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True Reason: Confronting the Irrationality of the New Atheism

Tom Gilson & Carson Weitnauer (eds), True Reason: Confronting the Irrationality of the New Atheism (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2013), 315pp, US$17.99 (paperback), ISBN 978-0-8254-4338-1

Reviewed by Gregory W. Dawes, Associate Professor of Philosophy

Science, Religion and Culture
...neral reflections on the strategies employed.

...
A Manual for Creating Atheists by Peter Boghossian

Reviewed by Rick Repetti, Kingsborough Community College, CUNY; Email: Rick.Repetti@kbcc.cuny.edu

Science, Religion and Culture
...y aphorisms, guidelines, strategies, talking points, dialectical examples and analyses of real-life “interventions” designed to progressively tutor armies of atheist evangelists in the art of demolishing faith, which Boghossian claims is “pretending to know things one doesn’t know.”

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African Swine Fever: An Epidemiological Overview

Muhangi Denis

...f prevention and control strategies could be explored in future control programs. This may call for investing resources in changing disease management behaviour in managing this disease.

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H9N2 Subtype Avian Influenza Viruses in China: Current Advances and Future Perspectives

Hanqin Shen1,3, Boliang Wu1,2, Guangwei Li1, Feng Chen1, Qingbin Luo1,3, Yimin Chen1, Qingmei Xie1,2,3*

... H9N2 AIVs epidemics and strategies for their prevention in poultry in China.

...
Multiplex Detection of Citrus Viroids: Advances and Future Application

Chun-Yi Lin1, Meng-Ling Wu2, Tang-Long Shen1, Hsin-Hung Yeh3, Ting-Hsuan Hung1*

 

...evelop proper prevention strategies in the near future.

 

...
Fertilizer Management Strategies under Rainfed Conditions in Lentil Based Cropping Systems

Aqeel Ahmad, Zammurad Iqbal Ahmed, Irfan Aziz*

 

...ze fertilizer management strategies for rainfed cultivation under lentil (lens culinaris) based cropping systems field trials were conducted at University Research Farm, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi during 2007-2009. Lentil was planted in winter and during summer sorghum (sorghum bicolor) and mung bean (vigna radiata) followed lentil. Five different fertilizer treatments i.e. farmyard manure (FYM) 30 tons ha-1, NPK 35-40...
Antiviral Roles of Artificial microRNAs

Huaichang Sun

...ions. However, different strategies are needed to prevent virus variation or mutation escape. This review is intended to present the current situation of antiviral roles of amiRNAs, against variable RNA viruses in particular.

...
Atheism Looking In: On the Goals and Strategies of Organized Nonbelief

Joseph Langston1*, Joseph Hammer2, Ryan T. Cragun3

Planning, Implementation of Peste des Petits Ruminants Control Programme and Strategies Adopted for Disease Control in India

Vinayagamurthy Balamurugan*, Gurrappa Naidu Govindaraj and Habibur Rahman

...ences on the PPR control strategies adopted by some of the states in India may motivate other Indian states or other countries of similar socio-economic and small ruminant rearing pattern to vaccinate and control PPR.

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Comprehensive Review on Recent Developments in the Diagnostics and Vaccines against Peste des Petits Ruminants

Amitha Reena Gomes1, Belamaranahally Muniveerappa Veeregowda2, Sonnahallipura Munivenkatappa Byregowda1, Vinayagamurthy Balamurugan3*

...e/diagnostic development strategies for the effective control and eradication of PPR. This review comprehend the current scenario of recombinant technology based vaccines and diagnostics, virus like particles (VLPs), reverse genetics approach etc., in the development of diagnostics and vaccines against PPR.

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Characterization of Eroded Lands of Pothwar Plateau, Punjab, Pakistan

 Aqila Shaheen

... in developing policies, strategies and programs for the conservation of eroded lands.

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Molecular Characterization of Laboratory Reared Glossina palpalis palpalis and Glossina morsitans submorsitans Populations in Nigeria

Christopher U Orji1*, Ignatius O Onyeocha2, Steven S Shaida3, Peter M Dede4, Bitrus Yakubu5, Elijah E Ella6 and Pam D Luka5

...epidemiology and control strategies. Our study observed that the two laboratory grown species of tsetse flies may be genetically related.

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Thermal Physiology and Bioenergetics in Ambient or Seasonal Acclimatization in Apodemus chevrieri

Wan-Long Zhu* and Gao Wenrong 

..., are important adaptive strategies for small mammals. Ambient cues, as temperature and photoperiod, play important roles in animals’ physiological adjustments. In order to determine the contributions of temperature and photoperiod to seasonal changes in body mass and thermogenesis in Apodemus chevrieri, we examined seasonal-acclimatized and lab-acclimated animals on several physiological, hormonal, and biochemical markers indicative of therm...
The Point behind Translation of Aptamers for Point of Care Diagnostics

Tarun Kumar Sharma, John G. Bruno and William C. Cho

...otential of aptamers and strategies to create the “bench-to-bedside” translation of aptamer technology.

...
Systematic and Integrated Analysis Approach to Prioritize Mastitis Resistant Genes

Iqra Mahmood1, Asif Nadeem1*, Masroor Ellahi Babar2, Muhammad Muddassir Ali1, Maryam Javed1, Aisha Siddiqa1, Tanveer Hussain2 and Muhammad Tariq Pervez2

... In order to develop new strategies to prevent mastitis, a detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the host immune response to the infectious agents is necessary. Identification of the genes, and their variants, involved in innate immune responses is essential for the understanding of this inflammatory disease and to identify potential genetic markers for resistance to mastitis. This article presents a systematic integration of complex bi...
PPRV-Induced Immunosuppression at the Interface of Virus-Host Interaction

Jose M. Rojas, Noemi Sevilla and Veronica Martin

... known immunosuppressive strategies of PPRV, among the Paramyxoviruses, as well as the strategies developed by this virus to evade the immune system, focusing on the newly identified factors involved. In the last years substantial progress has been reported in the identification of viral factors involved in the host immunosuppression, although future studies employing in vivo infection models are needed to clearly understand...
Predatory Potential of Coccinella septempunctata L. against Four Aphid Species
Muhammad Arshad1*, Hafiz Azhar Ali Khan2*, Faisal Hafeez3, Ravaid Sherazi1 and Naeem Iqbal4
...ng biological management strategies for aphids.
...
The Role of Vertical Transmission of Dengue Virus among Field-Captured Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus Mosquitoes in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Jehangir Khan1,2*, Inamullah Khan3, Ijaz Ali2, Aqib Iqbal2 and Muhammad Salman4
...ative mosquitoes control strategies in Pakistan especially in the unrestricted transport of tyres from southern part of the country to the northern parts.
...
Plant-Virus Interactions: Disease Resistance in Focus
Waqar Islam*1, 2, Madiha Zaynab3, Muhammad Qasim2 and Zujian Wu1,2
...ter defense and tolerant strategies against viral infections. In the 21st century, considerable progress has been made in understanding the available natural resistance in plants against viral threats. The review aims to explain the molecular mechanisms involved in triggering the antiviral resistance in plants. Antiviral RNA silencing, R-gene mediated resistance and host factor related recessive resistance are categorized as most beneficial plant de...
Detection, Serotyping and Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Salmonella from Chicken slaughter slabs in Jos, North-Central Nigeria

Idowu Fagbamila1*, Adaobi Okeke2, Micheal Dashen2, Patricia Lar2, Sati Ngulukun1, Benshak Audu1, David Ehizibolo1, Paul Ankeli1, Pam Luka1, Maryam Muhammad1

...g effective intervention strategies for Salmonella control in Nigeria with the aim of reducing Salmonella spread from poultry to humans.

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Occurrence of Aflatoxin B1 Producing Fungi in Finished Commercial Broiler Feed in Quetta
Nadeem Rashid1,*, Masroor Ahmad Bajwa1, Mohammad Masood Tariq1, Tanvir Ahmad2, Majed Rafeeq1, Zafar Ahmad1, Mohammad Arif Awan1, Mohammad Ali1, Muhammad Zahid Mustafa1, Muhammad Shafee1, Asad Ulah1 and Amanullah Khan3
...in order to make control strategies and prevent toxic syndromes to this type of contamination.
...
Management of Plant Virus Diseases; Farmer's Knowledge and our Suggestions

Waqar Islam

...eveloping countries such strategies are rarely applied due to lack of farmer’s knowledge about plant virus diseases. Therefore, here we reviewed about this issue by highlighting that what farmers know about plant viruses, what is their perception about yield losses by virus diseases and what management strategies they choose to apply against viruses. We further added our suggestions that how plant viruses can be manage...
Molecular Characterization and Evolutionary Analysis of Canine Parvo Viruses in Dogs
Urooj Fatima1, Arslan Mehboob2, Muhammad Abid3, Muti-ur-rehman Khan4 and Tahir Yaqub4*

 

...ry out effective control strategies in future.
...
Maize Production Response to Climate Change in Pakistan: A Time Series Assessment

Usman Shakoor1*, Mudassar Rashid1, Abdul Saboor2, Nabila Khurshid1, Zuhair Husnain2 and Abdul Rehman2

...ands devising adaptation strategies for farmers to be made available, this should be the key policy intervention of the government to cater with the climate change on agriculture and particularly on maize. Fertilizer management and crop variety choices according to the changing climate will address this serious concern expected in the future.

...
Physiological Responses to Fasting and Refeeding in Apodemus chevrieri from Hengduan Mountain Region
Hai-Ji Zhang1, Di Zhang2, Dong-Min Hou1 and Wan-Long Zhu1,*
...f mammals were the major strategies in response to the changing food resources. In order to investigate the physiological responses to fasting and refeeding in Apodemus chevrieri, body mass and body fat mass, resting metabolic rate (RMR), organs morphology, serum leptin levels and food intake were measured in the present study. The results showed that food deprivation decreased body mass and body fat mass. After refeeding, body mass can not be returned ...
PCR-Based Detection of a Hyperparasitoid in Cotton Mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)
Muhammad Ashfaq,1 Shamim Akhtar,2 Saleem Akhtar2,* and Mariyam Masood2
... promising for designing strategies for the biological control program of cotton mealybug.
...
Major Crops Forecasting Area, Production and Yield Evidence from Agriculture Sector of Pakistan

Dilshad Ahmad*, Muhammad Irfan Chani and Asad Afzal Humayon

...cymakers to revamp their strategies accordingly.

...
Field Evaluation of Selective Systemic Formulations against Sucking Insect Pest Complex and their Natural Enemies on a Transgenic Bt Cotton
Talha Nazir1,2,*, Muhammad Dildar Gogi2, Muhammad Zeeshan Majeed1, Waheed ul Hassan2, Abdul Hanan2 and Muhammad Jalal Arif2 
... pests’ management strategies on transgenic crops such as Bt cotton.
...
Intestinal Parasitic Infections among Patients of Prince Sultan Military Medical City in Riyadh Region, Saudi Arabia: A 5-year Retrospective Study
Omar S.O. Amer1,3,*, Mohamed I. Waly2,4 andSaeed A. Al-Zahrani1
...e prevention and control strategies.
...
Strategies to Improve the Irrigation Efficiency of Raised Beds on Small Farms

Ghani Akbar1, Steven Raine2, Allen David McHugh3, Greg Hamilton4 and Qurban Hussain5 

...re irrigation management strategies for improving irrigation eficiency. The study revealed existing average application efficiency of low quarter (AE lq) 71%, 87%, distribution uniformity of low quarter (DU lq) 70%, 80% and adequacy of low quarter (AD lq) 100 %, 90% for NB and WB, respectively. Majority (67%) of WB irrigations monitored were under irrigated while large number (50%) of NB irrigation were over irrigated. Simulation modelling showed that achie...
Spatial and Temporal Distribution Dynamics of the Yangtze Finless Porpoise at the Confluence of the Yangtze and Wanhe Rivers: Implications for Conservation
Minmin Chen1, Xiaoke Zhang1, Kexiong Wang2, Zhigang Liu1, An Wan3, Daoping Yu1,*, Hong Ji3 and Fangzhen Peng1
...lish better conservation strategies. In order to understand the characteristics of habitat chosen, a continuous 15 months observation on the distribution patterns of the Yangtze finless porpoise at the confluence of Yangtze and Wanhe rivers was conducted. The results showed that the distribution of the porpoise changed seasonally. From October 2013 to March 2014 and from December 2014 to January 2015, the observation rate ranged from 12.5% to 100% of each obse...
Pakistan J. Zool., Vol. 50, Iss. 1, pp 75-82
Temel Gokturk1, Elif Tozlu2,* and Recep Kotan2
...on. For this reason, new strategies are needed to control this pest. With the awareness on the negative effects of the chemicals used in the control against pests and with the increasing awareness on environmental issues, alternative methods were sought in the past; and in this context, studies were conducted to find new methods in which fungi and bacteria were used in the biological control against pests. Totally 10 bacterial strains including 2 strains of
Prediction of Fattening Final Live Weight from some Body Measurements and Fattening Period in Young Bulls of Crossbred and Exotic Breeds using MARS Data Mining Algorithm
İbrahim Aytekin1,*, Ecevit Eyduran2, Koksal Karadas3, Rifat Akşahan4 and İsmail Keskin1
... development of breeding strategies and especially in the detection of ideal fattening period for each breed under the condition.
...
Effect of nickel on biofilm formation of Halophilic bacteria isolated from Achyranthus aspera from salt range Pakistan

 Maryum Fakhar, Iqra Jabbar, Anjum Nasim Sabri*

...a have multiple survival strategies involving several mechanisms of resistance and tolerance. Biofilm formation is one such resistance mechanism for bacterial survival. This paper provides the basis for use of bacteria isolated from saline environment and to check their biofilm forming ability under nickel stress. Our previous results showed that these bacteria are capable of producing proline, glycine betaine, choline and other osmolytes under NaCl stress. On...
A Step towards the Sustainable Wheat Production with Integrated Nutrient Management Strategies under Pothwar Conditions
Muhammad Aqeel Sarwar1*, Abid Ali2, Manzoor Hussain2, Saadia3, Muhammad Khubaib Abuzar4, Ijaz Ahmad5 and Sohail Latif6
...ted nutrients management strategies on the yield and quality of wheat. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with factorial arrangement by using three replications. Treatments included different fertilizers combinations i.e (F1) control, (F2)100% recommended dose of NPK, (F3) 75% recommended dose of NPK + 1.5 t ha-1 poultry manure(PM), (F4) 75% of recommended dose of NPK +3...

 Muhammad Azeem Khan*, Abid Hussain, Irfan Mehmood and Sonila Hassan **

...ices at both sites. Main strategies adopted by the farmers to mitigate the effects of climate change were occasional sale of livestock, reduction in consumption expenditures, and migration to nearby cities for non-farm employment.

...
Canine Coronavirus (CCoV), a Neglected Pathogen: Molecular Diversity of S, M, N and 3b Genes

Iracema Nunes de Barros1,2, Luciane Dubina Pinto3, Rosely Bianca dos Santos Kuroda1, Sheila Oliveira de Souza Silva1, Leonardo José Richtzenhain1,2, Cláudio Wageck Canal3 and Paulo Eduardo Brandão1,2* 

...amics and future control strategies. 

...

 Shahida N.Khokhar*

CROP INOCULANTS- AN UNDEREXPLORED POTENTIAL IN AGRICULTURE
..., lapses and unfolds new strategies in research and extension in future.

...

 Ali Ahsan Bajwa*, Ehsanullah*, Shakeel Ahmad Anjum*, Wahaj Nafees*, Mohsin Tanveer* and Hafiz Salman Saeed*

IMPACT OF FERTILIZER USE ON WEED MANAGEMENT IN CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE - A REVIEW
... impacts on weed control strategies and management options in conservation crop production.

...

 Aniqa Iram*, Javed Khan**, Nadeem Aslam**, Ehsan-ul-Haq**, Habib Iqbal Javed**, Muhammad Irfan*, Awais Rasool*, Muhammad Ishaque Mastoi** and Sumera Aslam* 

EFFICACY OF PLANT DERIVED OILS AND EXTRACTS AGAINST WHITEFLY, BEMISIA TABACI (GENNADIUS) ON SESAME CROP
...used in plant protection strategies but still more research has to be incorporated in the pest management programmes.

...

 Gul Zamin Khan*, Imtiaz Ali Khan**, Inamullah Khan* and Mian Inayatullah**

OUTDOOR BREEDING OF MOSQUITO SPECIES AND ITS POTENTIAL EPIDEMIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS IN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA
...ment of ultimate control strategies of mosquito breeding in outdoor habitats. Larvae were collected from various mosquito breeding habitats such as irrigation channels, irrigation water leakages, pots, vase, tyres, temporary containers stagnant flood waters, etc. Ovitraps were used as monitoring tools in urban areas of the selected sites. Results showed that mosquitoes are active throughout the year with their most active season during May, September and Octob...

