El-Sayed M. Abdelwhab, Jutta Veits and Thomas C. Mettenleiter
Avian Influenza H5N1 in Egypt: What we Know and What we have to Know?
...ng not only domesticated birds but also many other avian species and mammals. Infections of humans were accompanied by mutations in the hemagglutinin (HA) protein which improved the binding affinity to human receptors but simultaneously retained its specificity for avian-receptors. Vaccines were applied nationwide to control the disease in poultry. Meanwhile, the viruses accumulated several point mutations in the HA immunogenic epitopes resulting in antigenic ...
Hanqin Shen1,3, Boliang Wu1,2, Guangwei Li1, Feng Chen1, Qingbin Luo1,3, Yimin Chen1, Qingmei Xie1,2,3*
...rious species, including birds and mammals. H9N2 AIVs could spread through water, air, and live bird markets. Since the first isolate from 1994 in China, H9N2 AIVs have been prevalent over 20 areas of China, especially in South China, such as Guangdong, Guangxi, and Fujian provinces. Vaccination is the predominant strategy to prevent and control H9N2 AIVs. There are three inactivated vaccines of H9N2 AIVs have been used in domestic poultry in China. But H9N2 A...
Ahmed Sultan Jatoi1*, Shahid Mehmood2, Jibran Hussain2, Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq2, Yassar Abbas3, Muhammad Akram2
...ht (g) of Japanese quail birds obtained from the four strains designating as M, K, S, and Z showed non-significant differences at week 0 and 1, whereas, a significant effect was found at week 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. The average weight gain (g) was found non-significant at week 1 and week 6, however, the statistical analysis revealed significant effect from week 2 to 5, respectively. Times of gain were found significant difference at week 1 to 4; however, at week 5 ...
Muhammad Zubair, Sajid Mahmood Sajid
Mohammed A. Rohaim1*, Rania F. El Naggar2, Ahmed M. Helal3, Hussein Ahmed Hussein1 and Neil LeBlanc4
...otential role these wild birds can play in the transmission and evolution dynamics of PPMV-1....
Zuhao Huang1, Feiyun Tu2 and Dianhua Ke1*
...08. Unlike to many other birds, no extra base is inserted at certain position relative to ND3. Interestingly, a 484bp repeated sequence appears in both CR and CCR. Genetic distance shows that the differences between M. v. viridis and M. v. americanus is higher than that M. v. viridis vs M. leschenaulti based on Cyt b gene. Morphology, geographical distribution and genetic data suggest the elevation of M. v. americanus to a fu...
Hira Akhter1, Bilal Aslam2*, Naveed Shahzad3, Tanzeela Farooq4, Muhammad Umer5 and Muhammad Hidayat Rasool2
...Serum collected from 120 birds was tested for antibodies against H9N2 by using Haemagglutination Inhibition assay. Calculated geometric mean titers of 5.37 revealed the infectivity of the flock with H9N2 Influenza virus. To investigate the presence of virus in the study population, trachea, lung and intestine tissue samples were processed for RNA isolation and subjected to molecular detection of H9 gene of H9N2 subtypes using one step Reverse Transcriptase Pol...
Sameera Akhtar1*, Muhammad Akram Muneer1, Khushi Muhammad1, Muhammad Yasin Tipu1, Muhammad Anees2, Imran Rashid1, Raza-ur-Rehman3 and Irshad Hussain1
...oth in chicken and feral birds (natural reservoirs) in Pakistan; however, their molecular characterization is largely inadequate and requires continuous evaluation. In this study, sequencing and molecular analysis of fusion (F) and hemagglutinin (HN) genes of NDV strain isolated from an outbreak in a peacock flock was undertaken. Proteolytic cleavage site of F0 showed a cleavage motif (112RRQKR↓F117), representative of a v...
Hui Zhang2, Yajing Wang2, Kun Li2, Mujeeb Ur Rehman2, Fazul Nabi2, Rui Gui2, Yanfang Lan2 and Houqiang Luo1,2*
...ultry industry. Effected birds show lymphocyte tumor, abnormal proliferation and series of tumors in connective tissues and other visceral organs. To evaluate the status of lymphoid leukosis virussubgroup A (ALV-A) infection in free-range chickens in five different cities of Anhui province, a total of 732 serum samples were analyzed through enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) in 2015 and 2016. The diagnosis of avian leukosis virus subgroup A (ALV-A) inf...
Eman M. Farghaly1, Ahmed Samy1,2*, Heba Roshdy
...onfirmed by PCR. In life birds, only E.coli and Salmonella could be recovered from Cloacal swabs, while in freshly dead birds all four pathogens disseminated in various organs with higher incidence of mixed compared to single infection. Different serotypes of E.coli and Salmonella could be recovered from dead birds however E.coli (O78) and S.enteritidis were recovered mainly from heart and...
Erum Bughio1, Ahmed Sultan Jatoi*1, Muzamil Memon2, Reema Bughio3, Pervez Ahmed Khoso4, Zafar Ali Khoso1 and Ali Asghar Baloch5
...ided into six groups (20 birds in each) were coded A, B, C, D, E and F; vaccinated with various combinations of IBD through different routes. Results showed that the birds of different groups received different maternal antibodies did not induce any antibodies as recorded in all groups received vaccines at days 1, 9 or 12 exhibited similar pattern antibody profiles, however, an increase in the mean titer of antibodies was re...
Salman Khalid1,*, Abdul Rehman2, Mohammad Yasin Amir1, Abdul Rehman1, Imran Sarfaraz1 and Muhammad Asif1
...erapeutic trials, the 80 birds (n= 60 infested with ticks, n= 20 healthy birds) were selected and divided into four groups (A, B, C and D), each comprising of 20 birds. Group A and B were treated with Ivermectin @ 0.2mg/Kg orally for two days and Fipronil (Spray at once), respectively. Group C was kept as positive control whereas the ticks free birds wer...
Muhammad Asif Zahoor1, Zeeshan Nawaz1, Abu Baker Siddique1, Sajjad ur Rahman2 and Shahid Ali1*
...fections in gallinaceous birds are reported throughout the world and are caused by either Mycoplasma gallisepticum or Mycoplasma synoviae. Hence, in the present study we have detected Mycoplasma spp. from tissue samples collected from clinically sick (60 samples) and apparently healthy broiler birds (30 samples) in a commercial farm, using classical isolation and compared with molecular identification of Mycoplasma infection...
Beenish Zahid1,*, Asim Aslam2, Zafar Iqbal Chaudhry2 and Raheela Akhtar2
...embrane. The two hundred birds were divided into 4 groups A, B, C and D). The birds in group A were commercial broiler chicks having maternal derived antibodies and were challenged with IBDV field isolate at the rate of 0.1ml of EID50 (virus titer 105.50/100μl) on 2nd week of age through eye drops. Group B specific antibody negative (SAN) chicks were challenged with same dose at 2nd week o...
Mahmoud Said1*, Abd El Satar Arafa1, Mohammed A. Rohaim2* and Hussein A. Hussein2
Furukh Faiz1,2, Muhammad Issa Khan2, Masood Sadiq2 and Haq Nawaz3
...%, 5%, 7.5% and 10%. 225 birds were reared in 5 treatments and 3 replications of each treatment having 15 birds in each replication. The chicks were being provided with the standard conditions for light, water, vaccination and experimental feed for 42 days. The body weight gain, feed intake and the feed conversion ratio was observed weekly. After 42 day of the growth, the birds were slaugh...
Vladimir Avdalovic1, Marijana Vucinic2, Radmila Resanovic3, Jelena Avdalovic4, Danka Maslic-Strizak5 and Milos Vucicevic3*
...week later in a group of birds kept on pelleted straw (FPD score = 0.34±0.07). At the end of the experiment in both groups of broilers percentage of severe FPD was high. Severe lesions were significantly (p<0.01) more frequent (80%) in broilers reared on chopped wheat straw than on pelleted straw (56%). Although the high moisture content was measured in both litter substrates and the high frequency of severe FPD was estimated in both groups of broile...
Muhammad Abdullah1,*, Rashid A. khan2, Muhammad Rafay3, Tanveer Hussain3, Tahira Ruby4,Fariha Rehman5, Sangam Khalil3 and Sohail Akhtar6
...st height and diameter), birds plumage variations, courtship behavior, eggs measurements (clutch size, eggs length, breadth and weight), incubation and hatching. The hatching of the chicks was observed to be an asynchronous one i.e., chicks did not hatch at the same time but at an interval of a day (20-25 h). Role of parents during weaning period i.e. feeding and parental care of nestlings was performed by both partners. It may be said that Cattle egret...
Furqan Sabir1, Muhammad Tayyab1,*, Bushra Muneer2, Abu Saeed Hashmi1, Ali Raza Awan1, Naeem Rashid3, Muhammad Wasim1 and Sehrish Firyal1
...h of monogastric poultry birds. Current study deals with the production and characterization of recombinant thermostable phytase from Thermotoga naphthophila (PHYTN). This study was an initial step for the fulfilment of domestic industrial requirement of phytase in Pakistan.The PCR resulted in the amplification of 1.8 kb phytase gene. SDS-PAGE confirmed the size of recombinant protein as 70 kDa. The optimization studies demonstrated th...
Alaeldein M. Abudabos1,*, Abdullah H. Alyemni2, Elsayeid O. Swilam1 and Mu’ath Q. Al-Ghadi3
... in broiler. A total 200 birds (Ross 308) were randomly assigned to 10 treatments on day 15 after introduction of coccidiosis. The results indicated that feed intake and production efficiency factor (PEF) did not differ significantly (P>0.05) between Elancoban and natural products. However, treatment had a significant effect on BWG and FCR (P<0.01 and P<0.001, respectively), chicks which had received Elancoban had the highest BWG (327.9 g) and convert...
Jie Wu1, Jiagui Zhu2, Ke Wang2, Dejing Cai2, Yingying Liu1, Yanzhen Bu1,* and Hongxing Niu1,*
...re Reserve in 2007. Wild birds bred in semi-wilderness were reintroduced. Habitat selection and breeding ecology of crested ibis in Dongzhai National Nature Reserve has not been studied. To clarify the breeding status of the crested ibis and to provide more reference for the reintroduction of this species, the process of pairing, nest site selection, egg laying, incubation and brooding of the crested ibis in the wild was studied in Dongzhai National Nature Res...
Rabia Tahir1*, Khushi Muhammad1, Masood Rabbani1, Muti-u-Rehman Khan2, Farah Khan1, Hassan Bin Aslam1 and Arslan Mehboob3
Lucas Pedroso Colvero1, Paulo Eduardo Brandão2*, Cesar Alejandro Rodriguez Rosales2, Hanny Swam3 and Laura Yaneth Buitrago Villarreal1
...ization test showed that birds vaccinated with vaccine A showed neutralizing antibodies against IBV Massachusetts, 4/91, D274 and Qx types, while titers for vaccine B were not detected, suggesting a role of the poor emulsion quality on the performance of vaccine B. These results demonstrate that effective quality control and emulsion preparation are essential benchmarks of immunization and vaccine potency. ...
Nehafta Bibi1, Muhammad Shafiq2, Munawar Saleem Ahmad3 and Haitao Wang1,4,*
...c of social and flocking birds. In this study, we investigated Eurasian siskin (Carduelis spinus) dominant individuals for neophobia and influence of social context on foraging. In our experiments, a subject (observer) was presented with three novel and familiar food in each of three contexts: asocial, first social context (conspecifics without food) and second social context (conspecifics with food). The results showed that individuals preferred to con...
Jie Wu1, Jiagui Zhu2, Ke Wang2, Dejing Cai2, Yingying Liu1, Yanzhen Bu1,* and Hongxing Niu1,*
...re Reserve in 2007. Wild birds bred in semi-wilderness were reintroduced. Habitat selection and breeding ecology of crested ibis in Dongzhai National Nature Reserve has not been studied. To clarify the breeding status of the crested ibis and to provide more reference for the reintroduction of this species, the process of pairing, nest site selection, egg laying, incubation and brooding of the crested ibis in the wild was studied in Dongzhai National Nature Res...
Saswati Roy1, Rakesh Pashi2, S. Dey3 and Shantanu Jha2
...l areas. Observations on birds were taken twice a week, at early morning, starting from just after the sunrise around 7a.m and till before sunset up to 5.30 pm. Data were collected by using the line transect method. Total 74 number of bird species were recorded which belonged to 18 orders. Out of 74 bird species 23 species (31.08%) were recorded as insectivorous, 16 species (21.62%) as omnivorous, 13 species (17.57%) as granivorous, 11 species (14.86%) as carn...
Tariq Mahmood*1, Syed Wasif Ahmed Shah1, Muhammad Rais1, Hira Fatima1, Faraz Akrim1 and Muhammad Sajid Nadeem2
...reproductive behavior of birds that plays an important role during their different life stages. Nest composition and location are important factors in studying utility of plant material by avifauna. The current study investigated nesting use of tree species by avifauna at Pabbi Range Forest Kharian (32.811°N and 73.865°E), District Gujrat, from September 2013 to June 2015. Data were collected from five selected sampling sites by searching and identifyi...
Irfan1* , Arshad Javid2 , Muhammad Altaf3 , Muhammad Shahbaz3 , and Khalid Javed Iqbal4
...ty (n = 60) experimental birds were divided in to three groups i.e., poults having age 4-8 weeks (10 ♂ and 10 ♀), grower...
Muhammad Iqbal Anjum*, Shahbaz Javaid and Mukhtar Ahmad Nadeem
...ibia bone samples from 5 birds per treatment were collected. Total weight gain and dry matter intake in chicks fed rations I, II and III were 1861, 1736 and 2023 gm/bird and 3242, 3284 and 3265 gm/bird, respectively. The chicks fed R-III got 16.00 and 8.00% higher weight gain compared to chicks fed R-II and R-I, respectively. Feed: gain ratio (gm/gm) was found best (P<0.05) in chicks fed R-III (1.61) and poorer in chicks on R-II (1.89). The concentration of...
