed* and Muhammad Afzal
...r of agricultural crops, tree plantations and wooden infrastructures all over the world including Pakistan. This study was aimed to evaluate the comparative efficacy of 10 commercial formulations of new-chemistry insecticides against Odontotermes obesus (Isoptera: Termitidae), one of the most economic subterranean termite species in Indo-Pak region. Label-recommended dose rates of insecticides were tested against worker termites using modified filter paper dis...
Aiguo Zhou1,3,4, Shaolin Xie1,4, Zhenlu Wang1, Lanfen Fan1, Yanfeng Chen2, QiaoYe1, Fang Zeng1 and Jixing Zou1,*
..., molecular phylogenetic tree showed that all the haploids gather together as a branch and crossing each other. These indicated that the white type Channa argus should be regard as an albino of biocolor type.
... 