 Muhammad Mohsin Raza*, Muhammad Aslam Khan*, Irfan Ahmad**, Ali Ahsan Bajwa***, Hafiz Muhammad Usman Aslam*, Badar Ahsan Ullah****, and Kashif Riaz*

FOREST PATHOGENS AND DISEASES UNDER CHANGING CLIMATE -A REVIEW
...rn scientific management strategies like monitoring, modeling prediction, risk rating, planning, genetic diversity and facilitated migration, genetic protection and breeding for disease resistance and relating results to forest policy, planning as well as decision making, the suspicions innate to climate change effects can be minimized.

...

 Raja Zoq-ul-Arfeen*, Aamir Saleem*, Sarwat Naz Mirza*, Muhammad Akmal**, Hafiz Muhammad Tayyab* and Obaid Afzal***

BIODIVERSITY AND PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM RIPARIAN AREAS OF PAKISTAN: SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TAUNSA WILDLIFE SANCTUARY AND KETI SHAH FORESTS
...e future as conservation strategies can be made through considering the adaptive tree species in future plantation and endangered species can be conserved.

...
The Rhetoric of Revelation: Examining Religious Rhetoric on Secularism through an Ethnographic Content Analysis of Mormon Leadership Discourse

Jesse M. Smith

...a suggest the rhetorical strategies revealed in Mormon leaders’ discourse on the secular is a part of the way it negotiates relationships within its organization and to the public, and is important to its success in contemporary American society. This case study will be useful to future research in drawing connections between the discursive response of American conservative Christianity broadly, and modern secular forces. I also argue sociologists of rel...
Synergistic Impact of Fat Mimetic and Homogenization on Functionality, Texture and Proteolysis of Low Fat Buffalo Mozzarella
Muhammad Umair Sattar1, Aysha Sameen1,*, Nuzhat Huma1 and Muhammad Shahid2
...ization as fat reduction strategies on the quality of low fat Mozzarella cheeses (LFMCs). Guar gum was used at level of 0.15, 0.30 and 0.45% with and without cheese milk homogenization (2000 psi at 45°C) for LFMCs production. LFMCs produced were subjected to analysis for physicochemical parameters, functional attributes, texture (hardness), appearance (L* value) and proteolysis by RP-HPLC. Use of guar gum as fat mimetic and cheese milk homogenization signi...
Re-Emergence of Wheat Seed Gall Nematode (Anguina tritici) in Punjab, Pakistan
Tariq Mukhtar,1,* Abdul Jabbar1, Muhammad Usman Raja1 and Humayun Javed2
...ce and stringent control strategies should be adopted to prevent the nematode from becoming a threat to wheat. Similarly, no incidence of the nematode was recorded on Shafaq-2006 and Aas-2011 cultivars, therefore, cultivation of these cultivars should be encouraged.
...
Ecological Concerns of Migratory Birds in Pakistan: A Review
Muhammad Umar1, Mubashar Hussain1,*, Ghulam Murtaza1, Farid Asif Shaheen2 , Fatima Zafar1
...e effective conservation strategies during the period of their stay in Pakistan.
...
Hepatitis-C Virus Prevalence in District Shangla and Evaluation of Screening Tests for Anti-HCV
Jehangir Khan1,*, Rasheedullah1, Bakht Tarin Khan2, Ayaz Ahmad3, Muhammad Salman4 and Khalid Khan5
...th policy makers to plan strategies for the control of hepatitis C disease particularly in district Shangla and generally in Pakistan.
...
Habitat Evaluation for Reintroduced Crested Ibis (Nipponia nippon) in Dongzhai National Nature Reserve, China, Based on a Maximum Entropy Model
Liumeng Zheng1, Yanmei Wang1, Jiagui Zhu2, Ke Wang2, Dejing Cai2, Yuanzhao Qin3, Yuming Guo3, Hongxing Niu1,* and Yanzhen Bu1,*
...rested ibis conservation strategies such as public outreach and surveillance outside of the nature reserve, as well as continuing conservation efforts inside of the nature reserve.
...
Prevalence of Avian influenza H9N2 Virus among Wild and Domesticated Bird Species across Pakistan
Amna Kausar1,2, Sana Anwar1, Naila Siddique2, Safia Ahmed1 and Javid Iqbal Dasti1,*
...and improved vaccination strategies are highly desirable.
...
Molecular Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of Fowl Adenoviruses Isolated from Commercial Poultry Flocks in Pakistan during 2014-15
Abdul Wajid1,*, Asma Basharat2, Muhammad Akbar Shahid3, Sidra Tul Muntaha1, Abdul Basit4, Tanveer Hussain5, Muhammad Farooq Tahir6, Muhammad Azhar7, Masroor Ellahi Babar1 and Shafqat Fatima Rehmani2
...he adaptation of vaccine strategies. In spite of appropriate administration of vaccination, FAdV outbreaks have been reported and caused significant losses in poultry flocks throughout Pakistan in recent years. To identify the serotype and gain a better understanding of the genetic properties of the FAdV strains responsible for recent outbreaks, the sequence analysis of hexon gene of 10 isolates associated with IBH and HPS was determined. Sequence alignment an...
Synergistic Action of Isaria fumosorosea Wize (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) and Spirotetramat against Asian Citrus Psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) under Field Conditions

Muhammad Fiaz1*, Muhammad Afzal1 and Muhammad Zeeshan Majeed1,2 

...onent of pest management strategies. In this study, field efficacy of spirotetramat and Isaria fumosorosea formulations was assessed in spring 2016 and 2017 against Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri, one of the economic insect pests of citrus plants and a putative vector of Huanglongbing worldwide. Treatments were comprised of label-recommended (FD) and its half (HD) dose rates of spirotetramat and I. fumosorosea formulations. Both treatments were applied ...
Correlation of Obesity with Hypertension in Medical Students
Rana Khurram Aftab1*, Farhat Ijaz2, Samia Jawed3
...hypertension. Preventive strategies for obesity may offer a cost-effective approach towards lowering blood pressure.
Objectives: To determine the frequency of obesity according to body mass index and waist hip ratio and its relationship with hypertension among medical students.
Methodology: It was a descriptive cross sectional study where a total of 213 students of 1st year MBBS and BDS were involved. Their wais...
Reactive Oxygen Species: Synthesis and Their Relationship with Cancer-A Review
Ayesha Noreen1, Dilara A. Bukhari2 and Abdul Rehman1,*
...omarkers and therapeutic strategies. The objective of this review was to summarize the roles of ROS in different stages of cancer, cell invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis.
...
Damaging Effect of Gall-Forming Insects (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on Castanopsis hystrix in China
Xia Lin Zheng1, Zhen Hua Xian1, Zhen De Yang2, Xiu Hao Yang3 and Wen Lu1,*
...l information to develop strategies that can be used for their control.
...
Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus from Sore Throat Patients: Association Among Host Immune Evasion and Toxin Genes
Arifa Mehreen1, Iram Liaqat2,Muhammad Arshad3, Muzzamil Waheed4 and Najma Arshad1,*
...ng treatment and control strategies.
...
Prevalence of Metallo-β-Lactamase IMP and VIM Producing Gram Negative Bacteria in Different Hospitals of Lahore, Pakistan
Junaid Akhtar1,2, Sidrah Saleem1, Naveed Shahzad3, Abdul Waheed1, Iqra Jameel1, Farhan Rasheed4 and Shah Jahan5,*
... considered for planning strategies to treat and prevent the further spread of MBL-producing gram-negative rods infections.
...
Bioethanol Production from Saw Dust through Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation
Ammara Afzal1, Tazmeen Fatima1, Maham Tabassum1, Muhammad Nadeem2*, Muhammad Irfan3, Quratulain Syed2
...5˚C for 48h. Among both strategies, SSF combination of T. viride and S. cerevisiae gave maximum ethanol production (3.88%) after 12 days of fermentation at 30˚C.
...
In vitro and In vivo Antifungal Activity of Selected Fungal Species against the Fusarium Wilt of Solanum lycopersicum

Zulqarnain and Zafar Iqbal* 

... with several infectious strategies leading to the complete death of plant. None of the strategies in controlling the wilt have shown fruitful results. Dual culture assay was employed is this study to identify the fungal species with their potent antifungal activity against the Fusarium wilt of tomato. Six distinct fungal species including Penicillium sp., Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Trichoderma harzianum, Alterna...
Farmers’ Adaptation to Climate Change in Pakistan: Perceptions, Options and Constraints

Aneel Salman1, Muhammad Iftikhar ul Husnain1, Inayatullah Jan2*, Muhammad Ashfaq2, Mudassar Rashid1 and Usman Shakoor1 

...o; successful adaptation strategies. Using data of 205 conventional farmers from three district of Punjab province, this study provides insights into farmers’ perceptions about climate change, on-going adaptation practices, and constraints to various adaption strategies. We found that majority of the farmers do not consider climate change as a potential threat to agriculture; therefore, they do not make any intentional...
Production Enhancement of Lovastatin Using Strategies of Screening and Response Surface Optimization in Solid State Fermentation
Tahira Jamil*1, Mohammad Asghar1, Fatma Husain1, Haq Nawaz Bhatti2
Management of Callosobruchus chinensis L. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) in Stored Chickpea Grains by using Entomopathogenic Fungi

Mohsin Iqbal1, Farid Asif Shaheen1*, Farah Naz2, Muhammad Usman Raja2, Muhammad Fiaz3 and Muhammad Nadeem1 

...ese non-chemical control strategies will have significant contribution towards development of commercial formulations of bio-pesticides to be used against this grain beetle and other stored product insect pests. 

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Effect of Botanical Extracts: A Potential Biocontrol Agent for Xanthomonas Oryzae Pv. Oryzae, Causing Bacterial Leaf Blight Disease of Rice

Syed Atif Hasan Naqvi1*, Ummad-ud-Din Umar1, Ammarah Hasnain2, Ateeq ur Rehman1 and Rashida Perveen1 

...in biological management strategies for the control of BLB of rice. The present research may provide an avenue for the formulation of new bactericides for future uses. 

...
Medicinal plants as therapeutic agents for cancer treatment

Shaukat Ali1,*, Sundas Nasreen1, Sobia Safeer1, Saiqa Andleeb1, Mubashir Ejaz1, Saira Bano2, Hafiz Abdullah Shakir3

Medicinal plants as therapeutic agents for cancer treatment
...ldwide. Technical
strategies based on the natural yield of drug innovation, ethnomedicines and traditional pharmacology is reemerging
to caring good base as striking discovery train. The current declined in the number of new molecular entities from the
medicinal industry, unique anticancer agents are being required from traditional medicines. According to recently
published data, this article reports a detailed review of ethnomedici...
Resource-Poor Farmers and Environmental Degradation in Pakistan: How Extension Can Help

Umair Talib1, Ijaz Ashraf2, Robert Agunga1 and Saleem Ashraf3* 

...tion; explore mitigation strategies available for resource-poor farmers; and examine the implications for extension educations in Pakistan. The survey of 120 farmers was conducted in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, covering 36 districts and across three of the ten agro ecological zones of the country. Rice, cotton and mix-cropping are practiced in these zones. The findings show that maintaining soil fertility and controlling livestock diseases were the main c...
Investigation of Characteristics of Hydrological Droughts in Indus Basin

Muhammad Shahzad Khattak1*, Amjad Khan1, Mahmood Alam Khan1, Waqas Ahmad2, Shafiq ur Rehman3, Mohammad Sharif4 and Sajjad Ahmad1 

...analysis period. Several strategies for the mitigation of adverse impacts of droughts in the study region are recommended. 

...
Epidemiology of Subclinical Mastitis in Dromedary Camels (Camelus dromedarius) of Two Distinct Agro-Ecological Zones of Pakistan
Mahboob Ali1, Muhammad Avais1, Muhammad Ijaz1, Memoona Chaudhary2, Riaz Hussain3, Amjad Islam Aqib1, Naimat Ullah Khan4, Muhammad Luqman Sohail5,*, Madiha Khan6, Mumtaz Ali Khan1, Mehtab Ahmad7, Muhammad Sajid Hasni2, Imran Qaiser8, Ghazanfar Rashid1, Ikramul Haq1 and Ikramullah Khan8
...strumental when devising strategies for effective disease control according to the climatic conditions of the area.
...
Farmers’ Adaptation Strategies to Combat Climate Change Impacts on Wheat Crop in Pakistan

Aisha Siddiqua1*, Munir Ahmad1 and Nusrat Habib2 

... of different adaptation strategies in isolation or in combination on yield. The primary data of ‘Climate Change Impact Survey 2012-13’ used for this purpose. Crop-specific strategies of change in the time of sowing, use of inorganic fertilizer, change in irrigation, and varietal change. Change in irrigation practice gave rise to the highest yield suggesting that this might be the necessary requirement to sustain...
Assessing the Impact of Climate Change on Wheat Productivity in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Sonia1, Khuram Nawaz Sadozai1*, Noor Paio Khan2, Abbas Ullah Jan1 and Gulnaz Hameed3 

...limate change adaptation strategies and provide heat resistant wheat crop varieties to the farming community.  

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Time Budget and Activity Rhythm of the Mandarin Duck Aix galericulata in the Poyang Lake Watershed
Zhi YiJin1, Shao MingQin1,*, Cui Peng2 and Chen Bin1
...ich is like the foraging strategies of most Anseriformes. Mandarin Ducks increased their foraging time in the mornings and afternoons to get maximal energy for the long cold nights. Occurrences of foraging and swimming behaviors showed similar patterns, because foraging was often accompanied by swimming to find suitable foraging sites. The pattern of resting behaviors was opposite to that of swimming. Sex had little effect on daily activity rhythms, mainly bec...
Climate Change, Hydro-Meteorological Hazards and Adaptation for Sustainable Livelihood in Chitral Pakistan

Arjumand Nizami1, Jawad Ali1 and Muhammad Zulfiqar2* 

...t for identifying coping strategies to deal with disasters are important ingredients to increased resilience of communities living in disaster prone areas. This study relies on the data collected using the Community-based Risk Screening Tool – Adaptation and Livelihoods (Cristal) to map major risks and vulnerabilities along with coping strategies then ascertaining their relationship with community-based livelihoods ass...
Assessing the Impact of Climate Change Adaptation Strategies on Poverty Rates of Wheat Farmers in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Farhana Gul1*, Dawood Jan1 and Muhammad Ashfaq2 

.... Benefits of adaptation strategies and associated impact on net farm returns, per capita income and poverty rates of wheat producers using extensive farm survey data from 150 farmers from different climatic zones of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan were measured in this study. TOA-MD model was used to measure the impact of climate change adaptation strategies. Adjustment in sowing time, improved fertilizer application method an...
Root-Knot Nematodes Infecting Okra in Major Vegetable Growing Districts of Punjab, Pakistan

 Muhammad Arshad Hussain1 and Tariq Mukhtar2,*

...id in developing control strategies for the management of these nematodes accordingly.

...
Existing Status and Resurgence Strategies for Chinese Alligator (Alligator sinensis)
Iram Maqsood1,2,3 and Ke Rong *1,2
...al hunting. All of these strategies give a revival hope to this world most endangered species and give a chance to be part of this ecosystem biodiversity in perspective future. China contributed greatly to conserve ecological and cultural roles of Chinese alligators and its sustainable utilization.

...
Evidence of Brucella abortus in Non-Preferred Caprine and Ovine Hosts by Real-time PCR Assay
Muhammad Zain Saleem1,*, Raheela Akhtar1, Asim Aslam1, Muhammad Imran Rashid2, Zafar Iqbal Chaudhry1, Muhammad Adeel Manzoor1, Bilal Ahmed Shah3, Rais Ahmed4 and Muhammad Yasin5
... eradication and control strategies for brucellosis in small ruminants.
...
Comparative Genetic Analysis for Yield and Quality Traits in Flue Cured Tobacco

Qaizar Ahmed1, Fida Mohammad2, Sheraz Ahmed2*, Sultan Akbar Jadoon2, Imtiaz Ali2 and Ajmalud Din2 

...e breeding and selection strategies. This investigation was carried out to elucidate relationship between Hayman and Griffing analyses in flue cured Virginia (FCV) tobacco. Plant material comprised of seven tobacco cultivars which were hybridized in full diallel mating system at the Tobacco Research Sub-station, Mansehra, Pakistan during 2007. Thereon, seven parents and their forty-two F1 hybrids were sown during 2008 and 2009 at the Tobacco Research Station, ...
Bacterial Leaf Blight of Rice: An Overview of Epidemiology and Management with Special Reference to Indian Sub-Continent

Syed Atif Hasan Naqvi* 

...aphical distribution and strategies for the disease management viz., exploitation of host plant resistance, cultural, physical, chemical and biological control. Studies on pathogen variation have revealed that breeding with single major gene for resistance may be unsuccessful due to breakdown in resistance. Up to this extent, multi cropping using resistant varieties appears to be better option for the disease’s management. Evidence from my laboratory sug...
Genetic Analysis of Yield and its Contributing Traits in Maize (Zea mays L.)