Muhammad Usman Saleem1, Saima Masood1,*, Hafsa Zaneb1, Aneela Zameer Durrani2, Asim Aslam3, Kamran Ashraf4, Habib-ur-Rehman5, Muti-ur-Rehman3 and Muhammad Shabir Shaheen6
...eplicates. The number of birds per group were 32 whereas the number of birds per replicate were 8.The first group was kept as control (CONT) whereas, the second (MOSG) and third (OABG) groups were given MOS (2g / kg of feed) and OAB (3g / kg of feed), respectively. The fourth group (MOS+OAB) was given combination of MOS (2g / kg of feed) and OAB (3g / kg of feed). Birds were given ad-libit...
Qamar-un-Nisa1, Muhammad Younus2,*, Muti-ur-Rehman1, Azhar Maqbool3 and Sajid Umar4
...sly or 3 days apart. The birds were clinically observed and swabbed daily. They were killed at 4 and 14 days after single or dual inoculations and were inspected for gross lesions. Samples of the respiratory organs (trachea, lungs, and air sacs) were taken for histological analyses. All the infected subjects showed clinical signs of varying severity. Co-infected groups showed the most obvious clinical signs, associated with significant higher mortality and res...
Shahid Mehmood1,*, Bushra Nisar Khan1, Hassan Raza1, Rida Ahmad1, Azhar Muhammad3, Zulfiqar Ali2, Farhan Abid1, Fehmeeda Bibi4 and Syed Maviz Ahmed5
...Pakistan. In total, 5456 birds belonging to 71 species, 40 families and 12 orders were recorded. Bird species distribution was: year round residents 50 (70.4%), winter migrants 12 (16.9%), summer breeders eight (8) (11.3%) and passage migrant one (1) (1.4%). More birds were observed in winter season compared to summer season. The most dominant species were house crow, Corvus splendens (n=2518), house sparrow, Passe...
Alptug Sari*, Ahmet Arpacik and Sagdan Baskaya
...rioration of habitats of birds as well as other forms of life has been considered to be the most important factor. Even though the importance of wetland ecosystems is well known, no remarkable effort for saving the Erzurum Marshes, was observed.
... 
Rubina Bano, Hassnain Shah, Muhammad Sharif and Waqar Akhtar*
... the study area was 4033 birds. The study also bifurcates the cost structure and fixed cost accounts for 7 % while variable cost accounts for 93% of total cost of production. Feed makes the major share and accounts for 49.34%. Broiler production in the study area is profitable with a profitability index of 0.24, capital turnover of 1.32 with a rate of return on fixed cost 424% and on variable cost 135%. The issues and problems in broiler farming are also narra...
Asad Sultan1, Sahal Ahmad1, Sarzamin Khan1, Rifat Ullah Khan2,*, Naila Chand1, Muhammad Tahir3 and Shakoor Ahmad2
...emperature. One group of birds received a basal diet only (control group), second group of birds received a diet supplemented with silymarin at the level of 10g/kg and third group of birds received a diet supplemented with ZnO at the level of 60 mg/kg in both TN and HS birds. It was found that supplementation of ZnO significantly (P<0.05) improved fee...
Irfan1,*, Arshad Javid7, Muhammad Ashraf2, Athar Mahmud3, Muhammad Altaf4, Syed Makhdoom Hussain5, Muhammad Shahbaz4 and Khalid Javed Iqbal6
...= 3) and female (n = 12) birds were kept separately. Semen of the male birds was collected on weekly basis to record morphological characteristics and to inseminate the female birds. Mean abnormal spermatozoa rate was 14.61±1.61% with most common acrosome defects 39.67±3.80 % followed by defects in mid-piece 29.61±0.24%, head defects 10.15±1.21% and tail defects...
Javid Iqbal, Asghar Ali Mian, Tanveer Ahmad*, Shamsul Hassan** and Sohail Hassan Khan*
COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENT ECONOMIC TRAITS OF FOUR IMPORTED BROILER STRAINS UNDER LOCAL CONDITIONS OF PAKISTAN
...dy weights gained by the birds were 2264g, 2277g, 2256g and 1942g for A, B, C and D strains, respectively at 49 days of age. The birds in treatments A, B and C gained significantly (P <0.05) more weight than the birds in treatment D. On the contrary, the birds in treatment D (4371g) consumed significantly (P <0.05) less feed than
Farrukh Saleem*, Babar Hilal Ahmad*, Saleem Zahid* and Bilal Kabeer*
COMPARATIVE PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF INDIGENOUS NAKED NECK AND NAKED NECK CROSSBRED LAYER CHICKENS
... Pakistan. A total of 72 birds (16 weeks of age) comprising 30 females and 6 males of each breed were divided into six experimental units / replicates (10 females and 2 male / replicate). Separate breeding pen were allotted to each replicate. The birds were fed ad-libitum. The data on body weight, feed consumption, daily egg production, egg weight, egg shell thickness and mortality were recorded. Naked Neck Crossbred (NNC) l...
Zheng Quan Jiang1,2, Feng Shan Li3, Jiang Hong Ran1,*, Chen Hao Zhao1, Man Zhang1 and Hua Li4
...lution and adaptation of birds. A survey was conducted on nest size and the underlying regulatory factors of Black-necked Cranes from 25 March to 31 July in 2013 and 2014 at Ruoergai Internationally Important Wetland and its surrounding area, covering 83 nests. Four types of nests were found in the area, i.e., natural island nest, grass mound nest, dirt mound nest and floating grass nest. The nest length, nest width, nest height and nest volume among th...
Burcu Onuk1,*, Murat Kabak1, Bünyamin Sahin2 and Nazan Gezer İnce3
...for the fluid balance of birds. This function may be related to the structure of the nose of flying birds. For this reason, we decided to analyze the nasal structure of two different birds using volume and volume fraction approach of the stereology. In this study, 14 seagulls and 7 storks were examined and volume fractions of the nasal cavity and nasal structures were estimated. Heads of a...
Nasir Abbas1, Muhammad Suleman1, Nazir Ahmad Khan2,*, Ijaz Ali3, Mubashir Rauf1,5 and Sadeeq ur Rahman4,*
...n poultry and pheasantry birds of Northern Pakistan is underreported. In this study we report on the seroprevalence and isolation of MG from a total of 2341 poultry and 24 pheasantry birds. Overall, seropositivity of 46.56% (1090/2341) and 27.2% (6/24) against MG was observed among poultry- and pheasantry- birds, respectively. Broiler breeder and broiler showed 58.93% (264/448) and 37.23% ...
Yan Li1, Kai Zhan1,*, Junying Li1, Wei Liu1, Ruiyu Ma1, Shengnan Liu1, Tao Han2, Shaoquan Li2, Shaolin Wang2 and Yang Hu2
...5 laying hens. The other birds were reared in 3-layer complete ladder cages for AI, for which 180 hens were maintained in 60 cages with 3 hens/cage and 20 roosters in 20 cages. Laying performances, mortality, egg quality characteristics and welfare level of birds were measured during the study period.Compared with AI birds, NM birds laid the first egg si...
Zahida Parveen1, Safdar Sidra1*, Bushra Nisar Khan2
... selected and fed to the birds over duration of one week each. During the fourth week, all three diets were combined and offered to the peafowls. The feed was pre-weighed and the leftover feed was collected and weighed the next day before offering the new feed. According to previous reports at site, the peafowls were preferred to poultry feed but in present research, the diet preference was in order of maize >millet >poultryfeed. During feeding, the beha...
Evolutionary Analysis and Phylodynamics of Avian Influenza Virus H5N1 between 2015 and 2016 in Egypt
Osama Elshazly1, AbdelSatar Arafa1, Mohammed A. Rohaim2, Ismaeil M. Reda2 and Hussein A. Hussein2*
...collected from live/dead birds, including commercial and backyard flocks, in five different locations in Egypt between the years of 2015 and 2016. All samples were screened using virus isolation, as well as antigenic and molecular detection methods. Full-length hemagglutinin (HA) sequences of six representative H5N1 isolates were analysed to study their genetic evolution followed by estimation of their evolutionary rates among different virus clusters. This an...
Muhammad Umar1, Mubashar Hussain1,*, Ghulam Murtaza1, Farid Asif Shaheen2 , Fatima Zafar1
... route for the migratory birds that is connected to West Asian and East African flying routes. The ecological concerns faced by the migratory birds in Pakistan have been reviewed extensively. The disappearing trends of migratory birds are recorded from fresh water reservoirs of Pakistan and are mainly attributed to continued loss of wintering habitat, habitat modification, fragmentation, e...
Archana Naithani, Pongthep Suwanwaree* and Bartosz Nadolski
...The threatened status of birds given in the checklist is as per IUCN Red List of ThreatenedSpecies2017.The presence of Alexandrine parakeet (Psittacula eupatria) in the study, listed under the category ‘Near Threatened’ in the IUCN Red List, is a matter of concern.The findings of the present study would provide the baseline information about the composition of the avian community and its distribution in the Suranaree University of Technology...
Nanjing Zeng1, Guanhua Liu1, Sibiao Wen1 and Feiyun Tu2,*
... site for migratory birds in Asia. Poyang Lake National Nature Reserve (PLNNR) is a hot spot for birds inhabiting or overwintering at Poyang Lake. Hitherto, limited checklist of bird species has been available. In order to investigate the bird diversity and avifauna of PLNNR, complete species checklist was strictly checked according to systematic analyses of species records from multisource. Fifty-seven species were new...
Amna Kausar1,2, Sana Anwar1, Naila Siddique2, Safia Ahmed1 and Javid Iqbal Dasti1,*
...pecies of non-vaccinated birds inhabiting diverse ecological zones of Pakistan. Altogether, 507 tissue and swab samples were screened for the presence of viral RNA by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Same samples were further processed for the isolation of virus by embryonated egg inoculation technique. Moreover, out of 507 samples, 479 serum samples were scrutinized by enzyme linked immunosorbent essay (ELISA). Sero-prevalence of AIV ...
Nashwa Mohamed Eid1, Al-Hussien Mohamed Dahshan1, El-Shayma El-Nahass2, Basma Shalaby3 and Ahmed Ali1*
...PI), the second 2 set of birds without EOs addition were fed ration containing 0.25% and 0.125% thyme and clove oils as treatment in comparison to an antibiotic control group using for 5 days. The results showed that the use of EOs improved growth performance of broiler chickens especially when used as preventive feed additive continuously. The thyme EO showed better anticlostridial activity in terms of reduced CP counts in intestine and alleviation of intesti...
Ye Gong, Nehafta Bibi and Haitao Wang*
...six cases nests of other birds were usurped by Mandarin duck and in three cases nests of Mandarin duck were usurped by other birds. The remaining mixed clutches may be incomplete usurpation. For the nests taken over by Mandarin ducks, all heterospecific eggs were rejected and four clutches were incubated successfully. For the other mixed clutches, none of Mandarin duck eggs were removed, only two eggs were hatched but the du...
Fazul Nabi1,2, Hui Zhang1, Muhammad Kashif Iqbal1 , Mujeeb ur Rehman1, Muhammad Shahzad3, Khalid Mehmood1,3 and Jiakui Li1,*
...ality in rapidly growing birds causing carcass downgrading and severe welfare problems.Present study was aimed to determine specificity of salvia miltiorrhiza (SM) on growth plate width, liver oxidative stress and toxicity in avian TD. One hundred and fifty broiler chicks were equally distributed into three groups: Control, Thiram (50 mg/kg/d) and SM (10 mg/kg/d) treated. Results showed that thiram caused lameness, decrease in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activi...
Hazrat Nabi1, Irshad Hussain2, Muhammad Adil3, Amar Nasir3,*, Arbab Sikandar3, Saeed Khan1 and Nasrullah Khan3
...r (GMT) was recorded for birds fed aflatoxins alone. However, difference in the calculated values of GMT for control group and birds fed toxin binders was not significant. Treatment related changes in organ body weight ratio of thymus, spleen and Bursa of fabricius of aflatoxins binders administered groups (groups E and F) were also significant compared with ones fed aflatoxins mixed feed (groups B and C). In conclusion, myc...
Ali Zaman1,*, Abdul Haleem1, Sajjad Ur Rahman2, Adnan Amin3 Asma Saeed1, Sana Ullah4 and Naimat Ullah4
... contagious infection of birds as well as humans which is zoonotic of significant economic and public health concern. From total 650 broilers sera were taken, around the five geographically distinct districts and analyzed through hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test for detection of H5 antibodies. Highest sero-prevalence of Avian Influenza (H5) was recorded in district Abbottabad 36.15% (47/130) followed by Dera Ismail Khan 33.08% (43/130), Tank 26.92% (35/13...
Souheila Slimani1,*, Sonia Hamouda1, Chahrazed Souadi1, Sara Silini2, Cherif Abdennour2 and Leila Delimi3
...of germ cells in control birds was noticed,which confirm the testicular regression.In the treated groups, thiram delayed the refractory phase along the experimental period, but testicular weight were superior in the treated pigeons compared to the control during the last weeks. Treated pigeons had more dead spermatozoa compared to the control. Remarkably, abnormal spermatozoa were much higher in the group received 5mg than that of 10mg.The histological profile...
Muhammad Anwar Iqbal1, Habib Rehman2, Ali Hussain3,*, Faiza Jabeen4, Ijaz Ahmad2, Kamran Ashraf5, Muhammad Irshad Arshad6 and Omaima Khan7
...s given to control group birds (Group A) and the same feed mixed with three different concentrations of MOS i.e., 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 %, was offered for 35 days to the birds of experimental groups, B, C and D, respectively. Results showed that the birds of group C were heavier (P < 0.05) during 2nd and 3rd weeks compared to the other groups. Feed conversion ratio was not affe...