Abid Ali1*, Hidayat ur Rahman1, Farhatullah1 and Zahir Shah2 

...s in developing breeding strategies. The experimental material comprised three white maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines which were developed at Cereal Crops Research Institute (CCRI), Pirsabak, Nowshera-Pakistan. Parental inbred lines were crossed with each other to get six F1s during kharif 2015 which were selfed to develop F2s and backcrossed with their parents to obtain backcrosses BC11 and BC12 generations during spring 2016. The total experimental material ...
Impact of Viruses on Host Metabolism

Mehboob Arslan* and Xin Yang 

...ts, viruses have evolved strategies to manipulate specific cellular metabolic pathways that aid the production of viral particles. Viruses need to breach a complex network of metabolic intrinsic factors and microenvironment established within the host cells. The pressure exerted by invading pathogen disrupts the internal balance and dictate the host-pathogen niches. For absolute survival, proliferation, and propagation inside the host cell, viruses modulate ce...
In-vitro Toxicity Evaluation of some Phytoextracts against Mealybug Drosicha mangiferae (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Infesting Citrus Orchards in Pakistan
Hafiz Abdul Ghafoor*, Muhammad Afzal, Muhammad Asam Riaz and Muhammad Zeeshan Majeed
...endly and safe alternate strategies to control D. mangiferae. To this end, the present study evaluated the methanolic extracts and essential oils of eight indigenous plant species for their insecticidal potential against 2nd instar D. mangiferae individuals. Standard twig-dip method was used for toxicity bioassays according to Completely Randomized Design. Mortality of mealybug individuals varied with plant materials and increased alon...
Assessment of Farmers’ Vulnerability to Climate Change in Agro-Climatic Zones of Pakistan: An Index Based Approach

Shumaila Sadiq1,2*, Abdul Saboor2, Fouzia Jamshaid3, Abdul Qayyum Mohsin2 and Azeem Khalid2 

...c sustainable adaptation strategies particularly to improve farmers’ food security, economic situation and education in Pakistan. 

...
Impact of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Patients with Liver Transplantation

Shaikh Abdul Lateef, Zhou Lin, Wu Jian, Junjie Qian, Jonathan Hartanto Tan and Zheng Shusen*
 

...echanisms, immune escape strategies, disease epidemiology and preventive measures associated with HBV. The current antiviral therapeutics are not providing adequate protection against HBV. It is mandatory to characterize and devise novel antiviral therapies to control the spread of hepatitis  

...
Seroprevalence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in Commercial Poultry Birds Showing Respiratory Clinical Signs in Chakwal District, Pakistan
Shujjah Haider1,*, Ayesha Maqbool1, Tariq Pervez1, Saima Parveen1, Arfan Ahmad2, Zahid Iqbal3, Javed Iqbal3, Shahid Mehmood3, Amanullah Khan4 and Sajid Umar5
...design effective control strategies. 
...
Detection and Phylogeny of Fowl Adenovirus Associated with Hydropericardium Hepatitis Syndrome in Broilers
Nida Zia1, *, Ayesha Maqbool2, Muhammad Safdar3, Umm-I-Habiba1, Altaf Mehmood4, Muhammad Usman5, Zahid Iqbal6, Javed Iqbal6, Shahid Mehmood6, Amanullah Khan7 and Sajid Umar8
...design effective control strategies. 
...
Physiological Manipulation and Yield Response of Wheat Grown with Split Root System under Deficit Irrigation

Rashid Iqbal1,2, Mathias Neumann Andersen1*, Muhammad Aown Sammar Raza2, Muhammad Adil Rashid1 and Salman Ahmad2 

...ts of various irrigation strategies i.e. Full (FI), deficit (DI) and partial root-zone drying (PRD) on physiological, water relations, water use efficiency (WUE), and yield related attributes of wheat. These irrigation treatments were started at anthesis stage and maintained for 30 days. For FI and DI, 100 and 50% of evapotranspiration (ET) was replaced by irrigating the entire pot surface every 4-5 days. For PRD, root system was split into two equal halves an...
Temporal Fluctuations in the Population of Citrus Nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans) in the Pothowar Region of Pakistan
Muhammad Saeed1,2,*, Tariq Mukhtar1 and Malik Abdul Rehman3
...ise effective management strategies. In the present study, seasonal fluctuations in the population densities of T. semipenetrans were studied in two citrus orchards naturally infested with citrus nematode during the year 2014. The effect of soil temperature was also evaluated on the populations of the nematode. The nematode populations differed significantly at both the soil depths. The populations were significantly higher at a depth of 30 cm as compar...
Evaluation of Insecticides for the Management of Mustard Aphid (Lipaphis erysimi Kalt.)
Sikander Ali1, Muhammad Kamil Malik1, Muhammad Zubair1*, Muhammad Jawad Saleem2, Kanwal Hanif2 and Saira Azmat3
...tegrated pest management strategies to control mustard aphid as alternatives to each other with the aim of evasion from development of resistance against these insecticides in mustard aphid.
...
Prevalence of Extended Spectrum β-lactamase SHV and OXA Producing Gram Negative Bacteria at Tertiary Care Hospital of Lahore, Pakistan
Abdul Waheed1,2, Sidrah Saleem1, Naveed Shahzad3, Junaid Akhtar4, Muhammad Saeed5, Iqra Jameel1, Farhan Rasheed6 and Shah Jahan7,*
... considered for planning strategies to treat and prevent the further spread of ESBL-producing gram-negative rods infections.
...
Leaching Fraction: An Effective Tool to Mitigate Ill Effects of Brackish Water

Muhammad Zeeshan Manzoor1*, Ghulam Sarwar1, Mukkram Ali Tahir1, Noor-Us-Sabah1, Ayesha Zafar1 and Sher Muhammad2 

...opography and management strategies. Water, even may be saline, is becoming more precious natural resource. Hence, there should be more crops and jobs per drop while conserving the quality of present terrestrial and groundwater. Saline water has been used for production of fodder and forages in many countries. Managing soil and water salinity under prevailing conditions of Pakistan is very important subject. Use of brackish water increased the salt concentrati...
Effect of Oleander Aphid (Aphis nerii Boyer de Fonscolombe) on the Mortality and Biological Parameters of Green Lacewing (Chrysoperla carnea Stephen)
Mubasshir Sohail1,2,*, Raza Muhammad1 and Qadeer Ahmed Soomro1
...ed pest management (IPM) strategies for many crop pests. The influence of different prey types has been studied to strengthen the C. carnea. Current in-vitro study was made to figure out the effects of different prey on mortality and certain biological characteristics of C. carnea. The highest mortality rate (66.43±2.13%) was for larvae, which fed upon Oleander aphid, Aphis nerii. Less larval mortality (7.86±2.37%), la...
Agricultural Land Management of Eroded Soil to Restore Productivity, Organic Matter (OM) Stock and Physical Properties
Wiqar Ahmad1*, Farmanullah Khan2, Muhammad Sharif2 and Muhammad Jamal Khan2
...o investigate management strategies for rehabilitation of soil quality and crops productivity on eroded agricultural land. The research was conducted with three cropping patterns viz wheat after maize, lentil after maize and wheat-lentil intercrop after maize in main plots and four fertilizer treatments viz the control, farmer’s practice (FP) (N:P2O5 @ 60:45 and 15:30 kg ha-1 for cereals and lentils), recommended dose (RD...
Genetic Polymorphisms of IGF-1 Gene in Pakistani Marecha Camel
Sajida Sabahat1, Asif Nadeem1,*, Maryam Javed1, Muhammad Yasir Zahoor1, Abu Saeed Hashmi1, Ghulam Yasein2 and Ghulam Abbas1 
...helpful for preservation strategies and future selection programs.  

 

...
Livelihood Strategies of Small-Scale Farmers in Pakistan in the Scenario of Climate Change

Raheel Saqib1*, Muhammad Luqman2, Iqbal Javed3, Abdur Rehman4, Muhammad Yaseen2, Saleem Ashraf5 and Muhammad Zeeshan Majeed2 

...to assess the livelihood strategies of small-scale farmers in rain-fed areas of Pakistan. The targeted area of the study was Potohar region of the Punjab Province. Quantitative data were collected from 200 households and analyzed by using SPSS. Results highlighted that the situation of livelihood assets possessed by the respondents was not satisfactory. Majority of the households had limited human, financial, physical, social and natural capitals. In the scena...
Molecular Characterization and Phylogeny of Chicken Anemia Virus Detected in Broiler Poultry Flocks in Punjab, Pakistan
Syed Maaz Nadeem1*, Muti ur Rehman Khan1, Asim Aslam1, Ali Ahmad Sheikh1, Arfan Ahmad1* and Muhammad Anees2
...o intervene in necessary strategies to avoid future outbreaks in commercial poultry.
...
Effect of Silicon and Mg Fertilizer Application to Acidic Soil on Paddy Yield

Roshan Ali1, Afsar Ali2, Shamsher Ali2, Muhammad Arshad Khan3*, Haroon Shahzad3, Noman Latif3, Muhammad Waheed4, Ashraf Khan5 and Murad Ali6 

...e best known and adopted strategies. A field experiment was conducted at Agriculture Research Institute (ARI) Mingora Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in summer 2016 aiming the effect of silicon fertilizer applied to acidic soil on yield of paddy as paddy is mostly affected through lodging in Swat valley. The treatments consisted of control, 50 kg silicon ha-1, 100 kg silicon ha-1 and 150 kg silicon ha-1. Field had 12 plots with size of 12 m× 6 m = 72m2. The exp...
Measuring Multidimensional Poverty Among Farm Households in Rural Pakistan Towards Sustainable Development Goals

Muhammad Israr1*, Helen Ross2, Shakeel Ahmad3, Nafess Ahmad4 and Urooba Pervaiz5

... approaches as measuring strategies for farm poverty. This study was designed to develop a new methodological framework to measure multidimensional poverty that builds on the previous index for measuring three dimensions of poverty at the micro level, and a method to calculate the extent of poverty by using the Alkire and Foster model. The expanded dimensions of multidimensional poverty identified are wealth status, participation/empowerment, environment, heal...
The Role of Livelihood Assets’ Endowment in Adoption of Rural Livelihood Strategies: An Intra-Regional Comparison of District Bhimber, AJ&K

Faisal Azeem Abbassi1, Atta Ullah2, Muhammad Saim Hashmi1, Khadim Hussain1* and Nasim Akhter1 

...n adoption of livelihood strategies in district Bhimber, AJ&K. A basic survey was carried out to collect primary data from 310 households selected through convenient sampling. Endowment of livelihood assets was calculated by constructing asset indices. Asset weights were obtained using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Assets indices revealed that district has performed best on physical capital (index value 0.63) and human capital (index value 0.59) dime...
Non-Crop Vegetation as Habitat for Rodents in the Agricultural Landscape of Pothwar Plateau, Pakistan
Nadeem Munawar1,2*, Tariq Mahmood2, Paula Rivadeneira1, Ali Akhter2 and Saqib Mehmood2
...-based rodent management strategies e.g. management of non-crop habitats, cleaning of crop cache in post harvested fields, management of wild natural vegetation providing food and cover during non-crop seasons that would seem essential to maintenance of habitats for rodent species in agricultural landscapes
...
Impact of Climate Change on Cotton Production in Pakistan: An ARDL Bound Testing Approach

Mudassar Rashid1, Zuhair Husnain2, Usman Shakoor1* and Muhammad Iftikhar ul Husnain1 

... climate change requires strategies focusing on the adaptation of climate resistant cultivars. 

...
In Silico Profiling of Regulatory MicroRNA Targets in Programmed Cell Death 1 Gene
Aftab Shaukat1,*, Sana Hanif2, Irfan Shaukat3, Muhammad Ahsan Naeem4,5, Shadab Shaukat6, Rizwan Shukat8, Shahid Ali Rajput9, Imran Shaukat10, Mubashar Hassan4, Khalid Mehmood7, Saqib Umar11 and Muhammad Ali Jamil1
...regulator, computational strategies are still at its initial stages. Several computer based prediction databases remain the only foundation for rapid identification of putative microRNA target. By utilizing experimentally validated targets, the search of further targets via bioinformatics tools help to predict gene target site. Keeping this in view, a study has been planned to investigate PDCD1 gene regulatory miRNA targets, their sequences and their seed loca...
An Assessment of In-service Training Needs for Agricultural Extension Field Staff in the Scenario of Climate Change using Borich Needs Assessment Model

Ejaz Ashraf1*, Anam Sarwar2, Muhammad Junaid1, Mirza B. Baig3, Hafiz Khurram Shurjeel4 and R. Kirby Barrick5 

...aptation, mitigation and strategies and the deficiency of climate-related skills or competencies. The extension field staff exhibited a confident attitude towards training in the arena of climate change adaptation and mitigation to help close the gap between potential crop yield and average crop yield and to update the living standards of rural societies. Therefore, in-service and pre-service training sessions should be arranged to develop and enhance the comp...
Effect of Foliar Spray of Zinc on Growth and Yield of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

Rehman Ali Keerio1, Nighat Seema Soomro1, Aijaz Ahmed Soomro1, Mohammad Aquil Siddiqui2, Muhammad Tahir Khan2, Ghulam Shah Nizamani2*, Muhammad Nawaz Kandhro1, Maryum Siddiqui4, Hajra Khan3 and Farheen Deeba Soomro1 

...ng current fertilization strategies and can help in improving sunflower production. 

...
Mitochondrial Cyt-b and Cox1 Genes Based Molecular Diversity and Phylogenetic Analysis of Chukar Partridge (Alectoris chukar)
Maria Khalid1, Tanveer Hussain1*, Zahid Farooq2, Kamran Abbas1 and Masroor Ellahi Babar1  
...xecution of conservation strategies to protect this unique genetic resource of Pakistan.
...
Biology and Bionomics of Dusky Cotton Bug (Oxycarenus laetus) (Lygaeidae: Hemiptera) on Three Different Hosts
Muhammad Sarmad, Syed Muhammad Zaka* and Syed Muhammad Tahir Abbas Shah
...esearchers make IPM strategies.
...
Field Evaluation and Economic Assessment of Different Insecticides against Cotton Jassid Amrasca devastans Dist

Faisal Hafeez, Asad Aslam*, Ayesha Iftikhar, Afifa Naeem, Muhammad Faheem Akhtar and Muhammad Jawad Saleem 

...ove. So the conservative strategies of using non-selective and conventional insecticides for the control of sucking fauna, especially against jassid, must be transformed / amended to most selective insect growth regulators (IGR’s) and new chemistry insecticides, that are safe and harmless for nature and environment. 

...
Prioritizing the Criteria of Establishment and Development of Agricultural Industries in the Rural Areas (Case Study: Tehran Province)

Ahmad Kiani1*, Shapour Zarifian1, Hosein Kouhestani1 and Hosein Karimzadeh2 

...on is one of development strategies to increase rural incomes, create new job opportunities in rural areas etc., and site selection of rural industries has led to the development goals. Agricultural industries are one type of rural industries and it’s so important in Iran because of major potential of agriculture in Iran and also other developing countries. According to the statistics in Tehran province by the end of 2013 about 135 units of Agricultural ...
Problems and Potential of Agriculture for Improving Livelihood in Malakand Division, Pakistan

Ghani Akbar 

...l issues and to identify strategies for utilizing the full potential of agriculture for improving livelihood in this region. This study indicated that climate change induced hazards of land degradation and water scarcity due to frequent floods and droughts, decline in traditional springfed Kuhl (gravity channel) irrigation system, low productivity of crops and horticulture, less productive livestock, large postharvest losses and lack of value addition faciliti...
Phylogenetic Analysis of Canine Distemper Virus in a Domestic Dog in Pakistan

Hasaan Aziz*, Fariha Altaaf, Attia Bashir, Abdul Basit, Syed Anam Masood Gardazi and Farah Haider 

... diagnostics and control strategies is yet to be known. Despite the use of modified live vaccine to dogs, occurrence of disease is not uncommon. Here, we sequenced and phylogenetically analysed the complete hemagglutinin gene of CDV from a male dog (14 months old) exhibiting clinically suggestive symptoms. With a characteristic amino acid residue for dog at Y549, sequence analysis showed geographically distinct pattern clustering the study strain to clade Asia...
Farmers’ Perception Analysis about the Use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in Agriculture Extension services of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

 Abdus Salam* and Muhammad Zafarullah Khan

...ension and communication strategies used in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province have many limitations. The present study was thus conducted to compare and analyze the farmers’ perceptions regarding use of information and communication technologies (ICT) in agriculture extension at three selected districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Based on the multi-stage sampling technique, population for the current study, 3 zones from 5 were purposively selected on the basis of ...

Rahim Haider*, Al Mustaan Kakar*, Sikandar Bilal Khattak*, Safi ur Rahman**, Shahid Maqsood*, Misbah Ullah*, Rehman Akhtar*, Aamir Sikandar* 

DEVELOPMENT OF OPTIMIZED MAINTENANCE SYSTEM FOR VEHICLE FLEET
...ng different maintenance strategies. The analysis is carried out on the basis of
likelihood of the failures. Five Why Analysis is used to identify the root cause. The model incorporates the inspection
method by using checklists and maintenance schedules. The system is capable to provide the basis for an advance
system development. 

...

 Dr. Taimur Usman*, Dr. Rashid Rehan*, Dr. Salman Saeed*

QUANTIFYING THE EFFECTS OF UPASS: A TRANSIT DEMAND MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
...ners have used different strategies to reduce traffic
load on road networks such as encouraging the use of public transportation services, carpooling/ sharing, subsidized
bus passes. One such measure is Universal bus Pass (UPass) which has been proven to be an effective solution for
transit demand management. While focusing on educational institutes across North America, this research quantitatively
analyzes the ...

Fazli Rabbi1*, Muhammad Idrees2, Shahid Ali1, Muhammad Zamin3 and Hazrat Bilal4

Farmers Perceptions and Adoption of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in Peach (Prunus persica L.) Production and Marketing
... government shall devise strategies for provision of ICTs. It is further recommended that peach farmers shall be trained using the governments’ digital initiative program to build farmers capacity about the use of the ICTs in agriculture practices and marketing.

...

Usman Ghani*, Naeem Ijaz* and Daulat Khan**

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF MEANDERING OPEN CHANNEL FLOWS
...evising flood protection strategies. This study is based on three dimensional numerical simulation of overbank flows in meandering channels. Four different flow cases were considered. The cases vary from each other in the sense of bed slope and overbank flow depth. There were two overbank flow depths for each bed slope. In this study a rectangular main channel flanked by floodplains on both sides has been considered. The simulation was carr...

Behram Khan1, Amir Nawaz Khan2, Said Qasim3, Atta-ur Rahman4

ANALYSIS OF HUMAN PERCEPTIONS AND ADAPTATIONS TO FLASH FLOODS IN KHYBER AGENCY, FATA
...one areas and adaptation strategies. Cartographic and statistical techniques were applied to process and analyze the data. As a result, the data were analytically discussed and presented in the form of tables, maps and plates. The analysis reveals that people of the area perceived about the recurrence of future flash floods during rainy season. Most of the people perceived the flash floods as it hit the study area with devastating impacts and the extent of flo...

Olugbenga Omotayo Alabi1*, Ayoola Olugbenga Oladele2 and Ibrahim Maharazu3

Profitability Analysis and Marketing Efficiency of Soyabean (Glycine max) Value Chain among Actors in Abuja, Nigeria
...ld develop new marketing strategies that will increase their profit margin. The sales price instability as a result of poor marketing arrangement could be addressed if processing firms were linked to soyabeans marketers and there is the need for mobilization of soyabean marketers to form group marketing, this will enable them to undertake bulk purchases, and arrange for common transportation mechanism. This may reduce high cost of transportation of their stock...

Joseph Anejo-Okopi1*, Obinna Oragwa Arthur2, Ocheme Julius Okojokwu1, Sarah Joseph1, Geoffrey Chibueze1, Joshua Adetunji1, Joseph Ameh Okwori3, David Ochola Amanyi4, Otobo I. Ujah5 and Onyemocho Audu6

Seroprevalence of Rift Valley Fever Virus Infection among Slaughtered Ruminants in Jos, North-Central, Nigeria
...e and prevention/control strategies to mitigate the risk of unexpected outbreaks.

...
Ateeq Ahmad1, Umar Hayat2, Shahid Ali2*, Hazrat Bilal3, Naveed Ali2, Khan Mir Khan4 and Khalid Khan4
Descriptive Analysis of Water Resources in Pakistan: A Perspective of Climate Change
...limate change adaptation strategies and policies must be taken serious in the country. The government may formulate long term and short term climatic risk strategies to analyze the existing and future effects due to climate change. To avoid water shortage in the country construction of new dames are necessary for future requirement of the country.

...

Nadeem Abbas Shah1*, Ejaz Ashraf1, Hafiz Khurram Shurjeel2, Zaheer ud Din Mirani3, Usman Rafique1 and Raees Abbas Shah4

Assessing Perceptions of the Households-heads Regarding Food Security Status in Drought-hit Areas of District Tharparkar, Sindh, Pakistan: A Case Study for Agricultural Extension
...ts further described the strategies adopted by respondents in the study area to combat food insecurity were the construction of water storage facilities, reliance on animals’ food products, kitchen gardening, reuse of preserved food and other products, migration to food secure areas and reduced number of meals eaten in a day. It is recommended that government should focus on education, employment opportunities, development of natural resources for produc...

Muhammad Imran1,2*, Shahbaz Talib Sahi1, Muhammad Atiq1 and Amer Rasul3

Brown Leaf Spot: An Exacerbated Embryonic Disease of Rice: A Review
...o find better management strategies under the fluctuation of the climate conditions. Different management practices (cultural, biological, chemical, induce resistance, nutrient management, natural byproducts, and resistant cultivars) are used by farmers in different field areas of the world. The use of the resistant source is the simple, reliable, operative and cost-effective strategy to control the diseases and maximize the yield in limited time. Due to chang...
Anti-angiogenic Effect of Ginsenoside Rh2 by Downregulation of VEGF in a Zebrafish Model
MA Liman1, QI Yongxiao1, Wang Wenji2* and Zhong Qianyi3*
...ing new cancer treatment strategies. Ginsenoside Rh2 (G-Rh2), a natural product derived from red ginseng, has been reported to have therapeutic effects on some tumors, but its antiangiogenic effects in zebrafish has not been evaluated. Here we investigated the antiangiogenic of G-Rh2 using the zebrafish angiogenesis model. Morphological observations of the G-Rh2-treated wild-type embryos were performed to evaluate the toxicity of the compound. Tg(fli1-<...

Muhammad Ali Shah, Faiz Ur Rehman, Abbas Mehmood, Fareed Ullah, Sayed Irfan Shah and Syed Majid Rasheed*

Combining Ability, Heritability and Gene Action Assessment in Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) for Yield and Yield Attributes
...aluable tool in breeding strategies to choose genotypes of B. napus L. for high yielding traits. 

...

Ali Zohaib1*, Habib Ullah2, Shakeel Ahmad Anjum2, Tahira Tabassum2, Muzzammil Hussain1, Mohsin Nawaz3, Ghulam Abbas4 and Sohail Irshad5

Effect of NPK Fertilization Strategies on Growth, Yield, Nutrient Use Efficiency and Economic Benefits of Relay Intercropped Wheat in Cotton
...e influence of different strategies related to NPK fertilization timing viz. T1 (control, no NPK application), T2 (all PK at sowing, ½ N at tillering and ½ at booting), T3 (½ PK at sowing, ½ NPK at tillering and ½ N at booting), T4 (all PK at sowing, ½ N at sowing and ½ at tillering), T5 (all PK at tillering, ½ N at tillering and ½ at booting), T6 (all PK at tillering and N at booting) and T7 (all ...

Imran Ahmad Rana*, Muhammad Ali Yab and Ch. Abdul Rehman

Quality Engineering Tools Implementation a Comparison of Indian and Pakistani Business Organizations
...and six sigma deployment strategies were found significant in explaining variability of six sigma results in the region. Results show that the countries were found similar on effect of six sigma practices on customer satisfaction, where common elements like SS Training management, Information and Communication planning and execution, and quality control practices found statistically significant variables explaining variability of customer satisfaction. The stu...

Chibuzo Uzoma Izuogu1*, Robert Ugochukwu Onyeneke1, Loveday Chukwudi Njoku1, Gillian Chidozie Azuamairo1 and Mary Chikerenma Atasie2

 

Repositioning Nigeria’s Agricultural Extension System Towards Building Climate Change Resilience
...ilience, highlighted the strategies for repositioning the Nigerian agricultural extension system for climate change resilience and ascertained the opportunities and barriers for agricultural extension system towards building climate change resilience. Results show that climate change has adversely affected agricultural extension practice in Nigeria by worsening its operational environment. Changes in rainfall pattern have made it cumbersome for effective imple...
Comparison of Body Height, Body Length, Full Length and Body Weight Growth Curves of the Longfin Batfish, Platax teira
Chen Zeng1,2, Baosuo Liu1,4, Kecheng Zhu1,4, Liang Guo1,2, Huayang Guo1,4, Nan Zhang1,4, Quan Yang1,3, Jing Wen Yang1,4 and Dianchang Zhang1,4*
...g management and feeding strategies of P. teira.
...

Delower Hossain1,5, Shuvo Singha2,5, Chelsea Marie Van Thof3, Sanna Gough3 and AHM Musleh Uddin4,5*

Effect of Somatic Cells on Milk Quality and Human Health
...ficient mastitis control strategies. Again, the safety margin evaluated though SCs ensures safe and healthy milk at consumer level devoid of bacterial presence in milk. This review highlights a brief overview of the importance and demand of estimating somatic cell count (SCC) and its effects on milk quality and human health.

...

Saba Aleem1*, Mehvish Tahir2, Iram Sharif3, Muqadas Aleem4, Muhammad Najeebullah2, Ali Nawaz1, Amina Batool1, Muhammad Imran Khan1 and Waheed Arshad1

Principal Component and Cluster Analyses as Tools in the Assessment of Genetic Diversity for Late Season Cauliflower Genotypes
...ist for crop improvement strategies. Multivariate analyses such as cluster and principal component analysis measures the amount of genetic diversity in respect of several charaters and asseses the relative contribution of different traits to the total variation. In the present study, nineteen genotypes were evaluated for presence of genetic diversity through principal component and cluster analyses. The experiment was designed in randomized complete block desi...

Muhammad Umair Hassan1, Muhammad Aamer1, Muhammad Nawaz2, Abdul Rehman3, Talha Aslam3, Ubaid Afzal4, Bilal Ahmad Shahzad3, Muhammad Ahsin Ayub5, Faryal Ahmed1, Ma Qiaoying1, Su Qitao1 and Huang Guoqin1*

Agronomic Bio-Fortification of Wheat to Combat Zinc Deficiency in Developing Countries
... and humans and possible strategies to combat Zn deficiency in humans. Additionally, challenges for agronomic and breeding strategies and possible benefits of both these strategies also discussed in this review.

...

Hillary M.O. Otieno

A Review of White Mango Scale (Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead; Hemiptera: Diaspididae) in Sub-Saharan Africa: Distribution, Impact and Management Strategies
...ms. Agronomic management strategies like right varieties, spacing, better fertilization and shed management are also applied inappropriately. This review is therefore essential in providing the basis of identification of A. tubercularis. It also provides management strategies that could be adopted by mango farmers in the region. Last, it highlights key research themes worth prioritizing for better understanding and managemen...
Incidence and Molecular Detection of Greening Disease in Two Citrus Cultivars in Sargodha, Pakistan
Ashara Sajid1, Muhammad Usman Ghazanfar1, Saeed Rauf 2, Zahoor Hussain3, Salman Ahmad1 and Yasir Iftikhar1,*
...formulate the management strategies.
...
Effect of Soil Infiltration Capacity, Soil Texture and Rainfall on Soil Erosion Occurring under Different Land Use Land Cover (LULC) in Miandam Valley Swat, Pakistan
Nowsher Yousaf1*, Bushra Khan1, Dennis Flanagan2 and Ishaq Ahmad Mian3
...ht useful design for new strategies on management of erosion and restoration of ecosystem.
...
Fusarium spp. Mycotoxin Production, Diseases and their Management: An Overview
Saba Shabeer1, Riffat Tahira2 and Atif Jamal3*
 
..., and biological control strategies are employed to control this fungus. In this review, mycotoxin production, characterization, identification, and different economically important diseases associated with Fusarium species as well as their control are discussed in detail.
...
Antagonistic Probioticity of Novel Bacterial Isolates from Pakistan against Fish Pathogen Pseudomonas fluorescens in Labeo rohita Fingerlings
Asma Chaudhary1, Qurat-ul-Ain Ahmad1, Afia Muhammad Akram1, Sadia Roshan2 and Javed Iqbal Qazi3*
...ers to explore alternate strategies, such as probiotics employment for disease control in aquaculture.
...
Ecology of Fish Communities in Coral Habitats Along the Coast of Pakistan: Potential Threats and Conservation Strategies

 Amjad Ali1*, Pirzada Jamal Ahmad Siddiqui1, Naveed Ahmad2,Shabir Ali Amir3, Rafaqat Masroor3,Seema Shafique1 and Zaib-un-Nisa Burhan1

...threats and conservation strategies were also discussed. SCUBA diving was conducted at 10 different dive sites along the coastline. Relative abundance of the fishes was determined using visual techniques. Sea water physiochemical parameters were determined. A total of 58 fish species in 33 genera and 24 families were recorded at 10 different dive sites. High diversity occurred at Churna Island following Mubarak Village and Astola Island. Majority of the record...
Appraisal of Soil Erosion through RUSLE Model and Hypsometry in Chakwal Watershed (Potwar-Pakistan)
Saira Batool1, Safdar Ali Shirazi1 and Syed Amer Mahmood2*
 
 
...rd to plan and implement strategies for combating erosion and natural resources protection. It is inevitable to make suitable water harvesting structures and control rainwater to stop soil removal and water provision for the lean season in this rain-fed region. The results obtained can help realize that conservation practices and soil management can decreas soil erosion. The hypsometric and spatial autocorrelation investigations are in agreement with the resul...
Resilience to Food Insecurity among Rural Households in the Punjab, Pakistan

Mahwish Munawar1, Xu Shiwei1, Yu Wen1 and Muhammad Luqman2*

The Isolation and Screening of the Bioactive Compound of Viscum album against Meloidogyne incognita

Saima Maher1,3*, Shahina Fayyaz2, Nadra Naheed3 and Zarbakth Dar1

... eco-friendly management strategies.

...
The Function of a Migration Corridor for a Passerine: A Case Study Based on Age and Gender of Blue-and-white Flycatcher (Cyanoptila cyanomelana)
Bin Liu1,2, Libo Wang2, Dandan Xue2, Peng Xu1, Yuting An2 and Changhu Lu1*
...lect different migration strategies. We studied the spring and autumn migration as well as the body condition of different ages and sexes of the Blue-and-white Flycatcher Cyanoptila cyanomelana at a migration corridor in Yancheng, Jiangsu, China, in 2017. A total of 121 individuals were captured in mist nets, 62 in spring and 59 in autumn. We found that adult males were caught significantly earlier than females in both seasons (Mann-Whitney U tes...
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Induces a Positive Selection Pressure at Gag-Pol Sites in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Favoring Drug Resistance Mutations
Amreen Zahra1, Mushtaq A. Saleem1*, Hasnain Javed2, Muhammad Azmat Ullah Khan3, Muhammad Naveed1 and Abdul Rauf Shakoori4
...ion. These computational strategies will thus help in performing large scale studies and also in the development of novel medicines for the cure of HIV-1.
...
Effect of Different Management Strategies on Melon Fruit Fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett), Infestation in Cucurbit Vegetables

Muhammad Ibrahim Kubar1, Fahad Nazir Khoso1*, Imran Khatri1, Niaz Hussain Khuhro2 and Arfan Ahmed Gilal1

Management of Brackish Water for Crop Production in Two Different Textured Soils

Amar Iqbal Saqib, Khalil Ahmed*, Muhammad Khalid Bhatti, Ghulam Qadir, Muhammad Qaisar Nawaz, Muhammad Ashfaq Anjum, Abdul Rasul Naseem, Aftab Ahmad Sheikh and Belqees Akhter

... clay loam, (B) Remedial strategies, 1). canal water, 2) saline-sodic tube well water (continuous), 3) three irrigations of tube well water and two of canal water in a cyclic manner (short cyclic use), 4) tube well water + gypsum @ RSC of water, 5) tube well water+ canal water in 1:1 ratio (conjunctive use). Data showed that the highest biomass and paddy/grain yield were produced by canal water (T1) followed by (T3) where three irrigations of tube well water a...
Strategies for the Management of Saline Water for Rice-Wheat Crops in Saline-Sodic Soil

Muhammad Sarfraz1*, Muhammad Amjad Qureshi2, Muhammad Arshad Ullah3, Shahzada Munawar Mehdi4, Abdul Rasool Naseem1, Sarfraz Hussain1, Muhammad Qaisar Nawaz1 and Muhammad Rizwan1

Distribution, Biology and Management Strategies about a Less Studied Insect Pest (Trilocha varians) of Ficus: A Review
Muhammad Ramzan1*, Unsar Naeem-Ullah2, Muhammad Umair Sial2, Naeem Iqbal2 and Shafqat Saeed2
...l parameters and control strategies of bombycid moth T. varians.

...
Combined Sulfur and Organic Compost Treatment Influences Nutrient Uptake and Photosynthetic Activity to Improve Growth and Yield of Sunflower

Sami Ul Haq1, Abid Hussain1*, Umair Riaz2, Muhammad Baqir Hussain1, Adnan Fareed1, Nabeel Ahmad Ikram3 and Fahim Nawaz3

... is one of the effective strategies to enhance the availability of nutrients, including S, to obtain high quality and product in sunflower. It can be suggested that the finding of current research can be utilized to as a good strategy for enhancing the productivity of sunflower.

...
Evaluation of vaccination with local and imported vaccine against foot and mouth disease virus in Kalubeya governorate

Lamya A. F. Ateya1 , Said. A .Ahmed2, Khamees K.S. Ashraf3, Heba A. Abdel-Hady4

...ccines are a fundamental strategies aimed at global control and eradication of FMD. Control of FMD requires vaccines that will provide differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA).