Hafiz Manzoor Ahmad1,*, Hamad Bin Rashid1, Muhammad Arif Khan1, Asim Khalid Mahmood1, Muhammad Ijaz1, Shahid Hussain Farooqi1, Muhammad Rafi Ullah2 and Usman Ghani1
... groups each carrying 10 birds. The birds were monitored for various physiological parameters before and after anesthesia. The birds of K+X group were given ketamine hydrochloride (15 mg/kg) and xylazine (5 mg/kg), while K+X+D group were given ketamine hydrochloride (15 mg/kg), xylazine (2.5 mg/kg) and diazepam (2.5mg/kg) cocktail, respectively. The birds
Gokhan Sahin1, Ecevit Eyduran2,*, Mete Turkoglu3 and Fatma Sahin2
...35.00 East) of migratory birds found in Iğdır province of Turkey. In the estimation of global irradiation parameters (Hd: average daily sum of global irradiation per square meter and Hm: average annually sum of global irradiation per square meter), several predictors viz. ESTLOSTEMP (estimated losses due to temperature and low irradiance), ESTLOSANGREF (estimated loss due to angular reflectance effect), and COMPVLOSS (Combined Photo Voltaic system losses) we...
Shoukat Ara1, Sheikh Adil2,*and Manzoor Ahmad Khan3
...dy weight gain of grower birds. Further, the SGPT and SGOT levels of birds did not differ among various treatments at 19 weeks of age. A non-significant (p>0.05) improvement was observed in the egg weight, shell thickness and weight in all the groups fed Azolla in the diet (T2, T3, T4 and T5) when compared with the control group (T1). The differences in the total number of eggs laid, % hen-day-egg production, vario...
Peng Xu1, Bin Liu1,2, Yongqiang Zhao3, Shicheng Lv3 and Changhu Lu1,*
...ation size of endangered birds,red-crowned crane. Then, an interpretation model with high deviance explained was explored. More and continuous attention should be paid to improve considerable measures of crane conservation based on climate change.
...
Naila Chand1, Shamsullah1, Rafiullah1, Rifat Ullah Khan2, Muhammad Mobashar3, Shabana Naz4,*, Ebrahim Rowghani5 and Murad Ali Khan2
... kept as control and the birds in this treatment were fed on basal ration without alteration in feed contents while the other treatments MOS-50 and MOS-100 represented 50 and 100 g MOS/kg feed, respectively during starter phase. Feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were significantly (P<0.05) high in Treatment MOS-100 compared to the control. Similar trend was also observed in the weight of bursa,thymus and spleen. Significantly higher v...
Mouslim Bara1,2,* and Luciano N. Segura3
...e.
...
Tahira Batool1*, Nabila Roohi1, Athar Mahmud2
...hased) to group C. These birds were placed in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with a factorial arrangement of 3(lysine regimens) × 4 (varieties) × 20 (replicates) with one bird in each replicate under standard conditions of house management. For slaughter and carcass characteristics at the age of eighteen weeks, 72 birds including 18 from each variety with 6 from each group were randomly selected and...
Saima Naz*, Adil Ali Rajpar, Abdul Hameed Chandio
New Records of some Phthiraptera (chewing lice) of birds from urban areas of Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan
... common wild and captive birds of
Hyderabad during 2013-2015, mainly from urban areas. Chewing lice of both suborders Amblycera and Ischnocera
included family Menoponidae and Philopteridae respectively were reported from different localities of Hyderabad city.
It was the first chewing lice survey that has been carried out in the region, which reported eight species of
Menoponidae and eleven species of Philopteridae. These species we...
Hyderabad during 2013-2015, mainly from urban areas. Chewing lice of both suborders Amblycera and Ischnocera
included family Menoponidae and Philopteridae respectively were reported from different localities of Hyderabad city.
It was the first chewing lice survey that has been carried out in the region, which reported eight species of
Menoponidae and eleven species of Philopteridae. These species we...
Abbas Ali1, Muhammad Altaf2*, Muhammad Samar Hussain Khan3
Winter survey of birds at Keti Bunder, district Thatha, Pakistan
...noted the threats to the birds of Keti Bunder. To know the avian dominance and
diversity of Keti Bunder; we carried out at dawn and dusk in winter season (November, 2015 to February, 2016),
using direct and indirect methods. During the survey, total of 49 winter season bird species belonging to 33 genera
and 21 families were recorded. A total of 4280 birds were recorded dedicated survey effort from the K...
diversity of Keti Bunder; we carried out at dawn and dusk in winter season (November, 2015 to February, 2016),
using direct and indirect methods. During the survey, total of 49 winter season bird species belonging to 33 genera
and 21 families were recorded. A total of 4280 birds were recorded dedicated survey effort from the K...
Bushra Siyal1, Sanjota Nirmal Das1, Rafia Rehana Ghazi2, Aly Khan3
Heterotestophyes gibsoni sp.n. (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) from the bird little tern (Sternula albifrons) in Sindh, Pakistan
...on helminth parasites of birds, a new species of trematode genus Heterotestophyes gibsoni
sp. n. was recorded from the intestine of little tern (Sternula albifrons) collected from Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. The
new species is characterized by having small body, maximum width attained at the level of mid body region and
twisted at the level of pharynx. Oral sucker terminal, rounded and broader than long. Esophagus long, intestinal
bi...
sp. n. was recorded from the intestine of little tern (Sternula albifrons) collected from Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. The
new species is characterized by having small body, maximum width attained at the level of mid body region and
twisted at the level of pharynx. Oral sucker terminal, rounded and broader than long. Esophagus long, intestinal
bi...
Farheen Shaikh*, Saima Naz, Nadir Ali Birmani
... Districts. The selected birds were tagged with identity rings and 5-8 hosts in each locality were examined. Infestation of chewing lice on each bird was checked periodically in each month. Moreover, permanent microscopic slides of ectoparasites were prepared. During the study, three species of chewing lice were reported from Common Quail. Their population density on host body was recorded in each month. The prevalence of chewing lice species of Coturnix co...
Muhammad Shabir Shaheen1, Shahid Mehmood1, Athar Mahmud1, Jibran Hussain1, Ahmed Sultan Jatoi2, Muhammad Yaqoob3, Sohail Ahmad1 and Arshad Javid4,*
... 36 replicates having 20 birds each according to completely randomized design and were fed the same quantity of feed. The birds were subjected to 4 heating systems during brooding (Floor Heating, Diesel, Gas and Electricity Bulb). Growth performances, blood glucose, cholesterol level and economic appraisal in term of running cost / Kg of live meat were recorded. The results revealed that all strains generally but Ross 308 pa...
Muhammad Tufail1, Naila Chand1, Rafiullah1, Shakoor Ahmad2, Rifat Ullah Khan2, Muhammad Mobashar3 and Shabana Naz4,*
... kept as control and the birds in this treatment were fed on basal ration without alteration in feed contents while the other treatments MOS-50 and MOS-100 represented 50 and 100 g MOS/kg feed respectively during the finisher phase. Treatment MOS-100 improved feed intake significantly (P<0.01) at the age of 4th and 5th week followed by MOS-50. Significantly (P<0.01) higher overall body weight gain was recorded for treatment MOS-100 ...
Kalimullah Khan1,*, Hafsa Zaneb2, Zia Ur Rehman3, Hamza Maris4 and Habib ur Rehman1
...div>...
Wen Chao Liu1,2, Kwan Sik Yun3 and In Ho Kim2,*
...replicate cages, with 16 birds per replicate. The 4 dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal-based diets and supplemented with 0, 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15% 1,3-DAG, respectively. During d 1-14, with increasing the dietary 1,3-DAG levels from 0 to 0.15%, the body weight gain (BWG) was improved (linear, P<0.01), whereas the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was decreased (linear, P<0.01). During d 14-28, dietary supplementation of graded level of 1,3-DAG improved th...
Sakhra Mahmood1, M. Younus1, A. Aslam1, A.A. Anjum2, S. Umar3, Aamerzish Mushtaq3 and M.L. Sohail4,*
...kg of feed). Another 120 birds were divided into two groups, one group was fed with basal diet (control group) and other was fed with AFB1 diet without any detoxifying agent. Growth parameters (body weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio), hematology (hemoglobin, haematocrit, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and total leukocyte count) and immune response were recorded and analyzed by duncan test for 6 weeks. Results showed significant reduction in ...
Asad Sultan1, Rabia Ali1, Rifat Ullah Khan2,*, Sarzamin Khan1, Naila Chand1 and Ambrina Tariq3
...sed to avoid compromised birds’ performance. The present study assessed the impact of phytase on enhancing the nutrient retention and phosphorus utilization in two different sorghum cultivars fed to broiler. In an open sided house, a total of 160, 14-days-old broilers were allotted to four dietary bioassay treatments and fed mash red and white sorghum grain with or without phytase enzyme (500 FTU/kg) for 12 days (including 4 days adaptation period). Stan...
Guo-hai Wang1, Zai-xi Yang1, Pan Chen1, Wei-ning Tan2 and Chang-hu Lu1,*
... habitats by frugivorous birds are of great concern. In this study, we recorded the bird’s seed foraging and dispersing behavior of local bird species to examine their role in dispersing seeds of Kmeria septentrionalis, an endangered tree species in a karst habitat in southwest China. Twenty-seven bird species were recorded feeding on its seeds, and fourteen bird species were confirmed as seeds dispersers. The chestnut bulbul (Hemixos castanono...
SiRui Wang1,2, Fekede Regasa Joka1,2, XiaoLong Wang1,2,* and SuYing Bai2,*
...try, and studies in wild birds are rare. To understand the antiviral site of the Myxovirus-resistance (Mx) protein in the evolution of different wild birds, 10 wild bird species, including Anas formosa, Anas crecca, Anas strepera, Mergus squamatus, Accipiter nisus, Buteo hemilasius, Buteo lagopus, Passer montanus, Psittacula roseata and Emberiza elegans, w...
Muhammad Rehan1, Asim Aslam1, Muti-ur-Rehman Khan1, Muhammad Abid2, Shakeel Hussain3, Javeria Umber4, Ahsan Anjum1 and Altaf Hussain2*
... known as Ranikhet. Wild birds are considered natural reservoirs of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and some common resident or migratory wild birds are associated with outbreaks of ND in commercial poultry in Pakistan. Continuous isolation of new genotypes in Pakistan shows the evolving nature of the virus and the emergence of new strains is limiting in its diagnosis and control. Pakistan is a developing country and poultry i...
Muhammad Sohail1*, Asad Sultan2, Said Sajjad Ali Shah3, Muhammad Sajid1 and Adnan Khan4
...their cultivars in quail birds. A total of 270 quail birds were raised in cages having three main groups, one each for wheat (W), maize (M), sorghum (S) and six subgroups for the collection of fecal samples and further analyses. Nutrient profile, digestibility coefficients, and apparent metabolizable energy were investigated. Fat percentage and metabolizable energy was higher in maize (4.1% and 17.04 MJ/kg). The protein leve...
Fazal Wahab1, Naila Chand1, Rifat Ullah Khan1, Nazir Ahmad1, Urooba Parvez2, Zia ur Rehman3 and Shabana Naz4,*
... replicates, each with 5 birds. Birds were kept in cages for 28 days in open sided house. FS-0 was kept as control while treatments FS-0.5, FS-0.75 and FS-1 were provided with fenugreek seed powder in the ration at the rate of 0.5, 0.75 and 1%, respectively. Egg production and feed intake was recorded on daily basis. Egg weight, egg shell weight, egg shell thickness, Haugh unit, albumin height and yolk weight were determined...
Rana Waqas Arshad1, Asim Aslam1, Muhammad Saeed Imran1, Kamran Ashraf2 and Raheela Akhtar1,*
... each having 100 broiler birds were placed in the same environmentally controlled house. Samples of blood and bursa of Fabricius were collected from slaughtered birds after every 7 days till the end of experiment (35 days). The size of bursas and the bursa/body weight ratios were significantly greater in live vector vaccine group than other vaccinal groups. ELISA revealed high antibody titre in live vector vaccine group and ...
Shujjah Haider1,*, Ayesha Maqbool1, Tariq Pervez1, Saima Parveen1, Arfan Ahmad2, Zahid Iqbal3, Javed Iqbal3, Shahid Mehmood3, Amanullah Khan4 and Sajid Umar5
...cks with small number of birds (1000-2000) as 24.28%. In addition, it was also found that iELISA test is more sensitive and specific for detection of MG antibodies in serum samples as compared to RPA/SPA test. This evidence emphasizes the need of more systemic approaches for the investigation ofMG distribution and prevalence in otherparts of Pakistan in order to design effective control strategies.
...
Hui Wang1, Lin Wang1, Xuanlu Li1, Shanshan Li1, Yongqiang Zhao2, Shicheng Lv2, Xinrong Xu1, Guang Yang1 and Bingyao Chen1,*
...ation, and more and more birds have begun to utilize the buffer zone. We conducted a line transect survey in December 2010 to estimate bird density and evaluate the importance of the buffer zone. As a result, 34 protected species among the 4975 individuals were sighted, including 127 red-crowned cranes (Grus japonensis) and 868 common cranes (Grus grus). The overall density of protected species, winter migratory species, and resident
Chen-Yu Sun, Wen-Chao Liu*, Mei Xiao, Zhi-Hui Zhao and Li-Long An*
...replicate cages, with 15 birds per replicate. The 4 dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal-based diets and supplemented with 0, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg betaine, respectively. During d 1-14, with increasing the dietary betaine levels from 0 to 2000 mg/kg, the BWG was improved (quadratic, P<0.05), whereas the FCR was decreased (linear, P<0.01). During d 14-28, dietary supplementation of graded level of betaine had no significant effects on BWG, feed in...
Tahir Iqbal1, Umer Rashid1*, Naveed Shahzad2, Amber Afroz1, Muhammad Faheem Malik3 and Muhammad Idrees4
...n the bile fluids of two birds. The histological data demonstrated pathological changes in liver and spleen tissues of layer chickens positive for viral RNA. The extensive phylogenetic analysis on the basis of partial helicase domain (ORF1) and capsid protein (ORF2) revealed clustering of Pakistani aHEV (Pak aHEV) strains with members of Orthohepevirus B species. However, Pak aHEV strains were highly divergent from other known members within O...
Irfan Irshad1, Asim Aslam1,*, Muhammad Yasin Tipu1, Kamran Ashraf2, Beenish Zahid3 and Abdul Wajid4
...cterized from vaccinated birds collected between 2013-14. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that all the isolates belonged to sub-genotype VIIi with high similarity of 97.9 to 99.8% with similar viruses in this clade. Analysis of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene sequences of the two AIV was performed and phylogenetic analysis reveals genetically closely-related to H9N2 viruses classified into Mideast group-B and sub-lineage B2. The two strains classified as LPAIV in...
Zia-ud-Din1, Muhammad Nauman Aftab2, Tanveer Hussain3,*, Irfana Iqbal4 and Asma Zafar5
...seel female chicken (120 birds) comprising of four varieties (Lakha, Mushki, Peshawari and Mianwali) was fed for 42-days experimental period on antibiotic and probiotic supplemented ration. The results showed that the female growth, weight gain, FCR and economics varied significantly for feed supplements as well as for chicken varieties (P<0.05). The chickens given feed with probiotic (@1g/kg of feed were of more economic value than those fed on antibiotic ...
Min Li1,2, Jingjing Wang3, Suxian Hu3, Philip Stott4, Baoqing Lin5, Lianshan Li5, Hui Liu1, Heng Bao1, Duoying Cui6 and Guangshun Jiang1,*
...ndertook point counts of birds in the Xianghai wetland reserve of northeastern China from 2000 to 2009, and used remote sensing and GIS technologies to map land cover types. We linked cover types to avian species richness, evenness, and Shannon’s diversity using a stepwise linear regression model and regressions of proportions of cover types at different spatial scales. We recorded 109,026 sightings comprising 94 species, and found that avian diversity i...
Himanshu Mishra, Vikas Kumar and Ashish Kumar*
...utilization of migratory birds at Bakhira bird sanctuary, district Sant Kabir Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India from October 2017 to March 2018. Thirty two species of birds were observed during the field investigation. The line transect method was employed for population estimates. During the field survey, we recorded a significantly higher number of migratory birds at the end of early winter (D...
Sameera Arshad1*, Arshad Mahmood Malik2 and Iftikhar Hussain3
Muhammad Furqan Shahid1*, Tahir Yaqub1, Muhammad Yasin Tipu2, Asim Aslam2, Saima Yaqub1, Aziz-ul-Rahman3, Muzaffar Ali1
...ckyard poultry and fancy birds (partridge). Commercial broiler birds were infected experimentally at the dose of 106 EID50 by using these three isolates. Results revealed that onset of clinical signs was started at 2nd day post infection (DPI) followed by severity in redness and swelling of eyes, sneezing and lacrimation at 3rd DPI that lasts up to 5th DPI. Cross reactiv...
Khaled Kaboudi*
...ies of domestic and wild birds. Infection in commercial poultry flocks causes important economic losses, related to high mortality, decrease in animal performance and aggravation of infection by other pathogens. Although H9N2 is endemic in many regions of the world, such as Middle East and North Africa, where the first outbreaks were described since the end of 1990s, many features about epidemiology and genetic characteristics are still little known. This revi...
Abu ul Hassan Faiz1,*, Fakhar-i-Abbas2, Mehboob ul Hassan3 and Lariab Zahra Faiz1
...spot light count and for birds point count methods were used to determine abundance of each species. The study, documented 10 species of mammalian pests, 13 species of pest birds of maize crop and their population density differed significantly (P≤ 0.05) at study sites. The habitat analysis of study sites and correlation of species with habitat were done through Principal Component Analysis (PCA) by using software (XLSTAT...
Syed Maaz Nadeem1*, Muti ur Rehman Khan1, Asim Aslam1, Ali Ahmad Sheikh1, Arfan Ahmad1* and Muhammad Anees2
...roiler chicken and layer birds in Pakistan; however, their molecular characterization is largely inadequate and requires continuous evaluation. In this study, sequencing and molecular analysis of specific regions overlapping VP1-VP2 and VP2-VP3 genes of CAV strain from outbreaks in broiler flock (n=45) were undertaken in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. The phylogenetic analysis clustered study strains of CAV in group II similar to those reported previously fr...
Peng Chen1,2, Zuhao Huang3,Chaoying Zhu1, Yuqing Han1, Zhifeng Xu1,
Guanglong Sun1, Zhen Zhang1, Dongqin Zhao4, Gang Ge1 and Luzhang Ruan1*
...tating the mtDNA of four birds, the results showed that the lengths of mtDNA were 16,955 bp in Porzana paykullii, 17,149 bp in Rallus aquaticus, 17,647 bp in Gallirallus striatus and 16,855 bp in Hydrophasianus chirurgus, respectively. The base compositions were A > C > T > G in 73 species complete mitochondrial sequences in Gruiformes and Charadriiformes. The total AT content in the 73 species was larger than that of GC. T...
Nazir Ahmad Khan1,*, Mudassir Alam1, Rafiullah khan1, Kamran Khan2 and Sadeeq ur Rahman3
Chiping Kong1,2, Yongheng Wu1,2, Shangling Lou1, Benping Chen3, Simon D. Dowell4 and Yiqiang Fu1*
.../div>...
Hamoudi Naoual1, Alloui Nadir2*, Barberis Abdelhak2 and Boudaoud Amine2
...ign: justify;">Migratory birds, especially Anseriformes, are a primary reservoir and the first source of the avian influenza virus (AIV) introduction. In 2016, following the first official detection of the H9N2 subtype circulation in broiler flocks in Eastern Algeria, a preliminary descriptive study is conducted to identify and enumerate in wetland areas, migratory bird species, known to carry the AIV. The Anatidae population peaked in January 2017 with a tota...
Peng Peng1,3, Xiaopeng Tang2*, Dun Deng3, and Rejun Fang1*
... had 8 replicates and 15 birds were included in each replicate. The experiment lasted for 28 days. The average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were measured. Results showed that: (1) the DM, CP, EE, CF, Ash, Ca, Pi, GE content of GM is 89.96%, 47.80%, 4.92%, 6.43%, 4.49%, 0.3%, 0.63%, 4.66 Mcal/Kg, respectively, the composition of Met, Lys, Ile, Asp, Glu, Gly, His, Arg, Thr, Ala, Pro, Tyr, Val, Phe in GM is 0....
Irfan Shahzad Sheikh, Masroor Ahmad Bajwa, Nadeem Rashid, Muhammad Zahid Mustafa, Mohammad Masood Tariq*, Majed Rafeeq, Abdul Samad, Tauseef M Asmat and Asad Ullah
...r management conditions, birds were divided into five treatment groups of 48 with four replicates. Commercial pre-starter feed, starter feed and finisher feed were offered on days 1-12, 13-25 and 26-42, respectively. Birds were vaccinated against Newcastle disease virus and infectious bursal disease. Relative lymphoid organ weights were recorded on day 42. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay was performed against Newcastl...
Mounir R. Abi-Said1, Mohammad Al Zein2, Mohammad A. Abu Baker3 and Zuhair S. Amr3,4*
Xuhui Zhang1, Zhiyuan Sun2, Jinfeng Cai1, Guibin Wang1, Zunling Zhu1, Linguo Zhao3 and Fuliang Cao1,*
...tase (T-SOD) activity of birds from group FR3 was significantly increased (42d) compared with NF group. Additionally, the expression of antioxidant enzyme genes including nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), SOD, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were improved by FR supplemented into the broiler diets. Based on these results, FR could be acted as a beneficial feed additive with antioxidant capacity and meat qual...
Grigory Antonovich Nozdrin1*, Regina Gabdrahmanovna Utkina2, Anastasia Aleksandrovna Lelyak2 and Yana Viktorovna Novik1
...throbotrys oligospora in birds. The experiments were performed on two-days-old goslings and ducklings which were divided into four experimental groups and a reference group. The fowls in experimental groups were supplemented with preparation once with dosages (2,000 µl/kg, 3,000 µl/kg, 4,000 µl/kg, and 5,000 ml/kg) while the fowl in the reference group were left untreated (they were given a placebo – distilled water). The experimental f...
Imran Khan1, Muhammad Nawaz1,*, Aftab Ahmad Anjum1, Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad2, Adnan Mehmood1, Masood Rabbani1, Amina Mustafa1 and Muhammad Asad Ali1
Muhammad Saeed Imran1, Asim Aslam1*, Muhammad Yasin2, Tahir Yaqoob2 and Beenish Zahid3
...the protective titers in birds at 19 days post inoculation three week-old broilers were challenged with 10-5.76 and 10-6.03 EID50 dose of NDV and IBV, respectively. The hosts were divided into six groups of 35 birds each. These were groups A (NDV-challenged), B (IBV- challenged), C (NDV+IBV-challenged), D (IBV+NDV challenged), E (NDV and IBV- challenged) and F (negative control). Mild to mode...
Xiuqing Hao1, Zhe Hong2, Huili Gao1, Fumin Tian1, Hongke Zhang3, Yu Zhou3, Yuming Guo3, Guang Yang1,* and Bingyao Chen1,*
...t model generated the seabirds’ density of 11.47 (95% confidence interval 6.90-19.05) individuals/km2 and 1.94 (1.27 - 2.95) individuals/km2, respectively in Beihai and Shatian. The coefficient of variation value of 20.42% and 25.43% showed moderate accuracy. The Beihai and Shatian seabird communities had similar fixed kernel home range. Seabirds’ distribution largely overlapped with various...
Paul Oludare Adetunji* and Safiriyu Idowu Ola
...into 2 replicates with 3 birds per replicate. The study lasted for 38 weeks (Feb.-Nov., 2019). Data were taken on the onset of puberty parameters (age at first sperm cell and puberty) from 16-22 weeks of age, semen quality parameters (semen volume, semen concentration, sperm output, sperm motility and sperm abnormalities) from 26-52 weeks of age and sexual ornaments’ morphometry (Comb Length-CL, Comb Height-CH, Wattle Length-WL, Wattle Height-WH and Inte...
Abdul Waheed*, Asim Faraz, Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq
...e small room for keeping birds). Most of them offer grains to the desi birds and majority was aware of poultry diseases, mainly keeping desi birds. Without having any special training, vaccinating the birds for Rani Khet (New Castle disease). Most of them hatched chicks of their own, bought hens from the village, knew about ill b...
Erum Bughio1, Ahmed Sultan Jatoi1*, Jibran Hussain2, Muhammad Hayat Jaspal3, Shahid Mehmood2, Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq4, Reema Bughio5 and Athar Mahmud2
Comparative Study of Carcass Traits in Four Strains of Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica) at 3 to 6 Weeks of Age
...iver weight (g) in quail birds. Significant (p<0.05) differences were noted in keel length (cm) at week 3, 5 and 6 and keel angle at week-3. A significant (p<0.05) effect was observed in mean heart weight at week 3 and 6, gizzard weight at week 4, 5 and 6 and intestinal length (cm) at week 3, 5 and 6; whereas, dressing percentage (%) and shank length (cm) differ non-significantly (p>0.05) in this study period. Imported quail strain (M) performed...
Zhi Yijin, Shao Mingqin* and Li Quanjiang
...che separation of wading birds in Poyang Lake, China, was assessed. A total of 38 bird species, including 4 class I and 3 class II Chinese nationally protected bird species were identified. Of six habitats, 64% (15,435 individuals) of the total number of wading birds counted occurred in water-covered areas. The common crane Grus grus has the widest habitat niche (0.727), utilizing grasslands and farmland after crops w...
Hari Prasad Sharma1*, Shova Adhikari1, Yogesh Rai1, Rajkumar Sijapati1, Sapana Chand1, Manisha Karki1, Rubina Thapa Magar1, Ashik Husain1, Khadka Bahadur Khatri1, Melina Karki1, Samiksha Badu1, Sushila Bajracharya1, Somika Pathak1, Rachana Shah2 and Chiranjibi Prasad Pokheral2
...ure to give space to the birds to avoid closer contact with the visitors OR raise a tinted glass partition between the Ostrich (both female and male) and the visitors through which only visitors could see the ostrich.
...
Paul Oludare Adetunji* and Safiriyu Idowu Ola
Comparative Productive Performance among three Plumage Varieties of Noiler Hens
...nto 3 replicates with 10 birds per replicate in each of the variety. Data were collected on the pubertal parameters (age at first egg and crouching behaviour) from 16-22 weeks of age; egg production performance indices (egg weight, hen day egg production-HDEP, feed efficiency-FE/dozen eggs and persistency of lay) from 19-52 weeks of age. Additionally, sexual ornaments’ morphometry (Comb Length-CL, Comb Height-CH, Wattle Length-WL, Wattle Height-WH and In...