...
Comparative Studies on Evaluation of Different Avian Influenza Inactivated Vaccines under Local Conditions in Egypt

Nermeen A. Marden1, Lamiaa M. Gaafar1, Hussein A. Hussein2

...>Background: Vaccination strategies have an important role in the limitation of viral infection and
spread to the surrounding environment. The evaluation methods of the AI vaccines are very important
for controlling the license of the bad vaccines. Comparative studies between the invitro and invivo
methods for 8 types of AI vaccines (5 batches for each) to evaluate their efficacies were done.
Methods: The invivo ...
Detection and genetic analysis of bovine ephemeral fever virus G gene in buffy coat samples from cattle at Qualyubia, Egypt 2017

Ayman S. El-Habbaa1 and Mervat E. Radwan2

...ion of efficient control strategies of BEF virus in Egypt.
...
Suppression of Cucumber mosaic virus by wind processing and Fusarium equiseti GF19-1

Mohsen M. Elsharkawy1, Salem H. Homayed1, Mohamed M. Elsawy2 and Amr A. Khedr1

...ovel and safe management strategies
against the invasion of CMV in cucumber plants.
Methods: The fan was operated two times per day (8:00 am and 18:00 pm, each time for 30 min).
Moreover, cucumber plants were treated with cell free filtrate (CF) of GF 19-1 at 1 day before virus
inoculation.
Results: The wind velocity (2.6 m/s) resulted in decreased virus severity and titer compared with the
Spatial Survey of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Insect Pests and Leaf Curl Virus (CLCuV) in Relation to Weather Parameters in Muzaffargarh, Punjab, Pakistan

Muhammad Nasir1, Muhammad Usman Asif2*, Abdul Hayee Abid1, Qurat ul Ain Haneef1 and Muhammad Awais2

...or initiating management strategies at appropriate time during the cotton season.

...
Effectiveness of Agricultural Extension Services in Reducing Poverty of Apple Growers of District Bagh, Azad Jammu and Kashmir

Sana Javeid* and Khalid Nawab

...tension contact methods, strategies and trainings showed significant relationship with poverty. Hence, it is recommended that efforts are needed to regularize all extension activities for poverty reduction in the study area.

...
A Review on the Adverse Impacts of Cadmium on Ecosystem and its Refinement Strategies

Khaliq Dad1, Muhammad Nawaz2*, Muhamamd Ibrahim3, Fengliang Zhao4, Rumsha Hassan2, Humaira Nawaz5, Muhammad Usman Saleem6, Kinat Javed2, Ayesha Komal2 and Hajra Naz2

...l, plants and humans and strategies to remove or minimize its toxicity by applying some low cost and environmental friendly techniques. 

...
Male-biased Sex Ratio and Body Size of a Wintering Roost of Brambling, Fringilla montifringilla Linnaeus, 1758
Liping Liu and Pengfei Liu*
...from different migrating strategies with sex and age. Culmen length, wing length and tail length of male is longer than female, male is heavier than female in body mass, these differences showed slight male-biased sexual size dimorphism, the larger body size of male may have resulted from sexual selection, while pressure of natural selection may not be significant as the males and females were observed almost always foraging together closely on same substrates...
The Nexus of Land use Changes and Livelihood Transformation of Farmers at Rural-Urban Interface of Pakistan
Naveed Farah1*, Izhar Ahmad Khan1, Asif Ali Abro2, Jehanzeb Masood Cheema3 and Muhammad Luqman4*
... as alternate livelihood strategies. The results of independent T-test reveals that the human and social assets index show an improved livelihood in Faisalabad. However, Sahiwal has a better Physical assets index (p=.008), natural assets index (p=.000) and Financial assets index (p=.000) as compared to Faisalabad. The overall livelihood index shows an improvement in the livelihood assets indicator in Sahiwal as compared to Faisalabad. The research findings wil...
The Relationship among the Ecological Factors and Population of Bactrocera dorsalis in Mango Orchards of District Mirpur Khas, Sindh, Pakistan

Aiman Amur1*, Nasreen Memon1, Pervaiz Khan2 and Fozia Gull3

...g future pest management strategies for controlling Pest.
...
Plasticity of White Adipose Tissue in Tupaia belangeri under Food Restriction and Refeeding
Dong-Min Hou1, Ting Jia2, Chun-yan Liu1, Zheng-Kun Wang1 and Wan-Long Zhu1*
...s had their own adaptive strategies to changes of food resources. In order to investigate the adaptive changes of white adipose tissue (WAT) in Tupaia belangeri under food restriction (FR, fed 70% of ad libitum food intake) and refeeding (Re), body mass, food intake, resting metabolic rate (RMR), morphology, the positive expressions of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and Cd137, and the relative expressions of PR domain containing 16 (PRDM16), bone mo...
Faster Response to High-Fat Diet in Body Mass Regulation from Lower Altitude Population in Eothenomys miletus from Hengduan Mountain Regions
Gong Xue-na1, Jia Ting2, Zhang Di2 and Zhu Wanlong1*
...nd behavioral adaptation strategies in Eothenomys miletus of different areas from Hengduan mountain regions in response to high-fat diet, E. miletus in Jianchuan (JC) and Xianggelila (XGLL) were fed a high-fat (HF) diet for 4 weeks and returned to a low-fat (LF) diet for another 4 weeks, body mass, food intake, resting metabolic rate (RMR), activity behavior, serum leptin levels, hypothalamic neuropeptide expressions and body compositions were me...
Public Sector Advisory Services for Rice Productivity: A Case Study of Farmers’ Awareness in Tehsil Shakargarh of Pakistan

Muhammad Yaseen1*, Muhammad Sallam Shahzad2, Farhat Ullah Khan2, Muhammad Luqman1, Usman Saleem3 and Shoaib Nasir4

...e latest rice production strategies. Furthermore, the public sector advisory services providers must develop strategies to make farmers aware of the latest rice production technologies.
...
Morpho-Biochemical Parameters Associated with Resistance to Pod Borer Complex of Pigeonpea
Vishal Ambidi 1,3, Sanjeev Bantewad2, Suraj Prasad Mishra1, Anupama Hingane1 and Jagdish Jaba1*
...essential for developing strategies to breed for resistance to insect pests. morphological and biochemical components associated with expression of resistance to pod borer complex in Pigeonpea hybrids and cultivars to identify accessions with a diverse combination of characteristics associated with resistance to this pest. Among the genotypes ICPH 3461, ICPH 3762, BSMR 853, ICPL 332 WR, ICPH 2740, ENT 11 showed least preference for pod borer complex as compare...
Epidemiological and Clinical Features of Fasciola hepatica Infection in Yaks (Bos grunniens) on Tibetan Plateau, China
Hailong Dong1, Fubin Gan2, Khalid Mehmood3, Jiang-Yong Zeng4, Rao Zahid Abbas5, Mushtaq Ahmad Gondal6, Zhenyu Chang1 and Qingxia Wu1*
...herefore, some important strategies and surveillance should be adopted to control F. hepatica on Tibetan Plateau, China.
...
Yield and Related Components of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Effected by Chlorophyll Contents

Muhammad Rizwan1*, Jehanzeb Farooq1, Amjad Farooq1, Muhammad Farooq1,2, Ghulam Sarwar1, Muhammad Nadeem1, Muhammad Riaz4, Muhammad Rafique Shahid3, Hafiz Ghazanfar Abbas1 and Muhammad Kashif Shahzad Sarwar1

...pful in further breeding strategies for selection of genotypes with respect to chlorophyll contents, yield and associated traits.

...
Application and Challenge of Nano-Systems against Intracellular Bacterial Infection

Xiaoli Cai1,2, Saeed Ahmed3, Zhixin Lei1,*, Jianping Wu1,* and Taolei Sun1,2,*

...pproaching the cell, the strategies, prospects and challenges of nanoparticles treating intracellular bacteria.
...
Low Dose of Azithromycin Enhances the Anticancer Efficacy of Sorafenib in HepG2 Cell Line

Dabeeran Zehra1, Zahida Memon1, Shumaila Usman2,*, Almas Jabeen3, Kauser Ismail1 and Rehan Ahmed Siddiqui2

...evelop novel therapeutic strategies and drugs. Recently macrolides have drawn attention of researchers in the treatment of cancer owing to their proposed chemotherapeutic role, based on the concept of repurposing, as they are well tolerated, less toxic and inexpensive. In this study we evaluated the combine effects of low dose of Azithromycin with Sorafenib in HepG2 cell line. Co-treatment of Sorafenib and Azithromycin showed enhanced inhibition of cell growth...
Alternative Strategies of Plant Metabolite Secondary “Tannin” for Methane Emissions Reduction on Ruminant Livestock a Reviews of the Last 5 Years Literature

Zein Ahmad Baihaqi1,2, Irkham Widiyono3*, Bambang Suwignyo4, Amado A. Angeles5 

Effect of Different Rice Varieties and Synthetic Insecticides on the Population Density of Rice Stem Borer Scirpiophag incertulus (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Hussain Ali1, Shahid Sattar Khan1, Fazal Maula2, Said Hussain Shah3* and Misbah Uddin1

...l to find out management strategies for this pest for higher production of rice. Research experiments were conducted to investigate the impact of different rice varieties and synthetic insecticides on the population density of rice stem borer. Experiments were conducted in randomized complete block design (RCBD) repeated three times. The results revealed that the minimum population density of dead hearts (3.50%) and white heads (7.08%) were recorded in Fakher ...
Differential Gut Bacteria in Phosphine Resistant and Susceptible Population of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and their Biochemical and Molecular Characterization

G. Basana Gowda*, N.B. Patil, M. Sahu, S.R. Prabhukarthikeyan, S. Raghu, G.P. Pandi, T. Adak, C.K. Swain, S. Pokhare, S.D. Mohapatra and P.C. Rath 

...istance and design novel strategies for the management of T. castaneum.

...
Comparative Study on the influence of Three Feed Additives on Methane Production, Rumen Fermentation, and Milk Yield in Dairy Cows
Soliman Mohammed Soliman
...e of the various dietary strategies that have been used to mitigate and reduce methane production in dairy cows. This aimed to determine the effects of three varieties of feed additives (green seaweed, probiotics Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Yucca schidigera) on in-vitro total gas and methane production, in-vivo rumen fermentation parameters, and milk production in dairy cows. Twenty Friesian cows were randomly allocated to four grou...
The Effect of Citric Acid on Feed Intake, Body Weight Gain and Body Linear Measurement Traits on Indigenous Chickens- A Review

Zulu Blantina Fangele, Tyasi Thobela Louis, Gunya Busisiwe* 

...proving livelihoods, and strategies to preserve and sustain them must be intensified. However, it has been well established that citric acid can acidify the gastrointestinal tract of the chicken which improve the feed intake, furthermore, they improve the growth performance of the chicken including the body weight gain and body linear measurements.

Keywords | Organic acid, Nutrition, Performance, Production, Chickens. 

...
Population Dynamics of Mealybug Drosicha mangiferae (Green) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Citrus Orchards of District Sargodha (Punjab, Pakistan)

Muhammad Rizwan, Abu Bakar Muhammad Raza, Muhammad Zeeshan Majeed*, Muhammad Arshad

...ely and suitable control strategies against D. mangiferae infestations on citrus plantations. 
 
Novelty Statement | This research work describes the prevailing population dynamics of mealybug Drosicha mangiferae (Green) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on citrus plantations of district Sargodha and worked out its correlation with the abiotic weather factors. The findings of...
Influence of Parasite Infestation and Water Quality Deterioration During Mass Fish Mortality Event in Manzala Lake and its Corresponding Fish Farms

Magdy M. Fahmy1, Nisreen E. Mahmoud 1*, Mohamed R. Mousa2, Manal M. Zaki3, Elshaimaa Ismael3, Mai Abuowarda1 

...onally, the bio security strategies should be applied in fish farms, also the dependency of farmers on fish seeds for farm stocking from natural open water instead of the hatcheries should be avoided to prevent the entrance of parasites and other undesirable organisms from open seas to the lake and corresponding fish farms. This study is the first to investigate the prevalence of parasite infestation in relation to water deterioration and their role in th...
Empirical Analysis of Total Factor Productivity of the Agriculture Sector and Economic Growth of Pakistan

Abdul Wadood Khan1, Sabahat Subhan1*, Asif Ali Abro2 and Riaz Shahid3 

...ence, and macroeconomics strategies. The study recommends a dire need to increase capital stock, skilled labour, and cultivated land to boost and enhance agriculture growth as these are the key factors for the agricultural TFP and economic growth of country’s.
...
Population Structure of Kokok Balenggek Chicken in In-situ Area as Indigenous Chicken of Indonesia

Husmaini1*, Riza Andesca Putra1, Indri Juliyarsi1, Tevina Edwin1, Linda Suhartati1, Aditya Alqamal Alianta1, Harmaini2 

...e maintenance management strategies in order to maintain indigenous chicken Indonesian especially in West Sumatera.

Keywords | Kokok Balenggek Chicken, Population Structure, Management, in-situ area, West Sumatera 

...
First Record of Autumn Migration of Juvenile Chinese Egrets Egretta eulophotes from South Korea Tracked with GPS Telemetry

Seok-Jun Son1,3, Sung-Kyung Lee1, Jung-Woo Oh1, In-Kyu Kim2, Dal-Ho Kim2, Bo-Ra Hyun1 and Jung-Hoon Kang1,*

...rstanding bird migration strategies is crucial for identifying the habitat of birds. Recently, GPS tracking has been utilized to identify bird migration routes. The Chinese egret Egretta eulophotes is a migratory bird distributed in East Asia; most populations breed on uninhabited islands off the west coast of the Korean Peninsula. Location tracking devices were attached to two juvenile Chinese egrets from an uninhabited island in the Chilsan Archipelago off t...
Strongyliasis Occurs in Epidemic Proportion amongst other Nematodiasis and Cestodiasis of Horses (Equus caballus) in Obollo-Afor Southeastern Nigeria

Uzochukwu Ephraim Emeto, Chukwuemeka Calistus Okolo* and Nwakaego Ernestina Nweze

... meaningful intervention strategies. Such investigations are lacking in the region; hence, the occurrence, risk-factors and nature of cestodiasis and nematodiasis of horses at Obollo-Afor southeastern Nigeria were investigated. Horses billed for slaughter were randomly selected (N = 304) for sampling. About 5grams of faeces and 2ml of blood were collected from each horse into labeled containers for faecal floatation test and haematocrit determination. Gender a...
Comparison of Eco-Friendly Control Strategies against Root-Knot Nematode in Relation to Growth and Fruit Yield of Pomegranate Orchards, with Special Reference to Structure of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes Community

Eman Alsayed Hammad and Atef Mohamed El-Sagheer

...ed the ability of tested strategies to suppress M. incognita after being applied three times. Under protected conditions the pest reduction percentages of M. incognita and increase percentages in shoot dry weight were associated with the use of Marjoram emulsion oil (82.5, 208%), Chitosan (75.3, 105.8%), and Vermicompost (72.1, 93.4%) after chemical nematicide (93.0, 424.3%). Whereas, under field conditions, the application of Chitosan achieved the greatest re...
Estimating the Potential Habitat of Breeding Egrets and Herons (Family Ardeidae) for Urban Forest Management in Daejeon Metropolitan City, Korea

Man-Seok Shin1, Hyun-Ju Cho2 and Eun-Jae Lee3*

...iscriminative management strategies considering the breeding location of egrets and herons should be applied not only to minimize conflicts with residents, but also to maintain stable egret and heron breeding sites in Daejeon, Korea. Also, our study can be used to select suitable alternative breeding habitat for egrets and herons without conflicts in urban forests.

...
Genetic Diversity and Genotyping of Canine Parvovirus Type 2 by Using the Full-Length Vp2 Gene in North Iraq

Zaniar A. Abas1, Mohammed Omer Baba Sheikh2,5*, Hardi N. Aziz3, Omed I. Abid4 

...ry out effective control strategies in the future.

Keywords | VP2 gene, Molecular genotyping, Phylogenetic analysis, Viral evolution. 

...
Comparative Study of Temperature Change Effects on Precipitation for Upper Indus Basin Pakistan
Ateeq-Ur-Rauf1*,Wisal Khan1, Muhammad Salman Rafi2 and Nauman Khan3
...ect the water demand and strategies to assure its availability. Pakistan is an agricultural country and its economy, food security and prosperity lies in the best water management of water resources. These facts prompt us to study the changing temperature and precipitation relationship in Upper Indus Basin, UIB (hub of Pakistan water supply). Five substations of UIB (Drosh, Gilgit, Astore, Gupiz and Skardu) were selected for study, mean monthly precipitation a...
Local Fishing System and Marketing Channel Model with Special Reference to Trapping Pond Fishing in Tung Kula Ronghai, Northeast Thailand

Phassakon Nuntapanich1*, Hathaichanok Nuntapanich2 and Woraman Maicharoen3

...ny chemical; (3) Develop strategies and policies that act as a mechanism for driving society leading to organics farming production in the TKR. 