Mohsin Ali Alias Mehran Khan Solangi1, Gulfam Ali Mughal1, Asad Ali Khaskheli1*, Turab Ali Korejo3, Nazeer Ahmed Rajput2, Qurban Ali Memon3 and Maqsood Ahmed Kumbhar4
Influence of Camellia sinensis on Broilers Performance
...University Tandojam. The birds were distributed into 4 groups A, B, C and D containing 48 chicks in each. Birds of group A were supplemented with 5g/L Camellia sinensis, group B with 10g/L, group C with 15g/L, while group D was control. The findings of the current study revealed higher feed intake (4480g/b), water intake (8960ml/b), live body weight (2356.8g/b), weight gain (2322.8g/b), carcass weight (1381.8g/b) in group D ...
Moazam Ali1, Wajid Ali2, Ayhan Ceyhan2 and Zeeshan Ahmad Bhutta3*
Pigmentation Genome Influence in Animals and Human Interventions in its Course of Action
...resence of multi-colored birds, fishes, pure colored animals in our community and the wild always remained attractable to humans. The color pigmentation is essential in animals regarding beauty, tick resistance, photo-protection, camouflage appearance in wild, and identification. Pigmentation is a complex and multi-factorial regulated process to produce the melanin from melanocytes. Melanin amount, size, shape, and distribution control the color pigmentation o...
Md. Sahidur Rahman
Origin and Spillover of Coronaviruses: Prospects of One Health Action
...ls, including humans and birds. Bat and rodents act as a reservoir of alphacoronavirus and betacoronavirus whereas, gamacoronavirus and deltacoronavirus originate in avian species. Domestic animals also play a critical role in disease transmission as they are found seropositive against different coronaviruses. At least seven coronaviruses are known to have been spilled over from animal to human. SARS-CoV-2 is the recent one that showed pneumonia-like syndrome ...
Gulzhan Aubakirova1*, Zhanat Adilbekov2, Assylkhan Inirbayev2, Assel Zhamanova2 and Aibar Akhmetov3
... presence of fish-eating birds (herons and tree frogs) and a large number of gastropods in these reservoirs. We detected isolated cases of fish infection with diplostomiasis in roach from Lake Toxumac, where IR was 12.5%. This is due to the presence of gulls and pond mollusks on this lake, which are the main links in the helminth’s life cycle. We have also identified isolated cases of ligulosis in roach and crucian carp from the “DSU-58” dam,...
Muhammad Tahir Khan1, Shahid Mehmood2*, Athar Mahmud2, Khalid Javed3 and Jibran Hussain2
...tment group contained 40 birds and experiments were replicated six times using a completely randomized design (CRD). The experimental diets consisted of increasing levels of compost (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10%), but were otherwise iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA under CRD. Performance parameters, including feed consumption, weight gain, feed efficiency, and mortality at 28 day of age, were not affected (P>0.05) by the compo...
Gautam Patra1*, Ana Sahara2, Sonjoy Kumar Borthakur1, Parthasarathi Behera3, Subhamoy Ghosh1, Apurba Debbarma4 and Seikh Sahanawaz Alam5
... various species of wild birds (Upupa epops, Passer domesticus, Pycnonotus cafer, Bubulcus ibis). The birds were captured by netting system. After blood was collected from wing veins, birds were released from the cages. Blood samples were examined after staining with Giemsa stain. The positive samples were used for amplification of cyt b gene of Plasmo...
Ye Ge1,2,3, Qiucheng Yao1, Hongliang Chai3, Yuping Hua3* and Guohua Deng2*
..."font-size: small;">Wild birds, as reservoirs of viruses, play active roles in influenza virus transmission and reassortment. To further evaluate the potential infection risk of H6 AIVs from wild birds, we inoculated these viruses into A549 cells, which showed that these wild bird H6 AIVs have acquired the ability to cross interspecific barriers and have the potential to infect mammals. We analysed the level of cytokine expr...
Muhammad Faisal Ayoob1,2, Zaheer Ahmed Nizamani1, Asghar Ali Kamboh3, Mansoor Ayoob4, Waseem Ali Vistro3 and Abdul Sattar Baloch3*
...e quails and mynas. Both birds were divided into Q1, Q2, Q3, M1, M2 and M3 group each of four bird. The birds of group Q1, M1 and Q2, M2 were administered with 0.3ml of VVND virus (1.8×109 EID 50)via intramuscular and oral routes, respectively, whereas, birds of group Q3 and M3were kept in contact exposure with VVND virus infected chickens. Clinical signs were o...
Mardan Aghabey Turghan1, Roller MaMing1*, Li Weidong2, Di Jie1 and Xu Guohua1
...visitors. Six species of birds viz., Red-rumped Swallow (Cecropis daurica), Eastren Crowned Warbler (Phylloscopus coronatus), Blue-cheeked Bee-eater (Merops persicus), Robin Accentor (Prunella rubeculoides), Tibetan Rosefinch (Carpodacus roborowskii) and Japanese Sparrowhawk (Accipiter gularis) are being reported for the first time from Xinjiang. Among them, Blue-cheeked Bee-eater is reported from China for the first t...
Jiawei Zhang1,2, Thomas Quirke1, Shibao Wu2*, Shaoshan Li2 and Fidelma Butler1
... from a flock of over 20 birds at Fota Wildlife Park, Cork, Ireland, gathered during daytime observations over a six month period. The results show that penguins spent most of the daytime in stationary, terrestrial locomotion, preening and swimming modes of behavior, and swimming activity increased on rainy days. Peak activity took place from 16:00 to 17:00 hours, especially before and after feeding. The behavior of penguins was significantly affected by the n...
Hongqun Li1*, Xiaoli Liu2*, Zongxian Han1, Shabin Wu1 and Changlei Cao1
...ng sites utilized by the birds also featured higher altitude, steeper slope, bigger tree heights and diameter, smaller shrub cover and lower herb height, and higher sheltering class. The overall classification model developed from these seven variables helped distinguish foraging sites from random ones at probability of 90.2%; while day-roosting sites tended to be found in the areas of higher altitude, smaller tree cover, lower shrub cover and height, lower he...
Rabia Riaz1, Khushi Muhammad1*, Masood Rabbani1, Muhammad Amjad Iqbal2, Aamir Riaz Khan2, Sadia Sarfaraz1, Mudassar Naseer3 and Khalid Majeed1
...on. Antibody response of birds to inactivated MG vaccine is poor. On 7th day of age (broilers: n=40) each bird of group A, B, C and D (n=8) was vaccinated (subcutaneous: 0.3ml) with G-MG, O-MG, G-MG+NDV (New castle Disease Virus) and O-MG vaccines, respectively. Serum samples were collected on 21, 28 and 35 days post vaccination for anti-MG-ELISA antibody titer. Cumulative mean anti-MG-ELISA antibody titer of birds to G-MG, ...
Inam Ullah1,2, WU Qing-Ming1*, Ruqia Bibi2 and Najam Un Nisa2
Comparison of Nesting Site Preferences and Breeding Ecology of Red-Vented Bulbul, Baya Weaver, and Grey Bush Chat in Sheikh Badin National Park Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
...henomenon related to the birds’ reproductive behavior. Nests play a pivotal role in various growth stages of birds, including breeding, defense, environmental factors, shelter, and conservation. The relation between a bird and plant species is considered to be the central aspect of wildlife and biodiversity , which makes the nesting behavior a vital factor when investigating the life of b...
Muhammad Umar1, Muhammad Arshad2, Mubashar Hussain1*, Moazama Batool3 and Muhammad Faheem Malik1
...arge number of migratory birds visit the Mangla Wetland. The birds were counted by the Point Count Method from a fixed point and for a fixed time period in such a way that the Sun was always behind the observer. A total of 37,082 birds belonging to eight orders, 11 families, 28 genera and 37 species visited the wetland in 2010, whereas in 2011, 21,302 birds<...
Muhammad Bilal Anwar1, Mirza Azhar Beg1, Amjad Rashid Kayani1, Muhammad Sajid Nadeem1*, Syed Israr Shah1, Sajida Noureen2,
Muhammad Mushtaq1 and Tariq Mahmood3
...e least studied group of birds in northern regions. In this study, we compared seasonal differences in the diet of three owl species in an uncultivated area with rapid urbanization all around to better understand their ecological significance. Regurgitated pellets of three owl species (n = 434) were collected seasonally from the study area. The food of the spotted owlet and eurasian eagle owl was found significantly different (P< 0.05) across ...
Saad A. Moussa1, Mohammed Ahmed Mahmoud Abdullah2*, Mahmoud Saied1, Mustafa Saleh1, Mohamed A. Soliman2 and Ali Mahmoud Zanaty2
...ease of poultry and wild birds. Phylogenetic analysis of recent Egyptian isolates in Menofia governorate, Egypt was constructed, and showed to be of genotype VII. Eight NDV viruses were isolated from vaccinated commercial broiler flocks showing respiratory manifestation in Menofia governorate, Egypt during 2019. Those viruses showing deaths and haemorages of inoculated SPF ECE eggs, harvested allantoic fluids showed haemagglutination activity by using 1% RBCs ...
Li Shengqing1,2,3, Zhang Xiyun2,3, Liu Shengcai2,3, Hu Guoyuan2, Fan Yuxia2,Liu Huaixin2, Wang Tingting2 and Zhang Yanming1*
...eep, dogs, vultures, and birds, is also tested. Results show that the toxin is encoded by a type D botulinum neurotoxin gene. The DNA and amino acid sequences of the full neurotoxin gene comprise 3831 base pairs and 1276 amino acid residues, respectively. The nucleic acid and protein sequences of the toxin exhibits 99% homology with those of a known type D botulinum neurotoxin gene, and the composition of the functional domain of the toxin is consistent with t...
Muhammad Furqan1*, Zulfiqar Ali1, Usman Ali2, Muhammad Mudassar Shahzad3, Bushra Nisar Khan1, Waqar Ahmed1, Zakir Hussain1, Mian Amman Ullah1, Nimra Afzal1 and Anjum Ara2
...tion of reptiles, ground birds, small mammals, insects, distributed in plain areas of Pakistan and southern AJ and K. The present study aimed to investigate conflict of Indian grey mongoose with human beings. Field surveys were conducted from April 2015-March 2016 in 18 localities of Mirpur, AJ and K. Human mongoose conflict was evaluated following structured questionnaire method. A total of 490 poultry and pets were killed by mongoose during the study period,...
Tariq Mahmood1*, Luqman Ullah Khan1 and Muhammad Naeem2
...ore than 2060 species of birds. In Pakistan, there are more or less 660 bird species belonging to 23 orders and 74 families. The abundance and diversity of avian species in a specific habitat can serve as a useful measure of their ecological status. In response to land use changes, 20-25% of pre-agricultural birds have vanished. In the current study, we documented diversity and abundance of the avifauna occurring at Manglot ...
Bin Liu1,2, Libo Wang2, Dandan Xue2, Peng Xu1, Yuting An2 and Changhu Lu1*
...ation timing of immature birds was much the same as adults of the same sex in both seasons (Mann-Whitney U test, spring, P=0.571; autumn, P=0.236). Body size and sex were found to affect body mass significantly (ANCOVA, wing length P =0.001; sex P=0.001). No individuals were recaptured in both migration seasons, hence the Blue-and-white Flycatcher may adopt a strategy of one-day stopovers. The Yancheng seawall forest may repr...
Ala’audin Hakami,1AusamaA Yousif,2* Mohamed Zaki,3 Mahmoud Ismail,4,5 Ahmed Al-Ali,5 Abdu-Rahman Al-Ankari5
...nd 153 apparently-normal birds collected from 10 locally-bred and
imported Psittaciformes. Specimens were collected between 2008 and
2010. A replicase-associated protein (Rep) gene-specific PCR was used to
amplify a 603 bp region of the viral genome. PBFDV was detected in
31.6% of clinical cases (3.5% of samples). Two positive samples were
collected during 2008, three during 2009, and one during 2010....
RehamM. El-Bakrey1, Shimaa M.G. Mansour2, Mohammed A. El Sisi1 AndAmal A.M. Eid1
... not be available to all birds under field condition. The foremost vaccine regimen can provide a safe, effective and considerable tool for the control of HPAIV in commercial chickens. Maximizing the beneficial role of recombinant and reassortant vaccines in single product could be utilized....
Serag eldeen Sultana, M.W Abdel azeemb, Nahla Mohamed Eldamranyc
...collected from migratory birds captured or hunted during Sep. 2012 – Mar. 2013 at 4 distant sites located in Aswan to investigate the presence of avian influenza virus (AIV) antibodies. The migratory birds were classified into (8) orders, (16) families and (23) species. The serum samples were examined using IDEXX MultiS-screen AI Antibody ELISA kit coated with AIV nucleoprotein and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test...
Sadiq Haladu1*, Taiwo Oladoye Akande2 and Mudassir Nasir3
...lth status of the laying birds through supplementation of selected phytogenic herbs. Seven dietary treatments were formulated with diet 1 as control, diet 2 with 1% Fluted pumpkin leaf meal (FLM), diet 3 with 2% Fluted pumpkin leaf meal, diet 4 with 1% Moringa leaf meal (MLM) diet 5 with 2% Moringa leaf meal, diet 6 with 1% mixture of FLM and MLM and diet 7 with 2% mixture of FLM and MLM, the mixture was in the of ratio 1:1. The diets were fed to 105 Isa brown...
Amir M. Walaa1 ; Ausama Yousif1; Walid H. Kilany2; Magdy El-Sayed1; Ahmed A. El-Sanousi1
...ivided into 8 groups (35 birds each). Groups 2, 3, 4&5 were vaccinated at one-day-old with live hitchner + IB Primer. Then all groups at 7 days old were boosted with inactivated combined NDV+IBV vaccines with different adjuvants except for group 1 & 2. Group 1 was kept as unvaccinated control. At 28 days all groups were challenged with a dose of 105.5 EID50/bird of Variant 2 genotype (1494) IBV through oculo-nasal rout. Blood samples were collected ran...
Hanan M. El-Zahed, Hanaa A. Mostafa, Nermeen M. El Sayed and Lamiaa M. Omar
...tem which maintain their birds in strong and well healthy state. Also it is preferable to vaccinate these birds with the inactivated AI vaccine at the 2nd WPV with either the DW or the S/C CAV vaccine. As the vaccinated birds showed the highest CAV ELISA Ab titers and the best immune response pattern to AI vaccine detected by HI test at this period....
Lamiaa M. Omar, Mohamed A. Abdrabo, Dali M. Omar, Nermeen A. Marden
... Challenge of vaccinated birds with AI vaccines under strictly controlled condition with
virulent HPAI virus may also be used to predict flock response to AI infection. The reduction in
challenge virus replication can be quantified using classical virus isolation (VI) and titration methods
in (ECE) or by molecular assay for detection AI virus specific nucleic acids such as (rRT-PCR).
Methods: Titration of the HPA...
Nehafta Bibi1,2, Faiq Jan3, Munawar Saleem Ahmad4 and Haitao Wang1,5,*
...ar cycles. These diurnal birds search their food in light abundant environment and raise their broods in dark cavities. However their visual performance in dim light conditions is largely unknown. Here, we compared light intensity threshold of activity in two groups of passerines, i.e. secondary cavity and non-cavity nesting. For this purpose, different species of secondary cavity and non-cavity nesting passerines were subjected to two phases of trials:...
Syed Maaz Nadeem1,*, Muti ur Rehman Khan1, Asim Aslam1, Ali Ahmad Sheikh2, Arfan Ahmad2, Syed Nadeem Mansoor3 and Muhammad Anees4
... normal and CAV-infected birds. While comparing healthy and infected chicken bone marrow, we observed a decreased mean erythroid cell percentage (39.95 versus 17.95%), myeloid cell percentage (57.29 versus 21.98%) and the mean M/E ratio (1.43 versus 1.22), respectively. Bone marrow smears were normocellular among healthy birds while, in diseased chicken, severe aplasia was noted. The bone marrow findings suggested an easy, q...
Rana A. Rabiea1, Mohamed Fawzy2, Mohamed H. Khodeir3 and MokhtarM. EL-Tarabili2
... other as all vaccinated birds exhibited good levels of specific TRT and AI
antibodies. Therefore, it is possible to vaccinate turkeys simultaneously against TRT and AI safely and
potently.
...
Karim M. Selim1, Abdullah A. Selim1, abdelsattar Arafa1, Hussein A. Hussein2, Ahmed A. El-Sanousi2
...oth programs can protect birds from mortalities (up to 100 %). The
parameters used in this evaluation are the antibody immune response using hemagglutination
inhibition (HI) assay, protection post challenge, virus shedding and transmission in contact
non vaccinated chickens using qRT-PCR test.The genotype VII (GVII) vaccine group
induced higher HI titer by using GVII monospecific antigen and decreased virus shedd...
Atta Muhammad Memon1, Ubedullah Kaka2*, Muhammad Umer3, Asghar Ali Kamboh4, Atique Ahmed Behan5, Habibullah Janyaro6, Yong Meng Goh7, Amir Bukhsh Kalhoro6, Jalila Abu8, Khaleeq ur Rehman Bhutto9 and Arsalan Maqbool10
...ry of animals, including birds. In birds, ketamine is often combined with alph2 agonists, which are respiratory depressants to ensure safe or balanced anaesthesia. The timing of administration and the effect on recovery for specific alhpa2 agonist antidotes in birds have not been widely investigated. This study was conducted to assess the reversal effects of atipamezole administered at the...
Zunaira Noreen* and Khawar Sultan
...baseline for 56 species (birds/10 min) indicating a significant change in native avian composition. PCA analysis showed four clusters based on the nature of habitat and species behavior. Agriculture land was found to be the highest (H’= 3.394) and landfill the lowest (H’= 1.414) in biodiversity. However, landfill site registered the most number of birds (>9000). Among twenty species recorded at the landfill, f...
Aftab Raza Khan1, Azhar Abbas Khan2*, Javed Iqbal3, Arif Muhammad Khan4, Zeshan Hassan2, Hafiz Muhammad Aatif2 and Umbreen Shahzad2
...of insects and predatory birds. Globally the population of grey francolin Francolinus pondicerianus is the Least Concern in the Red List of Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). However, its population has been significantly reduced in the desert ecosystem of Bhakkar (Punjab) Pakistan. The study was conducted to study the population ecology and breeding biology in relation to feeding habits o...
Najam-un-Nisa1, Ruqia Bibi1, Balqees Riaz1, Bushra Khalil1, Iqra Maheen1, Saima1, Uzma Islam Khan1 and Inam Ullah1,2*
...2017-18 and 2018-19). As birds are the best indicator for environmental changes hence the migratory birds fauna was observed during September to March of the year 2017-1019. Point transect method was used to explore the avifauna diversity at study site. In current study, total of 13,933 birds belonging to 39 species, 21 families were observed. Among these 39 species, 33 bird’s specie...
Suhu Duan, Zaiqiang Li, Zhenzhen Fan, Mengran Qin, Xiaoxue Yu* and Liuan Li*
...control group (CK) of 40 birds was fed basic daily ration. The polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content and the ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFA in yolk were determined by gas chromatography with 24 eggs randomly selected from each group on the 10th, 25th and 40th day after start of the treatment. The results showed that on 10th, 25th and 40th day, the contents of α-linolenic acid (ALA, C18:3n3) and...
Ziyue Qin1, Zhen Wang1, Ali Mujtaba Shah3,4, Zifan Ning1, Yaofu Tian1, Qing Zhu1, Yan Wang1, Huadong Yin1, Zhichao Zhang1, Lu Zhang1, Lin Ye1, Diyan Li1, Gang Shu2 and Xiaoling Zhao1,*
...). In the present study, birds were restricted to 100% to full feed in faster- and slower- growing broilers groups. Body weight gain, feed consumption, blood glucose concentrations were measured on each week from d 1 per 70, and the weight gain of skeletal muscle and viscera were measured on d 7, 28, 49 and 70. The daily voluntary intake of feed was recorded and designed as a 100% diet amount (full feed). Genotype affected body weight, feed consumption, weight...
Ikechukwu Eugene Onah*, Ifeoma Esther Aniaku, Jude Ifeanyi Okwor and Ada Sylvester Haruna
... health condition of the birds in the wild is scanty while knowledge of the environmental factor that bridges the gap between the crow and man is lacking. This study evaluated the plasma biochemistry profile of C. albus and the environmental factor that bridges the gap between man and crow through which disease pathogens could be transmitted. The plasma biochemistry parameters of C. albus determined in this study are higher in females than in the...
Ruqia Bibi1, Najam-un-Nisa1, Sania Komal1, Hafiza Nimra Ghani Qureshi1, Maryam Safdar1, Hafiza Hina Jameel1, Saman Gul1, Sania Saeed1 and Inam Ullah1,2*
...8 and 2018-2019). As the birds are the best indicators for environmental changes, the migratory bird’s fauna was observed from September to March 2017-2019. The line-transect method was used to explore the avifauna diversity at the study site. 16371 individuals were observed belonging to 11 families belonging to approximately 38 species during the present study. The relative abundance was found to be 1, the Shannon-wiener diversity index (H´) was c...
Bibek Aryal, Naresh Pandey and Laxman Khanal*
...lished. A total of 3,297 birds belonging to 69 species from 33 families in 14 orders were observed. The order Passeriformes was the most dominant order, while insectivore was the most dominant feeding guild. The suburban sites had higher bird diversity and richness than urban sites; whereas, the abundance of urban exploiter birds was higher in the urban area. Vegetation cover showed a positive association with the bird speci...
Nasir Ali Tauqir1, Asim Faraz2*, Annamaria Passantino3, Muhammad Asif Shahzad1, Rana Muhammad Bilal4, Adeel Tahir1, Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq2 and Abdul Waheed2
...iler chicks (n=200). The birds were divided into 5 groups containing 4 replicates having 10 chicks each. Birds were offered 5 iso-caloric and isonitrogenous broiler starter (metabolizable energy 2850 kcal/ kg; crude protein 20%) diet from day 1-21 and broiler finisher (metabolizable energy 2880 kcal/ kg; Crude protein 18%) diet from day 22-42 comprising 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12% CSL and Enzose mixture (50:50 ratio). I...
Shabana Naz1*, Nishat Ali Khan1, Arnab Tanweer1, Shifa Moazzam1, Qudrat Ullah2, Farkhanda Asad1, Irfan Khattak3, Sajida Batool4 and Rifat Ullah Khan5
...as done thrice from same birds i.e., once before treatment and twice after treatment with Albendazole and Levamisole. The efficacy of Albendazole and the Levamisole against parasites was calculated. The fecal samples were examined by using flotation and modified Macmaster’s egg counting technique. The results showed that 21 peafowl (8 males and 13 females) were infected with Eimeria sp. (66.33 %), Ascaridia sp. (3.33 %,
Zahid Beg Mirza1,*, Naveed Ali Soomro2 and Farwah Shariff1
Noha M. El-Shabrawy1, Atef M. Kamel2, Aza S. Goda1, Gehad R. Donia1, Ahmed M. Salah-Eldein2*
...gypt. A total of 58 wild birds belonging to 4 different species; Egyptian barn swallow (Hirundo rustica), house sparrow (Passer domestics), great white egret (Ardea alba) and striated heron (Butorides striata) were hunted by a net trap to determine the concentration of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) in their muscle, liver, kidney and feather. Also, 16 water samples were collected to assess the level of heavy metals pollution...
Ahmed M. Elbaz*, Engy F. Zaki, Morsy A. S.
...lower (P<0.05) in the birds fed QS supplementation, while HDL was significantly higher. Saturated fatty acid content and shear force value (more tender) were reduced (P<0.05) while increasing the levels of quinoa inclusion in broiler diets. It can be concluded that QS dietary supplementation would be recommended as a feasible approach to improve productive performance, nutrient digestibility, blood metabolite, and meat quality of broiler chickens.
<...
Rehman Shahzad1, Saba Irshad1* and Faisal Amin2
...duction and mortality of birds since first reported in 1998. Influenza viral surface protein neuraminidase enhances both virus replication and its release from host cells. In this study we isolated nineteen H9N2 viruses from infected birds of various farms from Punjab, Pakistan. Neuraminidase gene of these viruses was amplified using RT-PCR and sequenced to perform mutational analysis. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that B2 ...
Anguara Khatun1*, Sachchidananda Das Chowdhury1, Bibek Chandra Roy2, S.M. Shafikul Gani3, Bipul Chandra Ray1, Tanvir Ahmed1
...t replications having 20 birds each. The basal diets were corn-soya broiler starter and broiler grower diets. Starter diet was fed up to 21 days and grower diet during 22-35 days. In treatment 1, chicks were fed a basal diet (Diet 1), in treatment 2, chicks received a basal diet plus a multi-strain probiotics @100g/100kg feed (Diet 2) and in the third treatment, the basal diet was supplemented with multi-enzymes @100g/100kg feed (Diet 3). The
Ghulam Abbas, Sultan Mahmood*, Ahsan ul Haq and Haq Nawaz
... fed to the experimental birds ad libitum, for 12 weeks (26-37 weeks of age). Data on feed consumption, number of eggs produced, egg weight and egg mass laid by the birds were recorded. These data were used for the calculation of feed conversion ratios on the basis of per dozen eggs and per kg egg mass produced. Five eggs from each replicate were checked weekly for their shell thickness, yolk index, albumen index, haugh unit...
Rehman Shahzad1, Saba Irshad1*, Malik Saddique Mehmood1 and Faisal Amin2
...e isolated from infected birds of different poultry farms in the Province of Punjab, Pakistan. Segment eight gene of the virus was amplified using RT-PCR and sequenced to analyze mutations in this viral segment. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed sequences from 2015 to 2017 form a single evolving clade. Valdar residues conservation scores by multiple sequence alignment showed the C terminal region of NEP protein is conserved while C terminal region of effector ...
Keiven Mark B. Ampode1*, Federico C. Mendoza2
...three times, having five birds in every replication. The experimental rations containing graded levels of OP (0%, 1%, 3%, and 5%) were formulated and fed ad libitum in 42 days feeding trial. The results indicated that broiler chickens fed with OP showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in the final weight, body weight gain, voluntary feed intake, and feed conversion ratio. The cell-mediated immunity showed no significant difference (p>0.05) among treatmen...
Muhammad Khubaib Hameed, Muhammad Aziz ur Rahman, Muhammad Ashraf, Safdar Hassan, Muhammad Riaz, Muhammad Qamar Bilal, Fawwad Ahmad, Muhammad Sharif*
...mmune system in broilers birds. A total of 240 day old cobb-500 male chicks were purchased and were divided into 4 treatments in completely randomized design. Each treatment further subdivided into six replicates and each replicate contained 10 chicks. Four iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric starter (CP and ME as 22% and 2850 kcal/kg, respectively) and finisher (CP and ME as 20% and 2950 kcal/kg, respectively) diets (A, B, C and D) were formulated. Diet A contain...
Amira Mahmoud Refaie1*, Marwa Hosni Abd El-Maged2, Hassan Abd El-Kriam Hassan Abd El-Halim2, Hanan Abd El-Rahman Hassan Alghonimy2, Sayed Ahmed Mohamed Shaban1
... 3 replicates × 10 birds). In each experiment, birds were divided into 4 treatment groups as follow: Normal control, positive control (0.0125% Butylated hydroxytoluene; BHT), 0.1% and 0.3% DPP, respectively. The DPP was used in two forms i.e., powder (DPP) for Exp.1 and aqueous extract (DPPE) for Exp.2. The results revealed that egg production was significantly improved (P<0.01) in the 0.1% DPP group (Exp.1) whereas...