...
Causes of Morbidity and Mortality in Wild Animals and Birds at Captive Breeding Facilities of Punjab, Pakistan

Zahra Hussain, Zulfiqar Ali* and Rida Ahmad

...d health issues, various strategies and guidelines given by international authorities such as Association of Zoos and Aquariums and European Association of Zoos and Aquaria should be adopted and implemented.

...
An Update on the Promising Role of Organic Acids in Broiler and Layer Production

Ghulam Abbas1*, Muhammad Arshad1, Muhammad Saeed2*; Safdar Imran3, Ashgar Ali Kamboh4, Duraid KA Al-Taey5, Muhammad Asad Aslam1, Muhammad Saeed Imran6, Muhammad Ashraf3, Muhammad Asif7, Abdul Jabbar Tanveer8, Razia Abdul Majid Qureshi9, Maria Arshad1, Hussain Ahmed Khan Niazi1, Muhammad Tariq10, Sikandar Abbas1 

... development of targeted strategies for using OA as feed additives and ultimately improving the combination of multiple probiotic barriers and OA compounds. OA commonly used as an acidifier in chicken feed are consider attractive ways to improve digestion. The use of OA may be a good choice to improve the wellbeing of poultry birds. There’s a belief that more research is required to determine the direct effect of OA in multiple stages of poultry health a...
Modulation Impacts of Moringa oleifera on Thermo Tolerance Parameters and Blood Indices in Subtropical Ewes under Heat Stress
Aiman Al Mufarji1, Abd El-Nasser Ahmed Mohammed1*, Rashid Al Zeidi2, Haitham Al Masruri3
...n: justify;">Appropriate strategies are required for the alleviation of heat stress resulting from global warming contributing to impaired metabolism and dysregulated immune and reproductive functions in animals. The aims of the current study were to investigate modulation impacts of moringa oleifera on thermo-tolerance parameters and blood indices in subtropical ewes under heat stress. Eighteen ewes with an average weight of 50.3 ± 1.80 kg and aged 2.5...
Emergence of Novel Unique Recombinant Forms and Multiple Subtypes in Gag-Pol Region of HIV-1 in Punjab, Pakistan
Amreen Zahra1*, Mushtaq A. Saleem2, Hasnain Javed3, Muhammad Azmat Ullah Khan4 and Abdul Rauf Shakoori4
...an, will pave favourable strategies for advanced drug design, diagnostic assays and antiretroviral regimen therapies.

...
Characteristic and Kinematics of Bali-Polled Bull Sperms

Athhar Manabi Diansyah1, Muhammad Yusuf2*, Abdul Latief Toleng2, Muhammad Ihsan Andi Dagong2 

...lls to contribute to the strategies for developing Bali bull as a national beef bull contributor.

Keywords | Bali-polled bull, Characteristic, Kinematics, Sperms 

...
Pesticides Uses, Impacts on Environment and their Possible Remediation Strategies- A Review

Khaliq Dad1, Fenliang Zhao2, Rumsha Hassan3, Kainat Javed3, Humaira Nawaz4, Muhammad Usman Saleem5, Tahreem Fatima6 and Muhamad Nawaz3*

...heir possible refinement strategies from the environment as well as ways to minimize their impacts on plants and animals as adverse impacts of pesticides have also been observed on the human health, plants and other animals which need to control by reducing the use, release and synthesis on large scale.

...
Feeding Ecology, Threats and Conservation Management of Kalij Pheasant (Lophura leucomelanos) in Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan

Muhammad Furqan and Zulfiqar Ali

...servation and management strategies in Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. The diet analysis was done through crop contents of kalij pheasants, threats were assessed through field surveys, communities meeting, and data from 250 questionnaires during April 2020 and March 2021. Based on analysis of threats data, conservation management strategies are recommended. The diet analysis showed that mostly the kalij consumes plant matt...
Effect of Anthropogenic Disturbance Intensity on the Vigilance Mode of Wintering Hooded Crane (Grus monacha)

Xinran Wang1,2 and Lizhi Zhou1,2*

...shed light on behavioral strategies adaptive to anthropogenic disturbances. Vigilance behavior of wintering Grus monacha was observed to assess the effect of traffic intensity on their vigilance mode at Shengjin Lake, a Ramsar Site in China. Disturbance intensity was divided into three levels, and the influence of disturbance intensity on collective vigilance was compared by one-way analysis of variance (low disturbance: F = 1.854, P < 0.001; moderate distu...
Infection of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells with Virulent Newcastle Disease Virus Maximizes Cytokine Production: A Step Toward vNDV Immunotherapy

Tarek A. Wrshana1, Yousry A. Dowidar1, Bahgat A. El-Fiky2, Ali M. El-Rify1, Walaa A. El-Sayed3, Basem M. Ahmed4* 

... modulation. Therapeutic strategies based on the usage of stem cells includes the cells either themselves or their secretions (secretome), which has recently shown ability to inhibit SARS-CoV2 replication in-vitro. In this study, MSCs were prepared from the bone marrow of native Egyptian Fayoumi chicken. The MSC with the surface marker CD105 (CD105+) were magnetically separated and infected with virulent Newcastle disease virus (vNDV). The virus-induced multip...
Biomass Yield Response of Different Medicinal Plants Under Dual Stress of Salinity and Sodicity

Ghulam Qadir1, Khalil Ahmed1*, Muhammad Ashfaq Anjum1, Quais Muhammad Affan2, Muhammad Zaighum Mushtaq3, Muhammad Amjad Qureshi4, Amar Iqbal Saqib1, Hafeezullah Rafa1, Abdul Wakeel1, Ghulam Shabir1, Muhammad Rizwan1, Muhammad Qaisar Nawaz1 and Muhammad Faisal Nawaz1

...ustify;">One of the best strategies for the utilization of salts affected soils is the screening of available local plants which can grow or survive under salt stress and have considerable economic importance to the farming community. Therefore, a three-years pot experiment was executed to explore the salinity tolerance of medicinal plants i.e., Podeena (Mentha spicata), Hina (Lawsonia inermis), Qulfa (portulace oleracea), Methi (Trigonella foenumgraceum), Dil...
Efficacy of Different Pesticides against Mustard Aphid, Lipaphis Erysimi in Selected Mustard Cultivars

Misbah ud Din1, Shah Alam Khan1, Said Hussain Shah1,2* and Najeeb Ullah3

... find out the management strategies of this pest for higher canola production. Synthetic insecticides and bio-pesticides are used to control L. erysimi. The present study evaluated the efficacy of different pesticides against mustard aphids in selected mustard cultivars under field conditions. The experiment was carried out in Split Plot Design with four treatments and three replications. The results showed that Thiamethoxam, Fipronil and Neem oil were effecti...
Efficacy of Different Pesticides against Mustard Aphid, Lipaphis Erysimi in Selected Mustard Cultivars

Misbah ud Din1, Shah Alam Khan1, Said Hussain Shah1,2* and Najeeb Ullah3

... find out the management strategies of this pest for higher canola production. Synthetic insecticides and bio-pesticides are used to control L. erysimi. The present study evaluated the efficacy of different pesticides against mustard aphids in selected mustard cultivars under field conditions. The experiment was carried out in Split Plot Design with four treatments and three replications. The results showed that Thiamethoxam, Fipronil and Neem oil were effecti...
Development and Evaluation of a Maize Cob Based Bait Formulation against Subterranean Termites (Odontotermes spp.)

Hassan Raza1, Muhammad Zeeshan Majeed1*, Muhammad Irfan Majeed2, Mujeeb-Ur-Rehman1 and Muhammad Asam Riaz1

...d and ecologically safer strategies such as baiting insecticides with some cellulose attractant. In this study, 5% technical grade fipronil was formulated as small beads (3.5 mm) made by a matrix composed of 65% maize cob powder (as source of natural cellulose for termite attraction), 18% starch, 6% sodium alginate, 4% sodium silicate, and 2% urea. Termites infested monitoring stations installed in a sugarcane field were treated with the formulated bait beads ...
Morphological Characterization of Phytophthora infestans and its Growth on Different Growth Media

Waqas Raza1*, Muhammad Usman Ghazanfar1, Muhammad Asif2, Ikram-ul-Haq3, Muhammad Zakria4 and Laith Khalil Tawfeeq Al-Ani5,6

...ccessful disease control strategies. Here, we isolated and identified P. infestans, as well as, determined the morphological characteristics, on different media. The phenotypic characteristic of the isolates were observed as fluffy cottony growth with striated pattern. The average length of sporangia among the isolates collected during 2017 from potato growing areas of Punjab ranged from 14.94 to 47.89 µm, and mean breadth of sporangia varied from 10.44 ...
Bacteriology, Antimicrobials Resistance and Susceptibility Profiles of Bacteria from Mastitic Cattle and Buffaloes of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Tariq Ali1,2*, Kamran1, Abdur Raziq1, Inam Ullah Wazir1, Anwar Ali1, Muhammad Ijaz Ali1, Muhammad Shuaib Khan2, Shakeeb Ullah2 and Sher Hayat Khan3

...c as well as therapeutic strategies for the control of bovine mastitis.

...
Ecofriendly Management of Green Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Insect Pests through Plant Extracts

Riaz Hussain1*, Adnan Ihsan2, Azaz Ali Shah2, Najeeb Ullah2, Hamza Iftikhar3 and Ranra Jalal4

...ble pesticide management strategies in the future to increase production while reducing control costs and environmental impact.

...
The Window of Diagnostic Techniques for Bovine Mastitis

Muhammad Said1, Amjad Hussain Mirani1, Abdul Kabir*1,2, Muhammad Haris Raza Farhan3, Abdul Latif Bhutto1, Ghulam Shabbir Barham1, Khaleeq Ur Rahman Bhutto4, Muhammad Uzair1, Maaz Khan1 

...and sustainable. Various strategies for detecting mastitis have evolved, including proteomic approaches, particular immunoassays, and infrared thermography, all of which provide quick findings. This article efforts primarily on the complex methods of mastitis detection, as identification of the etiological agents are vital to preventing mastitis in dairy cows.

Keywords | Mastitis, Diagnosis, Bovine Mastitis, Immunoassays, Diagnostic Techniques, Chronic...

Mango Anthracnose: Global Status and the Way Forward for Disease Management

Shahid Iqbal, Muhammad Aslam Khan, Muhammad Atiq*, Nasir Ahmed Rajput, Muhammad Usman, Ahmad Nawaz, Ghalib Ayaz Kachelo, Azeem Akram and Hadeed Ahmad

...ditions. Many management strategies such as chemical control, biocontrol, use of Phyto-extracts and nanotechnological approaches have been introduced to combat this disease. The synthetic fungicides are used to curb the disease incidence. Pathogen have developed resistance against various chemicals that are generally utilized to overcome this disease. Because of its antifungal potential against mango anthracnose, among these strategies...
Prevalence of Fasciolosis in Cattle Farm of Tilottama Municipality, Rupandehi, Nepal

Nishim Bhusal1, Bhuwan Raj Bhatt2*, Saroj Shrestha3 and Arjun Chapagain4

...se and effective control strategies to prevent huge economic losses.

...
Spatial Hotspots of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Attock, Pothwar, Punjab, Pakistan

Arif Mehmood1*, Muhammad Asam Riaz1, Abu Bakar Muhammad Raza1, Waqas Raza2, Muhammad Zeeshan Majeed1

...e application of control strategies. Mosquitoes inhabit diverse types of habitats depending upon host preference, biotic and abiotic characteristics of the habitats. This study mainly targeted the collection, identification, and sorting of mosquitoes habitat-wise in the Attock district of Pothwar region. Collection of specimens was done from specified habitats during 2014-16. A total of fourteen species belonging to four genera were collected from eight differ...
Statistics of Rice Farming Activities During COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown: The Case of Niger State, Nigeria

Ahmed Abdul Gafar

...pose pro-active measures/strategies to mitigating shocks against any future outbreak. Data were collected from over 300 households which include about 165 rice farmers. All the rice farmers are male, with an average age of 34 years with majority 87% reside in rural areas. Most of the farmers are aware of the existence and dangers of COVID-19. Although there was considerable free movement of rural farmers to access their farms, inputs especially fertilizer has ...
Sociology of Pandemics: Social Inequalities and Biomedical Response in Wake of COVID 19

Farah Naz1*, Asad Umair2 and Ghazala Noureen3

...r, lockdowns and related strategies designed to minimize the spread of the pandemic, like early detection, isolation of confirmed cases, and social distancing, were build and implemented on the assumption that COVID-19 is simply a health emergency that demands solutions from the life science alone. They failed to take into account structural inequalities present in societies that affect the ability of an individual to cope with this medical condition and follo...
Epitopes Determination for OMICRON: The COVID-19 New Variant

Saba Rehman1, Faisal Salih Hayat1, Sadia Norin2, Abdul Aziz1, Siddiq Ur Rahman1* and Noor ul Haq1*

...ail, and the therapeutic strategies to enhance the host immune responses have been proposed. Additionally, a computational approach is proposed to design the drug and vaccine for the variant. The protein structure for the OMICRON variant has been predicted through bioinformatics tools and several databases have been used to identify suitable natural inhibitors. The OMICRON variant was analyzed to identify suitable vaccine candidates by identifying B-Cell epito...
Rural Advisory Services to Improve Food Security in District Sargodha, Pakistan

Muhammad Yaseen1*, Muhammad Luqman1*, Bushra Pervaiz2, Rana Shahzad Noor3, Muhammad Ameen4, Sadia Hassan3 and Wassi Abbas1

...sider diversifying their strategies for the provision of rural advisory services that target improvements in farm production and food security.

...
What Determines Food Security among the Farm Households of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan? A Binary Logistic Regression Analysis

Muhammad Azam1*, Shaista Naz1*, Malik Muhammad Shafi2, Muhammad Jamil Afridi3 and Ahmad Waheed4

...food security and coping strategies among the farm households of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. For this purpose, the data were collected from 180 farm household heads through an interview schedule. In addition, the food consumption data of households were collected on weekly basis. The dietary intake method was used for the assessment of farm households’ food security by using of 2450 kcal/Day/AE. Descriptive statistics, binary logistic regression, frequ...
Impact of Integrative Management Strategies on the Reproduction of Root Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita
Huma Abbas1*, Nazir Javed1, Muhammad Kamran2, Sajid Aleem Khan1, Abdul Jabbar1, Akhtar Hameed1, Hira Abbas3, Azhar Iqbal2 and Ehetisham-ul-Haq2
...ssful tool in management strategies of root knot nematode.

...
Geostatistical Analysis of Spatio-Temporal Variability and Mapping Genus Bactrocera in Apricot Orchard in Northern Pakistan
Wasim Akram1, Azhar Hussain2*, Sartaj Ali2, Iqbal Hussain3 and Muhammad2
...tegrated pest management strategies for fruit fly species and the reduction of insecticide use, which will benefit both growers and the environment.

...
Weapon Store of Contagious Ecthyma Virus: Accounting for Immune Evasion and Re-Infection Strategies in Target Hosts

Monu Karki, Amit Kumar and Gnanavel Venkatesan*

...the host’s defense strategies and causing re-infection within a year of infection. From viroceptors like chemokine binding protein to GM-CSF and IL-2 inhibiting factors, to virokine like Interleukin-10, shifting the cell cycle phase (Poxviral anaphase-promoting regulator complex) and enhancing nutrients and oxygen supply (vascular endothelial growth factor), ORFV possesses several unique strategies, to fight against ho...
Epidemiology of Bovine Diseases in Tangail District of Bangladesh

S.H.M. Faruk Siddiki1*, Md. Golam Morshed2, Md Robiul Karim1, Lutfun Naher1, Md. Sodrul Islam3

...ul in developing control strategies for the major diseases reported in this study. Appropriate strategic measures should be taken to control the diseases in the study area to minimize the farmers’ production losses.
 
Keywords | Cattle, Clinical diseases, Mirzapur Upazila, Bangladesh, Epidemiology
...
Rice Sheath Blight: A Comprehensive Review on the Disease and Recent Management Strategies

Aqleem Abbas1, Mustansar Mubeen2, Yasir Iftikhar2, Qaiser Shakeel3*, Hafiz M. Imran Arshad4, Maria del Carmen Zuñiga Romano5 and Sarfaraz Hussain6

...g appropriate management strategies to combat the disease to minimize rice yield losses and reduce global food security threats is challenging. However, scientists are still figuring out the best way to safeguard rice crops from RSB. Recently various pathogenesis-related (PR) viz. PR-3, PR-5, PR-9, PR-10, PR-12, and PR-13 and WRKY genes have been discovered in rice crops which are engaged in plant defensive responses and responsible for various biological proc...
A Critical Review of Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci gennadius) Cryptic Species Associated with the Cotton Leaf Curl Disease

Muhammad Afzal1,3*, Shafqat Saeed1, Hasan Riaz1, Muhammad Ishtiaq1, M. Habib ur Rahman2

...ise effective management strategies for CLCuD and its vector whitefly.

...
Diversity and Epidemiological Study of Hard Ticks Infesting Goats and Sheep of Hazara Division, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Hidayat Ullah1, Sadia Tabassum1, Sultan Ayaz2, Shumaila Noreen1, Atta Ur Rehman1, Naveed Akhtar3, Muhsin Ali3, Zaib Ullah3* and Sajid Mahmood1,4

...tick’s controlling strategies, goats and sheep breed selection and future research in this area.

...
The Role of Pioglitazone Against Ehrlich Solid Carcinoma Mice Model Through Antiproliferative and Antiangiogenic Pathways

Dalia Zaafar1*, Heba M.A Khalil2, Soha Hassanin3, Mohamed R. Mousa4, Mona G. Khalil1 

... of advanced therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment. As a result, many scientists are currently looking for newly repositioned drugs that can either inhibit cancer proliferation or promote cancer cell apoptosis. Methods: This study examined the effectiveness of pioglitazone (Pio) against mice bearing Ehrlich solid carcinoma in terms of its ability to inhibit cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Six groups were created using sixty male mice after the Ehrli...
Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture: A Case of Farmers’ Perception in Rural Punjab, Pakistan

Muhammad Yaseen1, Muhammad Luqman1*, Sheer Abbas2, Usman Saleem1, Abdul-Gafar Ahmed3 and Muhammad Salman Aslam1

...l adaption practices and strategies, private and government institutional support and efforts, national adaption policies and strategies are also surveyed at different scale.

...
Ultrsonography: A Tool for Management of Reproductive Disorders in Dairy Cows

Zubair Ali, Muhammad Sohail*, Yasir Ameen, Hamidullah, Ishtiaq Ahmed and Mehwish Malik

... differential management strategies for cows carrying twin fetuses conducted.

...
Seroprevalence of Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia in Goats from Selected Endemic Areas of Sindh

Ghulam Mustafa Solangi4, Zaheer Ahmed Nizamani1*, Mansoor Tariq1, Zubair Ahmed Leghari2, Asghar Ali Kamboh3, Barirah Rehman Talpur1 

...area thus proper control strategies should be adopted to prevent economic losses.
 

...
Heavy Metal Toxicity and Remediation in Human and Agricultural Systems: An Updated Review
Heavy metals (HMs) are harmful and lethal at negligible levels and non-biodegradable in the typical ecosystem and constitutes animal, human and environmental hazards. They are divided into toxic metals like Lead, Cadmium, Arsenic, etc. and essential elements like copper, zinc, manganese, iron, nickel and chromium. Additionally, could be categorized into two groups based on the natural and anthropogenic sources releasing origins. Population and industrial expansion led to food contamination with HMs. Poisonous metals can be transferred from irrigation water to agricultural soils, agricultural operations, air pollution, animal feed, and packaging materials. Toxic metals are non-biodegradable, non-thermos degradable, and exceedingly stable in the ecosystem; as a result, they quickly build in various foods. Metal pollution of many foods, including agricultural commodities, and animal protein sources such as fish, milk, meat, and eggs, poses a hazard to food safety and security. Toxic metal pollution of irrigation water, agricultural soils, plants, and animals result in their integration into the food chain, posing a health hazard to humans. Most metals are harmful to animals and humans and accumulate in several organs like the skeleton, hepatic tissue, spleen, and renal tissues. Metals have a deleterious impact on the production of plants and animals. As a result, several remediation strategies have become necessary to limit the hazardous HMs pathway into the food chain and the human body. Metal nanoparticles are employed in beneficial applications, although they are associated with specific hazards.
 
Keywords | Food contamination, Heavy metals, Nanoparticles, Pollution sources, Remedy, Soil contamination
...ult, several remediation strategies have become necessary to limit the hazardous HMs pathway into the food chain and the human body. Metal nanoparticles are employed in beneficial applications, although they are associated with specific hazards.
 
Keywords | Food contamination, Heavy metals, Nanoparticles, Pollution sources, Remedy, Soil contamination
...
Sheep Breeding and Agropastoralism in the Region of Ain Ben Khelile (Nâama-Western Algeria): Typology of Breeding Strategies

Faradji Khalil1*, Slimani Noureddine2 and Senoussi Abdelhakim3

Comparing the Effect of Selected Cabbage Varieties on the Fitness of Diadegma insulare Cresson Parasitizing Plutella xylostella Linnaeus under Controlled Conditions

Riaz Hussain1*, Ata-ul-Mohsin1, M. Farooq Nasir1, Zahid Akram2, Muhammad Sajid Qureshi1 and Abdul Mannan Hamzah1

...op integrated management strategies for its control, based principally on manipulation of its parasitoids including Diadegma insulare. The research study was conducted to investigate the effects of two cabbage varieties on fitness parameters (i.e. percent parasitism, offspring sex ratio and developmental periods) of Diadegma insulare, a larval parasitoid of Plutella xylostella. All experiments were carried out under controlled conditions maintained at 23&plusm...
Detection of Grapevine Fanleaf Virus Capsid Protein Gene by RT-PCR and DNA hybridization

E. K. Allam.1; B. A. Othman.1; Hayam S. Abdelkader2; and Noher A. Mahmoud2

...d development of control strategies.

...
Field Evaluation of Different Pest Management Strategies against Citrus Fruit Fly, Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel

Muhammad Ismail1, Abu Bakar Muhammad Raza1,2, Zarina Qasim3, Muhammad Zeeshan Majeed1*

...tegrated pest management strategies in reducing the fruit flies infestation and enhancing citrus fruit yield.  
 
Novelty Statement | This field study demonstrates the practical significance of integrating different pest management techniques, i.e. field sanitation practices, installation of methyl eugenol pheromone based male fly trapping and application of protein hydrolyzate based female fl...
Features and Prospect of Type V Secretion System in Bacteria

Meng Wang, Dongliang Zhou, Huixia Li, Chunqin Wu,Yan Zhao and Houqiang Luo*

...lternative antimicrobial strategies based on small molecules and antibodies. This review mainly introduces the discovery history of the bacterial secretion system, structure, and function of T5SS, and summarizes its potential applications and existing issues. Presently we have not elucidated the specific pathogenic mechanism of this system, thus the intensive study is significant.

...
Risk and Coping Strategies of Vegetable Smallholder Farmers in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa of Pakistan

Abdul Hassan1*, Arshad Farooq1, Muhammad Ishaq2, Ghulam Sadiq2 and Asif Nawaz3

...imate risk, their coping strategies and association to socioeconomic attributes. The study was carried out in two districts Nowshera and Charsadda of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan using principal component analysis approach and regression analysis. The data were collected randomly from 130 sampled vegetable growers comprised of 65 respondents each from Nowshera and Charsadda districts through pre-tested interview schedule during financial year 2020-21. Principa...
Development Model of Beef Cattle in Gorontalo

Muhammad Mukhtar1*, Lely Ummi Wakhidah2,Mohammad Zubair Hippy3 

... beef cattle development strategies in Gorontalo. This study is a quantitative study. Sources of data in this study were secondary data in the form of data from the Central Bureau of Statistic and primary data from distributing questionnaires to parties related to the development of beef cattle. The data analysis techniques used are Location Question (LQ) analysis, LQ Shift Share, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunities, Th...
Study on the Evaluation of Some Economic Traits of Rakhshani and Harnai Sheep Breeds of Baluchistan, Pakistan

Rameez Raja Kaleri1,2*, Hubdar Ali Kaleri1, Raza Ali Mangi3, Deepesh Kumar Bhuptan4, Sana Noor5, Zainab Lanjar6, Hubdar Ali Kolachi7 Abdul Wahid Solangi1 and Sheva Dari1

...s. By implementing these strategies, breeders may be able to selectively breed animals with desirable traits and manage their herds more efficiently, leading to overall improvements in the breed’s economic performance.

...
Human-Black Bear (Ursus thibetanus) Conflict and its Mitigation Strategies at Siran and Kaghan Valleys of District Mansehra Pakistan

Ikram Ullah1, Zaib Ullah2*, Junaid Khan1, Sajid Mahmood1, Zafar Iqbal3 and Naveed Akhtar2

...ost effective mitigation strategies. Human dependence on forest resources, habitat destruction, anthropogenic food waste, and retaliatory killing were the main conservation threats to black bear survival in the study area.

...
Histopathological Modifications in Musa cavendishii Roots Induced by Radopholus similis and Meloidogyne incognita

Atef M. El-Sagheer1*, Aline F. Barros2, El-Sayed M. Abd El-Aal3, Mohamed M. Gad4, Doaa S. Mahmoud4 and Amr M. El-Marzoky3

...f sustainable management strategies to suppress nematodes in infested fields.

...
Phenotypic Characterization of Indigenous Backyard Poultry Birds in Tando Allahayar, Pakistan

Rameez Raja Kaleri1,2*, Hubdar Ali Kaleri1, Nazeer Hussain Kalhoro5, Raza Ali Mangi3, Ghulam Mustafa Solangi4, Deepsh Kumar Bhuptani6, Sher Muhammad Khosa1, Abdul Wahid Solangi1, Ayaz Ali Lashari7 and Sheva Dari1

...tion and better breeding strategies.

...
Effects of Maternal Stress on the Behavioral and HPA Responses of Offspring Exposed to the Predator or Non-Predator Odor in Brandt’s Voles
Chen Gu1,2, Ze-Dong Xu1, Lin Chen1, Ming-Hui Gu1, Sheng-Mei Yang1, Ai-Qing Wang1, Bao-Fa Yin1* and Wan-Hong Wei1,2,3*
...ences offspring survival strategies under predation risk. This study investigated foraging behavior and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) responses of Brandt’s vole (Lasiopodomys brandtii) offspring after their mothers had been repeatedly exposed to predator odors during pregnancy. We exposed pregnant Brandt’s voles to distilled water (DW, the control), rabbit odor (RO, non-predator odor), or cat odor (CO, predator odor) for 18 days (60 min/...
Biological Parameters of Aphidius smithi Sharma and Subba Rao (Hymenoptera: Aphidiinae), A Parasite of the Pea Aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Homoptera: Aphididae) Under Laboratory Conditions

Tasleem Akhtar1*, Muhammad Farooq Nasir2, Imran Bodlah2 and Muhammad Adnan Bodlah3

...udy can help in defining strategies for the rearing to release this parasitoid in biological control programs against A. pisum in Pakistan.

...
DNA Markers Based Genetic Polymorphism in Natural Populations of Channa marulius

Mamona Jabeen1, Sumra Naz1, Hina Amjad1, Khalid Abbas1*, Sajid Abdullah1, Muhammad Anjum Zia2, Taqwa Safdar1 and Muhammad Sarfraz Ahmed1

...agement and conservation strategies for sustainable fisheries of Channa species in Pakistan.

...
Current Status of Fish Diversity and Abundance at Panjnad Headworks Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan

Saima Naz1, Ahmad Manan Mustafa Chatha2, Rifat Ullah Khan3*, Saba Iqbal1, Nimra Amjad1, Azka Kiran1, Ammara Javed1, Maria Lateef1 and Amna Nawaz1

... a need of comprehensive strategies to conserve the nearly extinct group of fish species.

...
Mycotoxins in Silage: Occurrence, Effects, and Management Strategies for Sustainable Livestock Production a Review

Syed Nouman Shah1, Anees Ur Rahman1, Abdul Kabir1,2*, Midrar Ullah3, Shahab Ahmad Nawaz1, Muhammad Said1, Abdul Hafeez Bukero1, Maaz Ahmad1 and Muhammad Sadiq1

...e and identify effective strategies to ensure animal health, productivity, and minimize economic losses. We synthesized evidence from studies on harvest and ensiling techniques, silage additives and preservatives, postharvest management practices, feed management practices, and mycotoxin binders. We found that proper harvest and ensiling techniques; silage additives and preservatives that prevent fungal growth; regular monitoring of storage conditions and feed...
Prevalence of Endoparasites in Indian Peafowl under captive facilities in Punjab, Pakistan
ZAHID FAROOQ1, RUQIA BIBI2, IRFAN BABOO3*, KAMRAN ABBAS4, MUHAMMAD SHAHBAZ5, KHALID
JAVED IQBAL6, DILAWAR HUSSAIN7, MUHAMMAD ABRAR8, ASMA CHAUDHRY9 & TANVEER
HUSSAIN10
...>good and bad management strategies.
...
Effect of Lead Toxicity on Japanese Quail and its Alleviation with Dietary Selenium

Nusrat Habiullah1*, Shah Nawaz Kumbar1, Fahmida Parveen Samo1, Shamusuddin Bughio2, Asghar Ali Kamboh3, Burirah Rehman Talpur1 

...ium might be adapted for strategies against the toxicological effects of lead in avian species.  

...
The Link Between Animal Welfare and Sustainable Development: Lessons for Somalia. A Review Article

Abdiaziz Idiris Mohamud1,2*, Yonis Abukar Mohamed1,3 and Shafii Abdullahi Mohamed1,4

... sustainable development strategies. The interconnectedness of animal welfare, livelihoods, and environmental sustainability is highlighted, emphasizing the need for comprehensive approaches. Stakeholder engagement, partnerships, and capacity-building initiatives are crucial for effective collaboration and resource optimization. Addressing research gaps, including socio-economic impact assessments, intervention effectiveness evaluations, cultural and contextua...
Does Access to Basic Services and Productive Assets Influence Agricultural Households’ Dietary Diversity and Food Security? Evidence from Ogun State, Nigeria

Shakirat Bolatito Ibrahim1, Raheem Olatunji Aminu1,2*, Aisha Olushola Arowolo1 and Adams Sanusi Musa1

...insecurity. Thus, policy strategies aimed at improving households’ access to functional healthcare services and cultivable agricultural land are needed to improve dietary diversity and food security.

...
Chemistry, Air Quality, and Climate Change: Uniting the Pieces of the Puzzle

Salim Saifullah1*, Tasmina Kanwal2 and Khadija Rehman2

... productive policies and strategies for mitigating air pollution and the detrimental impacts of climate change. The objective of this review is to examine the complex interplay between chemistry, air quality, and climate change. In this discussion, we aim to demonstrate the key connections among these three components and underscore their wide-ranging consequences for environmental concerns.

...
Population Dynamics and Damage Threshold of Meloidogyne incognita to the Dinsire Hot Pepper Variety

Shiferaw Demissie Tola1, Diriba Muleta2, Fassil Assefa2 and Beira Hailu Meressa1*

...most suitable management strategies. To understand the relationship between the initial nematode density (Pi) and the final nematode population (Pf), and the damage potential of Meloidogyne incognita to var. Dinsire, a study was conducted under greenhouse conditions. A geometric series of 13 initial densities (0, 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 J2 (g soil)-1) of M. incognita was subjected to Dinsire. The treatments were arranged in a rand...
Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Nematodes (Capillaria spp.) in Domestic Pigeons (Columba livia) in Bahawalpur, Pakistan

Anshara Javed Qureshi and Ishrat Aziz*

...er control and treatment strategies for capillariasis and also to improve the health status of pigeons and provide them with a better hygienic or healthy environment.

...
Land Cover and Land Use Change Detection Using Object-Based Image Analysis in Kaghan Valley, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Aamir Shakeel1*, Anwar Ali2, Tahir Iqbal1 and Ziad Raza1

...informed land management strategies to ensure sustainable development in the region by using remote sensing images and Object Based Image Analysis (OBIA) techniques the changes in LULC can be examine. OBIA uses image segmentations on the basis of scale, colour, form compactness and smoothness. The research is an effort to apply OBIA and classification techniques to Landsat satellite images to detect the changes in LULC in Kaghan valley with range of observatio...
Study of Maize Residue Decomposition in a Silty Loam Soil of Pakistan: A Comparison of Mulched Versus Incorporated Residue Management Practice

Saman Rizwan and Sohaib Aslam* 

...erent residue management strategies would help in refilling the soil nutrient pools, enhance soil organic matter levels, protect soils against erosion and improve water retention. This research was conducted in laboratory-controlled conditions using maize residues and a loamy soil from a sugarcane field to determine carbon mineralization patterns. Two different residue management practices were chosen for this study; mulched (soil covered by residues) versus i...
Response of Various Wheat Varieties Against Root-Knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne graminicola) Based on their Morphological Characters and Grain Yield

Ahmad Khan1, Muhammad Amjad Ali1, Muhammad Tahir1, Samreen Nazeer2*, Muhammad Zubair Akram3*, Muhammad Arslan Azmat1 and Sabina Asghar4

...ting nematode management strategies. Understanding the response of plant varieties to root knot nematodes is crucial for effective nematode control and ensuring optimal crop yield. 

...
Management of Wild Onion (Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav.) in Chickpea Crop at District Karak

Imtiaz Khan1*, Abdullah1, Muhammad Ibrahim1, Muhammad Ishfaq Khan1, Saima Hashim1, Shomayela Afzal2 and Khalid Nawab3 

...mulating weed management strategies in agricultural practices. Further research may be needed to optimize the application of different treatments and to explore additional weed management techniques to maintain effective weed control in the long term.

...
Varietal Preferences of Leafminer, Tuta absoluta on Tomatoes in Field

Abdul Hayee Gabol1, Arfan Ahmed Gilal1*, Lubna Bashir Rajput1, Jamal-U-Ddin Hajano2, Muhammad Ishaque Mastoi3, Ghulam Qader Mangrio1 and Jam Ghulam Mustafa Sahito4

... so that better breeding strategies could be employed to develop more resilient varieties with good yield potential.