Sameh Abdel-Moez Ahmed Amer1*, Mohamed Abdel-Aziz Kutkat1, Mohamed Mahmoud Abdel-Baki1, Asmaa Mahmoud Maatouq1, Omnia Mohamed Kutkat2, Hagar Magdy Ahmed1, Khaled Mohamed El-Bayoumi1
... adequate protection for birds against ND outbreaks, where expected to be due to genotype mis-matched vaccines to the rapidly evoluted NDV field strains. Herein, the present study investigated the prevalence and the phylography of currently epidemic genotypes of NDV. Out of 550 samples were collected during an active surveillance in 2020 and 2021 from different poultry farms in five Egyptian governorates, 100 pooled samples were tested for NDV identification. ...
Ziyue Qin1, Ali Mujtaba Shah2, 3, Qing Zhu1, Yan Wang1, Diyan Li1, Gang Shu4, Yaofu Tian1 and Xiaoling Zhao1*
... respectively. Each of 3 birds was injected with human insulin at the dosage of 40, 60, and 80 µg/ kg BW via intraperitoneal injection, respectively. In both trials, the blood glucose concentration was determined at 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 120, and 180 min through small brachial blood vessels. As a result, the blood glucose of both group was increased immediately after being treated with glucose and reached peaks at 20 min, then recovered to the normal at 60 ...
Fei Shang and Pengfei Liu*
...results showed that male birds with significant longer bill and wing than female; breeding pairs assortative mated positively by culmen height, wing length, body mass and body condition. We argued that the body condition of greenfinches may be important in mutual mate choice. Male air courtship and incubation feeding behaviour provide evidence that female mate choice may be responsible for sexual dimorphism of bill size and wing length. Mutual mate choice and ...
Pham Tan Nha1*, Nguyen Thi Kim Dong2, Le Thu Thuy1
...d 4 replications with 10 birds per experimental unit. The treatments were the different ginger supplement levels of 0.1. 0.2. 0.3 and 0.4 % (in DM) to basal diet. Corresponding to the G0, G0.1, G0.2, G0.3 and G0.4 treatments. The results showed that the daily intakes of DM, OM, CP and EE were signiificantly higher (P<0.05) for the 3 last treatments (the G0.2, G0.3 and G0.4 treatments). The significantly higher daily weight gain, final live weight and the lo...
Mukhlisi Mukhlisi1,*, Tri Sayektiningsih2 and Ishak Yassir1
... m to record all sighted birds for 10-15 min. We found 89 bird species: 67 bird species were identified in hill karst forest and 33 bird species were recorded in coastal karst forests. Eleven bird species were found in both study sites. The score of diversity, species richness, and evenness indices of hill karst forests was higher than that in coastal karst. A t-test revealed that there was a significant difference in diversity index between coastal and hill k...
Sozan A.A. Ismaeil1*, Hassan Emam2
... liver of two species of birds is located in a hepato-peritoneal cavity, and each is composed of two undivided lobes, a large right lobe and a small left one which have light brown to dark red in pigeon and dark red in ibis. The histological structure of the organ in both species was different, were consisted of several lobules that were not separated from each other by trabeculae and covered by connective tissue capsule. The liver tissue of pigeon without a g...
Syed Haseeb Ahmed Shah, Irfan Shahzad Sheikh, Abdul Samad, Muhammad Kamran Taj, Mohammad Masood Tariq*, Majed Rafeeq, Sumaira Fazal, Niamatullah Kakar, Sabeera Afzal and Asadullah
...ing were provided to the birds and vaccinations against Newcastle disease and Infectious bursal disease (IBD) were done at 9th, 19th and 11th, 23rd day, respectively. The results of current study revealed that there was non-significant difference (P>0.05) among treatment groups in feed intake and relative visceral organ weight. Whereas, a significant difference between control and AGPs supplemented groups (solely or combination) were noted in weight gain (W...
Mirza Lena1,2, Dinda Fathia Syahramadani2, Alfi Nurrachma Gustya2, Arif Darmawan2,3, Sumiati2, Wiwin Winarsih4, Minoru Maeda5, Komang Gede Wiryawan2*
...buted into 6 groups (100 birds, 5 replicates of 20 birds) in a completely randomized design. The treatment diets were basal diet with 0.1% different supplementations: T1= CaCO3 (w/w) (control), T2 = L. lactis at 108 CFU/g, T3 = B. licheniformis spore at 108 CFU/g, T4 = combination of L. lactis at 108 CFU/g and B. licheniformis spore at 108 CFU/g, T5 = B. subtilis spore at 108 CFU/g, and T6 = B. amyloliquefaciens spore at 109...
Ayman M. Khalifah1*, Walaa A. Kashyout1, Sara A. Abdalla2, Hassan S. Zeweil3, Soliman M. Zahran3, Tarek A. Ebeid4, Waleed M. Dosoky3
...uses heat stress (HS) in birds and is among the most symptoms of stress that impair poultry production. Chromium (Cr) is a trace element and has a beneficial effect Cr on human and animal health. The experiment was conducted to estimate the action of chromium methionine (Cr-Met) supplementation in laying quails (Coturnix japonica) under HS. A total of 180 were allotted to 5 experimental treatments (6 replicates per treatment). Treatments were: 1) Basel diet (B...
Mian Abdul Hafeez1*, Adeel Sattar2, Faiza Aslam3, Muhammad Imran3, Kamran Ashraf1, Rashid Zia2 and M. Muntazir Mehdi1
...t coccidiosis in broiler birds. Chicks were randomly allocated to five treatment groups of 25 broilers in each pen on 5th day of age. Birds in groups A, B, C and D were challenged by 60,000-70,000 sporulated oocysts of mixed species local isolates at 21st day of age. Groups A and B were medicated with Ibuprofen (100mg/kg body weight) orally and Ibuprofen (100mg/kg B.W) orally plus Clopidol (0.5g/kg) of feed respectively, pos...
Ali Raza1, Muhammad Sharif1*, Fawwad Ahmad1, Asghar Ali Kamboh2, Muhammad Saeed3, Muhammad Ashraf1 and Asad Ullah Hayder1
...et was fed to 30 broiler birds from post hatching to day 35. Feed intake was higher (P < 0.05) in birds offered diet B and D, while the weight gain and feed conversion ratio were better (P < 0.05) in those birds offered diet F. Serum calcium contents were more (P < 0.05) in groups D and G, while higher (P < 0.05) phosphorous contents were found in those
Fatma Desouki Mohammed Abdallah
...al sciences. Animals and birds are major sources for human feeding (protein source) then, statistical analysis of animal characteristics is of great importance. The objective of this paper was to explain and apply an important statistical method called principle component analysis to extract new carcass trait components of Japanese quail from old variables. The idea of this method is that it forms a new variable (linear combinations of them) by reduction the d...
Ameliorative Effect of GSPE Against AFB1 Induced Immunotoxicity and Hepatotoxicity in Japanese Quail
Maha Khalil1, Gamal Shams2, Hosny Abdel Fadil2, Nagah Edrees2, Mostafa Abonorag1, Nasser El-Sabbagh3, Eman A. Ahmed4*
...groups of Japanese quail birds were fed either a basal diet (control), basal + 1mg/kg AFB1 (AFB1 diet), basal+ 500 mg/kg GSPE (GSPE diet), or basal+ 1mg/kg AFB1+ 500 mg/kg GSPE (AFB1+GSPE diet) for 5 weeks. Biochemical parameters, lipid peroxidation, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and histopathological investigations were assessed. GSPE supplementation alleviated AFB1-induced hepatotoxicity as reflected in diminishing alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransfer...
Ly Thi Thu Lan1, Nguyen Thi Anh Thu1, Lam Thai Hung2, Nguyen Thi Hong Nhan3, Le Thanh Phuong4, Nguyen Trong Ngu3*
...chickens. A total of 183 birds were examined in the study. Body weight was recorded individually at days 1, 35, 63, and 91, and carcass parameters were determined at 91 days for all chickens. For determining single nucleotide polymorphisms, the PCR-RFLP method was used with the help of AcyI restriction enzyme. A polymorphic site was found in the population, with the frequencies of 11, 12, and 22 genotypes being 0.18, 0.67, and 0.15, respectively. At the end of...
Taiwo Oladoye Akande*, Dayo Johnson Ogunyemi, Priscilla Funmilola Okunlola, Emmanuel Owolabi, Odetayo Olakanmi
...th five replicates of 10 birds each in a completely randomized design. Five experimental diets at starting and finishing phases were formulated. Diet 1 was the control with no PFA, diets 2, 3, 4, 5 contained PFA (garlic, turmeric, moringa) at 20gkg-1 diet and blend of the three (at 1:1:1) respectively. Feed intake and body weight gained were determined on weekly basis. There were significant (P<0.05) changes in body weight gain, feed intake, and feed conve...
Seok-Jun Son1,3, Sung-Kyung Lee1, Jung-Woo Oh1, In-Kyu Kim2, Dal-Ho Kim2, Bo-Ra Hyun1 and Jung-Hoon Kang1,*
...entifying the habitat of birds. Recently, GPS tracking has been utilized to identify bird migration routes. The Chinese egret Egretta eulophotes is a migratory bird distributed in East Asia; most populations breed on uninhabited islands off the west coast of the Korean Peninsula. Location tracking devices were attached to two juvenile Chinese egrets from an uninhabited island in the Chilsan Archipelago off the west coast of the Korean Peninsula. GPS tracking w...
Zunaira Noreen* and Khawar Sultan
...e habitat destruction of birds globally by replacing native forests with artificial forests containing exotic species. The canal bank forest is one of such artificial forests present in Gujranwala, Pakistan. This study is designed to investigate role of canal bank forest as habitat for the native species of birds, their adaptability to exotic trees, and to understand role of mixed tree population in establishing the populati...
Muhammad Ammar Dilawar1,2, Hong Seok Mun1, Myeong Gil Jeong1, Eun Ju Yang3, Hyeoung Seog Park4 and Chul Ju Yang1,2,*
...y reduced (P<0.05) in birds receiving dietary treatment T4 as compared with the control. On an average, meat TBARS value was decreased (P<0.05) in all supplemented groups (except T1 and T2) and the lowest (P<0.05) meat microbiological count was seen in T4. These results indicate that certain ratios of plant extracts and liquid minerals can be used to enhance the performance and meat quality in poultry....
Aqsa Fayyaz1, Muhammad Kashif Zahoor1*, Asma Ashraf2, Muhammad Asif Zahoor3, Azhar Rasul2, Humara Naz Majeed4, Muhammad Zulhussnain1, Kanwal Ranian1, Bushra Riaz1, Nazia Khalil1 and Attaullah1
.... chickens, peacock, pet birds) and wild birds, which is excreted in the fecal material of infected birds. The house fly, Musca domestica L. can gain entry into the poultry flocks and will feed on poultry droppings and potentially serves as a mechanical vector for Newcastle disease. During the current study, houseflies were captured and examined for the presence of NDV. A total of 80 sampl...
Anis Suraya Mohamad Abir1, Sakinah Yusof1, Abd Rahaman Yasmin1,2, Abdul Rahman Omar1,3, Kok Lian Ho4, Wen Siang Tan1,5, Abdul Razak Mariatulqabtiah1,6*
...us (FWPV), which infects birds. Fowlpox is an important disease in commercial poultry farming, as it can affect many production-system variables, such as size, performance and viability. Studies on the interactions between chicken bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (chBM-DCs) and FWPV and its recombinant viruses are limited compared to other avian viral infectious diseases. Therefore, this study characterised the response of chBM-DCs to infection with the wil...
Lopamudra Samantaray*, Yashaswi Nayak
...; 70-day-old chicks. The birds were divided into seven experimental groups; one control and six were fed on phytobiotics EOs at rates of 1% and 0.5% and monitored for 8 weeks. The results revealed that the inclusion of 0.5% black pepper and 0.5% fennel combination, as well as a 1% turmeric, significantly (P < 0.05) improved body weights in birds. Black pepper and a combination of turmeric and fennel revealed slower growth...
Nausheen Irshad1, Maria Akhter1, Tariq Mahmood2*, Faraz Akrim3, Muhammad Rafique Khan1 and Muhammad Sajid Nadeem4
...llowed by mammals (21%), birds (9 %) and least reptiles (2 %), along with consuming vegetation (23 %). The prey species in the overall diet of the species were five different orders of arthropods, two species of mammals (rodents) and birds (domestic hen and pigeon), while among plant food it consumed seeds and twigs of wild mulberry, Japanese fruit, wild fig and cucumber. The study concludes that Altai weasel in Bunjosa Game...
Barirah Rehman Talpur1, Zaheer Ahmed Nizamani1*, Imdad Hussain Leghari2, Mansoor Tariq1, Aisha Rehman3, Shahnawaz Kumbhar1
...s in humans, animals and birds is often caused by drinking of fluoride contaminated groundwater. The study was designed to evaluate nephro-hepatotoxic effects of fluorosis on liver and kidneys in rabbits and broilers. Sixteen rabbits and sixteen broilers of four weeks age were divided into four subgroups each were given 0mg (control),50 mg, 100 mg and 200 mg Sodium Fluoride /liter in water daily for 18 days. The clinical signs and mortality were noted. Blood w...
Muhamad Khairul Riza, Valentinus Priyo Bintoro, Sri Kismiyati, Sugiharto Sugiharto*
...ndomly allotted to CONT (birds stocked at a density of 9 birds/m2 and received control/basic feed), HSD (birds stocked at a density of 16 chicks/m2 and received control feed), HSDT (birds stocked at a density of 16 chicks/m2 and received feed supplemented with 1% turmeric powder) and HSDAT (birds stocked at a density o...