...
A Step Towards Conserving Biodiversity in Human-Dominated Landscapes: Habitat Evaluation for Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) in North-Western Pakistan

Romaan Hayat Khattak1, Shakeel Ahmed2, Liwei Teng1,3* and Zhensheng Liu1,3*

...sign robust conservation strategies. We used maximum entropy modeling (MaxEnt) to identify suitable habitats for red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in Nowshera district, Pakistan. MaxEnt was applied to 62 red fox occurrence points and topographical and current bioclimatic variables. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) values obtained in the present study, i.e., the area under the curve (AUC: 0.828), showed that the results were good and valuable. Of the total are...
Mealybug (Drosicha sp. Monophlebidae: Hemiptera) Population Density on Different Host Plants and Their Management

Muhammad Ayub1*, Syed Arif Husain Rizvi2, Ishtiaq Hussain3, Musa Ali Hashmi4, Iqbal Hussain5, Shahid Hussain1, Zakir Hussain1 and Rehmat Kabir6 

...tegrated pest management strategies is considered a practical approach to control this pest. During 2019-20, the individual and combined effects of cultural control techniques including soil racking, egg burning, and egg removal from stem crevices, were evaluated for their effectiveness in controlling this invasive insect pest. Three types of forest trees including willow (Salix wilhelmsiana M. Bieb), poplar (Populus ciliata Wall.), and Russian olive (Elaeagnu...
Mycotoxins in Silage: Occurrence, Effects, and Management Strategies for Sustainable Livestock Production a Review

Syed Nouman shah1, Anees Ur Rahman1, Midrar Ullah2, Shahab Ahmad Nawaz1, Muhammad Said1, Abdul Kabir1,3*, Abdul Hafeez Bukero1, Maaz Ahmad1 and Muhammad Sadiq1

...e and identify effective strategies to ensure animal health, productivity, and minimize economic losses. We synthesized evidence from studies on harvest and ensiling techniques, silage additives and preservatives, postharvest management practices, feed management practices, and mycotoxin binders. We found that proper harvest and ensiling techniques; silage additives and preservatives that prevent fungal growth; regular monitoring of storage conditions and feed...
Comparative Toxicity and Resistance to Insecticides in Musca domestica from Some Livestock Farms of Punjab, Pakistan
Naila Amjad1, Muhammad Khalid Mukhtar1*, Hafiz Azhar Ali Khan2, Shafaat Yar Khan1 and Sania Waliat1
...gh proper mechanisms and strategies.

...
Prevalence of Gastro-Intestinal Parasites in Pigeons of District Jhang-Pakistan
Muhammad Fiaz Qamar1*, Tahir Hussain1, Iram Liaqat2, Madiha Kiran1, Abdur Rahman Ansari3, Faiza Yasmeen1 and Tahira Batool3
...management and deworming strategies to reduce the risk of economic losses due to parasitic infections. This was the first study to determine the incidence of these parasitic infections in pigeons of district Jhang. However, further studies are necessary to confirm the reported incidence in the current investigation by means of advanced molecular techniques. 
...
Molecular Variability of the S Gene of Hepatitis B Virus in Egypt

Elkalamawyl, I.M.; Elhddadl, S.; Swelim2, M.A.; Hamdy2, S.M. and Fahmy3, Hanan A.•

... vaccines, and treatment strategies, will become the next major challenge on the path to eventual elimination of HBV infection. Keywords: HBsAg, PCR, Sequencing, Phylogenetic.

...
Molecular Characterization of Enzootic Camelpox Virus in the Eastern Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Yousifl ,3 , Ausama A. and Al-Naeem , Abdelmohsen A.

...te vaccine-based control strategies. OPV continues to persist in nature and re-emerge. We were able to isolate a CMLV from an outbreak in the Eastern Provence of KSA in 2009. The infection produced mild clinical signs in adults and camel calves. We were able to confirm that the isolate was indeed CMLV using PCR and partial sequencing of the A-type inclusion protein (ATIP) gene. The orthopoxvirus (OPV) ortholog genes LIR, A27L, A33R and B5R of the Saudi enzooti...
Inheritance of Resistance to Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus in Faba Bean Plants

El-Bramawyl , M . A. S. A. and El-Beshehy2, E. K. F.'

...ive BYMV disease control strategies will come from a better understanding of inheritance the resistance to BYMV disease in the crop considering. In this article we consider the determination role of the inheritance mode of the resistance to BYMV in FL, F2 and F3 faba bean populations. The Fl, F2 and F3 progeny of resistant and susceptible faba bean plants were investigated under artificial infection by BYMV in the green house during two successive seasons (200...
Assessing Hydrological Characteristics in Iraq Dams

Huda M. Hamid1, Fadia W. Al-Azawi2* and Zaid F. Makki3

...fferent purposes and the strategies’ development to deal with water scarcity and drought. The analysis of hydrology characteristics in Iraqi dams has been conducted using remote sensing techniques and GIS. Due to its arid to semi-arid climate, limited water resources, and growing population, Iraq is facing significant challenges in managing water resources. Dams play a crucial role in managing the country’s water resources through storing and relea...
The Breeding Ecology of the Boreal Owl (Aegolius funereus beickianus) in Gansu Province, China
Yongke Zhu1,2, Yun Fang1, Songhua Tang1, Yuan Gu3, Jinming Zhao4, Wolfgang Scherzinger5 and Yue-Hua Sun1*
...ng biology, reproductive strategies, and behavioural ecology of these nocturnal birds are well studied in Europe and North America. However, the knowledge of the subspecies of boreal owl (A. f. beickianus) in the coniferous forests at high mountainous altitude of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is still limited. We spent 10 years studying the breeding biology of A. f. beickianus in Lian Hua Shan Nature Reserve (Gansu Province), where we could first confirm the occur...
Strategizing to Mitigate Potential Herbicide Adoption Risks in Sub-Saharan Africa: Crop and Environment-Focused Assessment

Hillary M.O. Otieno1,2*

... implementing mitigation strategies to ensure sustainable and responsible herbicide usage in the region.

...
Analysis of Livelihood Asset of Agricultural Households Influencing Livelihood Strategies in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan

Abdul Hassan1*, Shahnaz Akhtar1 and Muhammad Ishaq2

...influence the livelihood strategies of agricultural households in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The study used multinomial logit model for determining the connection amongst livelihood asset and livelihood strategies. Average index value of livelihood asset was 0.297 in the area, that indicates the disadvantageous nature in livelihood asset of agricultural households, uncovering the subtle living standard of agricultural hou...
Serosurvey for HIV, Hepatitis B, and C Viruses Among Apparently Healthy Students of Federal Polytechnic Idah and its Environs

Joseph Oyiguh Abraham1, Cornelius Arome Omatola1*, Martin-Luther Oseni Okolo1, Ruth Foluke Aminu1, Emmanuel Edegbo1, Olubunmi Marvelous Emurotu1, Danjuma Muhammed2, Jesse Joseph Chock3, Helen Ojomachenwu Ocean4 and Yahaya Ocholi5

...on infection and control strategies in the area.

...
Characterization of Bacterial Microbiota in the Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT) of Buffaloes Using PCR-Based Analysis

Phoebe Lyndia Tolentino Llantada1,2*, Midori Umekawa2, Shuichi Karita2

...r rumen manipulation and strategies for phenotypic trait improvements.
 
Keywords | Bacteria, Buffalo, GIT, PCR-DGGE, Species-specific primer
...
A Study on Population Diversity of Citrus Nematodes in District Sargodha

Abdul Haseeb1, Yasir Iftikhar1, Muhammad Ahmad Zeshan1*, Safdar Ali2, Rana Binyamin3, Salman Ghuffar4 and Muhammad Usman Ghani5,6

...ctive disease management strategies.

...
Assessment and Economic Returns of Lemons at District Naushahro Feroze, Sindh, Pakistan

Wali Muhammad Mangrio1*, Hakim Ali Sahito1, Faheem Ahmed Jatoi1 and Fahmeeda Imdad Sahito2

...tegrated Pest Management strategies should be strongly recommended to secure and enhance the citriculture industry.

...
Performance Analysis and Development of Closed-House Broiler Farm Business (Case Study at Camara Farm, Cigendel Village, Pamulihan District, Sumedang Regency)

Eluzia A. Barus*, Khansa N. Salsabilah, Achmad Firman, Linda Herlina

... also plan developmental strategies to increase the business’ income. This research was conducted using the survey method at Camara Farm, Cigendel Village, Pamulihan District, Sumedang Regency, in October 2023. Data collection consisted of primary and secondary data obtained using the interview method. Based on the research results, Camara Farm’s average total production cost per period for a year was Rp. 2,342,573,664. The average revenue per prod...
Clinical Effect of Yiqi Huoxue Tongmai Decoction in the Treatment of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy

Genlong Zhan1*, Yunhua Zheng2, Desheng Li*4 and Hongmei Zhang3

...on. The efficacy of both strategies was evaluated with clinical symptoms, nerve reflex, electromyography, nerve conduction velocity, and hemodynamics. We found that the number of markedly effective cases in the treatment group was higher than that in the control group. The total effective rate was 89.23% in the treatment group and 72.31% in the control group. The total effective rate in the treatment group was higher than that in the control group (P<0.05)....
Combating Zoonotic Diseases: Collaboration of Veterinary and Medical Practitioners

Kalsoom Abdulrazaq1*, Bisma Arif1, Rimsha Mehboob2, Asma Mehboob3 

...ation with intersectoral strategies, especially between national and international veterinary and public health services. This collaborative approach is crucial for addressing the complex dynamics of zoonotic diseases and mitigating their impact on both human and animal populations.

...
Advancements in Vaccination Strategies: From Historical Milestones to Modern Innovations in Viral Disease Prevention and Public Health

Kashif Abdaal, Aneeza Batool, Muhammad Tariq Navid*, Saeed Ahmed, Asma Saleem Qazi, Waseem Safdar, Haidar Ali, Mobeen Ur Rashid, Somia Rafaqat 

...s in vaccine development strategies including mRNA- and recombinant DNA technologies along with viral vector-based vaccines containing specific DNA segment(s) of an infectious pathogen(s), nanoparticle-based and plant-based delivery mechanisms have proven as more targeted and adaptable approaches to boost immune responses. Hence, it proves the vaccines as a big breakthrough in preventive and therapeutic medicine over 200 years and named “Future Medicine&...
Dietary inclusion of phytogenic feed additives (PFA) as alternative to in feed antibiotics modulating gut microbial dynamics in broiler chicken

ZUBIA RASHID1, ZULFIQAR ALI MIRANI2, SITWAT ZEHRA1, SYED MUDDASSAR HUSSAIN GILANI3, ARIF ALI CHISHTI1, ABID AZHAR1 & SADDIA GALANI1*

...t of novel antimicrobial strategies for drug-resistant pathogens is desired. Here, Phytogenic Feed Additives (PFA) were administered in chicken diet to decipher their impact on animal performance and gut microbiota composition. One-hundred-fifty-day-old chicks were randomly divided into three treatment groups with five replicates/group as (i) Control diets (CON); (ii) Control diets + 0.01% w/v enramycin (antibiotic growth promoter, AB); (iii) Control diets + 3...
Evolution of super-drug resistant microbial strains: mechanisms and strategies for containment

SHEIKH AJAZ RASOOL1, MUHAMMAD SALMAN RASOOL2 & MUNAZZA AJAZ3

...nd and implement certain strategies/agents such as, probiotics, CRISPRs, bacteriophages, nanotechnology and phytochemicals.

...
Alterations, complexity and efficient strategies suitable for genetic studies

1*AFIRA WAQAR, 2ADNAN RAUF, 3BUSHRA CHAUDHRY &4IKRAM-UL HAQ

... on the applications and strategies that are currently best suitable for genetic studies which provide preliminary genetic information for subsequent statistical analyses. Here we review the basic concept of genetic alterations including monogenic and polygenic characteristics of complex diseases to determine underlying genetic complexity and the most appropriate methods for genetic analysis.

...
Evaluation of biocontrol strategies and its synergistic interaction permitting the chickpea plant to trigger the appropriate defense responses against Sclerotium rolfsii

*AMNA SHOAIB, AROOJ SHEZAD, ARSHAD JAVAID, SUNDUS AKHTAR & ZOIA ARSHAD AWAN

Epidemiological Analysis of Udder Edema in the Goat Population of Faisalabad, Pakistan

Shahabaz Ul Haq1, Khurram Ashfaq1, Arsalan Khan2*, Adeel Khalid1, Shahrood Ahmed Siddiqui3,4, Raheela Taj5, Asad Ullah6, Hidayatullah Soomro7 and Muhammad Wasim Usmani8*

... for tailored management strategies, particularly in terms of nutrition and monitoring of high-risk groups. 

...
Phytochemical Composition and In vitro Anthelmintic activity of Combretum micranthum G. Don Leaf Extracts on Haemonchus contortus of Small Ruminants

Tianhoun Denté Fidèle1,2*, Meda Nãg-Tiéro Roland2, Zabré Geneviève3, Koama Benjamin2, Kaboré Adama1, Tamboura H. Hamidou1, Bélem Adrien Marie Gaston4 

...velopment of alternative strategies focusing on the use of medicinal plants. Thus, the present study was carried out to assay total phenolics and evaluate the in vitro anthelmintic efficacy of aqueous and hydroacetone extracts of Combretum micranthum leaves on the parasite Haemonchus contortus. Following phytochemical assay, five increasing concentrations (0.6; 1.2; 2.4; 4.8 and 9.6 mg/ml) of the two extracts were prepared and tested for egg hatching and larva...
Retrospective Analysis of Newcastle Disease in Chickens in Barishal District of Bangladesh

Dilruba Akter Mir1, Md. Sahidul Islam¹*, Mosammat Mahamuda Khatun1, Sharmin Zaman1, Bidyut Matubber², Nazmin Sultana Runa3, Zannatul Ferdous3, Tithe Saha3, Md. Anwar Jahid4  

...ropriate disease control strategies for commercial chickens.  

...
Retrospective Analysis of Newcastle Disease in Chickens in Barishal District of Bangladesh

Dilruba Akter Mir1, Md. Sahidul Islam¹*, Mosammat Mahamuda Khatun1, Sharmin Zaman1, Bidyut Matubber², Nazmin Sultana Runa3, Zannatul Ferdous3, Tithe Saha3, Md. Anwar Jahid4  

...ropriate disease control strategies for commercial chickens.  

...
Evaluating Flock Dynamics, Offtake-rate, and Farmers’ Perception on Benefits of Community Based Breeding Program in Doyogena District, Central Ethiopia

Addisu Jimma1,2*, Aberra Melesse1, Aynalem Haile3, Tesfaye Getachew3  

...genous breed improvement strategies to achieve genetic progress, economic benefits, and livelihood improvements for smallholders in the pioneer sheep breed improvement cooperatives in Ethiopia. Although the Doyogena sheep CBBP is one of the well-performing breeding cooperatives, there is a lack of up-to-date information regarding farmer perspectives on morphological and reproductive changes (such as conformation, coat color, litter size, growth, and lambing in...
Knowledge and Management Strategies of Farmers to Safeguard Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) Against Viral Diseases in Benin

Nadia Kèmi Assana Chabi1, Gildas Codjo Tchemadon1,2*, Olaïgbé Lydie Hounkpatin3, Paul Kouété Jimmy4 and Leonard Antoine Chaffara Afouda1

..., as well as the control strategies used to manage them. A semi-structured survey was conducted in March and October 2022 among 156 sweetpotato farmers in 11 townships in agro-ecological zones (AEZ) II, VI and VIII of Benin. Among the respondents, 96.3% do not recognize symptoms of sweetpotato viral diseases, although 81.4% observe these symptoms in their fields with most (76.7%), a low incidence (0 to 25%). Also, 72.3% farmers affirm that the first viral symp...
Beyond Fear: A Comprehensive Exploration of Rabies Virus and Its Implications

Muhammad Wasif Gulzar*, Riffat Maqsood, Muhammad Zain, Muhammad Suleman, Tayyab Ur Rehman, Sana Asif, Abdul Wadood and Jawad Hussain

...abies virus uses several strategies to circumvent the host’s defenses. As a major zoonosis, initial treatment and successful preventive and control efforts depend on a clear and prompt diagnosis. For the diagnosis of Rabies, conventional techniques such as Direct Fluorescent Antibody Test (dFAT) and histopathology are still employed. The OIE and WHO both frequently propose the gold standard test, the Direct Fluorescent Antibody Test (dFAT), for the diagn...
Correlation Analysis of Fatigue with Sleep Disturbance, Depression and Anxiety in Elderly Patients with Myocardial Infarction

Jin Jiao1, Jin Song1, Yuanyuan Cui1, Yilin Wang2, Yanling Li1, Jing Li1, Yan Su1, Xiaojing Du3, Yan Wang3, Guiping Sun3 and Minxiang Wei4*

..., symptoms and self-care strategies.

...

Pakistan Journal of Zoology

April

Pakistan J. Zool., Vol. 56, Iss. 2, pp. 503-1000

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