Hany M.R. Elsherif1, Ahmed Orabi2, Hussein M.A. Hassan3, Ahmed Samy3*
... dressing percentages of birds. The liver, heart, gizzard, and spleen were unchanged (% of body weight). Birds fed diets enriched with SF or SP had considerably (P<0.05) longer and wider guts than the control group, and scored zero in intestinal lesions scale. The addition of SF or SP were significantly enhanced (P<0.05) the lactobacillus count when compared to the control, while the quantity of Clostridium perfringens...
Sepri Reski*, Maria Endo Mahata, Ridho Kurniawan Rusli
... for 4 weeks of age. The birds were distributed into 5 treatments with 4 replicates in a completely randomized design. The fermented seaweed was supplemented at the level of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 % in the diets. The observed variables were live weight, body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, percentage of carcass and giblets weight. The results showed that Turbinaria murayana fermented by IMO’s fruit waste up to 20% on feed highly significant...
Luu Huynh Anh1, Huynh Tan Loc2, Nguyen Hong Xuan3, Le Minh Thanh1, Trinh Thi Hong Mo4, Ly Thi Thu Lan5, Nguyen Trong Ngu1*
...he negative control (NC) birds received no E. coli or phages, whereas the positive control (PC) birds were infected with E. coli only. The NC+MHH6 and NC+PR2 treatments received 109 pfu/ml of phages MHH6 or PR2, respectively; whereas the PC+MHH6, PC+PR2, and PC+MHH6PR2 groups were infected with 107.1 cfu/ml of E. coli strain O6 and treated with 109 pfu/ml of phages of MHH6, PR2, or both. E. coli infection was inoculated in t...
Zahra Hussain, Zulfiqar Ali* and Rida Ahmad
...e in captive animals and birds. The present study investigated the prevalence of different diseases and health conditions among animal and bird species at 10 captive breeding facilities of Punjab, Pakistan. For this purpose, three-year data (2017-2019), regarding diseases and pathological conditions was collected from treatment register, stud books and post-mortem reports. Most prevalent health issues in animals were infectious diseases 26%, followed by genera...
Ghulam Abbas1*, Muhammad Arshad1, Muhammad Saeed2*; Safdar Imran3, Ashgar Ali Kamboh4, Duraid KA Al-Taey5, Muhammad Asad Aslam1, Muhammad Saeed Imran6, Muhammad Ashraf3, Muhammad Asif7, Abdul Jabbar Tanveer8, Razia Abdul Majid Qureshi9, Maria Arshad1, Hussain Ahmed Khan Niazi1, Muhammad Tariq10, Sikandar Abbas1
... with improved weight of birds and feed conversion ratio. Dietary OA showed 1.85-8.48% increase in the FCR of chicken. Lactic acid fed 0.3 g/kg diet reduced Escherichia coli and Salmonella significantly in the cecum of broilers. Butyric acid fed 500 g/t feed significantly increased eggshell thickness, eggshell weight, and calcium concentrations in bones and reduced ammonia concentrations in the caecum. Egg production was increased upto 9.84% by the supplementa...
Heba Abdo Basha1, Walaa Slouma Hamouda Abd El Naby2*, Samya Erian Ibrahim3, Abeer Fikry Elnahas2
...for DNA extraction. Four birds were selected randomly/group to be slaughtered for carcass traits. In MSTN, only six non-synonymous SNPs were recorded leading to four amino acid substitution in exon 1 and 2 amino acids substitution in exon 2. In low body weight, only one non-synonymous mutation was recorded at exon 2. The 3’UTR-IGF-2 sequence showed 14 SNPs in high body weight and three SNPs in low body weight. The carcass weight percentage didn’t c...
Rizwana Abdul Ghaffar* and Kamil Nadeem
...itat or by some infected birds that live in association with them. The majority of the nematode parasites that inhabit the body of the pigeon reside in the intestine. Nematodes are the worms that inhabit the intestines either by making coils in the tunnels of the intestine or by attaching themselves to the mucosal layers. This causes severe pathogenicity in the intestine as a result the pigeon shows signs and symptoms of illness. Pathological studies of tissue...
Ziaul Islam1*, Asad Sultan1, Sar Zamin Khan1 and Sher Bahader Khan2
... control diet and fed to birds in control group. Birds in other four groups were given same basal diet mixed either with zinc bacitracin (150 mg/kg diet; ZB-150); organic acids (200 mg/kg feed; OA-200); essential oil (150 mg/kg feed; EO-150) and or a combination of organic acid (OA) and essential oil (EO) at rate 200 and 150 mg/kg, respectively. Body weight gain was significantly (P<0.05) enhanced by all different dietary...
Muhammad Kashif Iqbal1*, Khalid Mehmood2,4, Shakeel Ahmed3, Fazul Nabi4, Muhammad Arif Rizwan1, Muhammad Kaleem1, Mushtaq Ahmed1, Abdul Waheed1 and Jiakui Li5
...regulated in TD-affected birds significantly (P< 0.05) as compared with the control group. Furthermore, thiram induction also increased the levels of AST, ALT and MDA contents in liver, whereas decreased the antioxidant enzymes (SOD; GSH-Px) and ALP values in thiram group, while these values were found close to normal range in FK228 group as compared to control group in response to FK228 treatment. In conclusion, VEGF and Flk-1 genes play an important role ...
Rida Haroon Durrani1, Ali Ahmad Sheikh1*, Masood Rabbani1, Muti-ur-Rehman Khan2, Aneela Zameer Durrani3, Salman Ashraf1, Muhammad Anas Naeem1, Muhammad Usman3 and Tauqeer Mahmood4
...eduction was seen in the birds that received cocktail intranasally showing log100.85 on the 3rd day. As a delayed treatment, oral delivery significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced count with a mean log101.2 and log101.55 on 3rd dpc, with efficiency decline on 6th dpc. No reduction was recorded for nasal delivery test subjects in delayed treatment group. As an immediate intervention, the oral delivery reduced bacterial count to log100.86 and log101.02 on the 3rd dpc...
Ahmed A. Mohammed1, Madeha H. A. Darwish1, Eman A.A. Negm2, Ayman S. Abdel- Maguid3
...o three groups of fourty birds each (C, L, & H) fed with diverse concentrations of Probiotics. After the first week of treatment, the two groups (L and H) displayed a probiotics effect that manifested as a significant increase in body weight (BW) than the control group. After 28 days of treatment, the effect of high levels of probiotics (group H) demonstrated a significant increase of group (H) and either group (L) and control; meanwhile, both treated grou...
Xinran Wang1,2 and Lizhi Zhou1,2*
...ion has resulted in waterbirds choosing more habitats to forage and facing increased intensity of anthropogenic disturbance. Usually feeding in a large flock could provide safety by the vigilance partners through coordinated and synchronous vigilance modes. In this paper, we aimed to shed light on behavioral strategies adaptive to anthropogenic disturbances. Vigilance behavior of wintering Grus monacha was observed to assess the effect of traffic intensity on ...
Zannatul Ferdous1, Abdul Goffar Sarder2, Mustasim Famous3*, Mahfuza Ferdous4, Shahabuddin Ahmed5 and Md. Amir Hossain6
... and blood parameters of birds at day 14th, 21th and 35th days. The result showed comparatively better live weight in T4 which is treated with Kalojeera and Ginger having a satisfactory feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 1.68. The better feed conversion ratio (FCR) value was recorded by chicks fed diet supplemented with antibiotics in T1. The hematological parameters TEC, ESR, and DLC value of treatment group shows a significant difference, while Hemoglobin estima...
Faiza Ghazanfar1, Masood Rabbani1*, Aamir Ghafoor2 and Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq3
...atively for 35 days. The birds of a specific treatment group were given organic acid on daily basis for 6-8 h. Excluding the negative control group, all groups were tested with fresh culture of Campylobacter jejuni on 14, 21, 28 and 35 day of age. Bacterial count was performed at 6, 8, 13, 15, 20, 22, 27, 29, 34 and 36 day of age. The results suggest synergistic actions of a mixture of organic acids are effective for decreasing Campylobacter jejuni colonizatio...
Sarzamin Khan1, Abdul Jabbar Tanweer2, Rafiullah1, Ibrahimullah1, Ghulam Abbas3*, Jabbar Khan4, Muhammad Saeed Imran5, Asghar Ali Kamboh6
...three replicates and ten birds were assigned to each replicate. Group 1 was control (C) without adding mealworm scales in feed (basal diet). Group 2, 3 and 4 were fed ration with 1, 2 and 3 g/kg mealworm scales respectively incorporated in the basal feed. Feed intake, FCR (feed conversion ratio) and body weight gain were recorded on weekly basis. The use of mealworm scales at level of 3g/kg in feed significantly (P<0.05) decreased feed intake, inc...
Mohamed Saleh*, S.E. Laban, G.Z. Mostafa, S.T. Moubarak
...oiler breeder farm where birds were housed on built-up litter, the two disinfectants were used for the disinfection of nest bedding (sawdust). Paraformaldehyde powder was mixed manually with nest bedding (5 grams per nest), while potassium peroxy- monosulfate 0.5% based disinfectant was sprayed in each nest. Random samples were collected before and after treatment by 24-, 72- and 120-hours intervals and were tested for total bacterial, coliform, and fungal cou...
Muhammad Mansoor1, Shahid Hameed Khan Khalil2*, Zafar Islam2, Muhammad Asif2, Ghani Akbar2, Muhammad Ashraf Khan3 and Ibadullah Jan4
...ffects of monsoon rains, birds, pests and dust....
Abdulaziz A. Alaqil1*, Mohammed I. Buhaya2
...groups (9 replicates x 5 birds each). The four groups were fed a basal diet formulated to contain; 0, 2, 4 or 6% LO for six weeks. Results showed a significant improvement in egg production performance with dietary LO inclusion ranged from 3 to 4%. Data revealed a significant reduction in egg yolk cholesterol content by 15, 17 and 21% for the 2, 4 and 6% LO groups, respectively, compared to the 0% LO group. Meanwhile, blood high-density lipoprotein was signifi...
Reem M. Ramadan1, Fady Sayed Youssef2, Gehad Genidy Mohamed3, Sameh Hamed Ismail4, M.M. El-Bahy1, Shimaa Abdel-Radi1*
...ortem (PM) inspection of birds inoculated by LC90 exposed sporulated oocysts demonstrated a very slight or un-apparent reddens without thickening in the cecal wall with close relation to the normal un-infected control group. This with in contrast to the group inoculated by LC50 exposed sporulated oocysts. The study concluded that C-Oo.Nc is a promising effective anticoccidial compound for controlling infection in chickens.
Keywords | Curcumin -olive oi...
Hagar Magdy Ahmed1, Mohamed Mahrous Amer2*, Khaled Mohamed Elbayoumi1 , Sameh Abdel- Moez Ahmed Amer1, Asmaa Mahmoud Matoaq1 , Mohamed Abdel Aziz Kutkat1, Gomaa Abd El-Rhim Abdel-Alim2
...hickens in 13 groups; 20 birds each. At 28 days-old, all groups were challenged with NDV genotype VII 1.1 strain “NDV-CHICKEN-EGY-ALEX-NRC-2020” to evaluate the protective immunity of applied protocols. Humoral immune response, clinical signs, post-mortem gross lesions, growth performance as well as mortalities are all recorded and evaluated. All vaccination protocols were able to induce antibody levels for NDV after vaccination with varying titers...
H. A. Aidaros1*, S. S. Khalafallah1, M. S. Diab2, Nehal K. Alm Eldin2, Halla E.K. El Bahgy1
... dust, swabs from walls, birds’ cloaca, worker’s hands, and wheels of vehicles. The results showed that there was a negative relationship between the prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae and the hygienic measures enforced in the poultry farms under study. The highest prevalence of Salmonella and E. coli was recorded in duck farms (36.2% and 54.3% respectively) and the lowest prevalence was recorded in breeder chicken farms (10.2% and 29....
Bilal Dik1, Saima Naz2*, Muhammad Sohail Sajid3,4
... total of 182 accipitrid birds belonging to 14 species, and 9 genera were surveyed. For the collection of lice, feathers of birds were carefully examined; an insecticide was applied on birds into a breathable paper bags from where lice were transferred to collection tubes. Of the 182 birds, 151 (82.97%) were infested with 21 chewing lice species includin...
Farheen Shaikh*, Saima Naz and Nadir Ali Birmani
...ic insects of variety of birds belonging to the large family of Phasianidae (Aves: Galliformes). The lice have strong mandibles with biting mouth parts and develop specific host-parasite relationship. They cause acute to chronic infestation to hosts directly. These parasitic insects are the source of various diseases, like flue, and also serve as a vector of some bacteria and helminthes parasites. Presently only one type of host, guinea fowl Numida meleagris (...
Midrar Ullah1, Nail Chand2, Abdul Kabir3, Muhammad Rasheed4, Hubdar Ali Kaleri5, Saqib Kakar5, Mubarak Ali4, Deepesh Kumar6, Asad Ali Shah1, Amir Shahb1, Muhammad Amir Khan1, Raza Ali Mangi7, Abdul Wahid Solangi5, Rameez Kaleri5,8*
...ore replications with 50 birds per replication using the random treatment design. The findings our study showed that there was no significant influence of feed intake was recorded with irradiation. The results for feed intake of total chick was observed 2652.33±59.45 and 2625.78±16.31g was observed for control and irradiated group, respectively. The results for weight gain was observed significantly higher (P≥0.05) in 1st and 2nd week of study...
Seasonal Diversity and Distribution Patterns of Birds in Agricultural Landscapes of Gujrat, Pakistan
Muhammad Umar1*, Mubashar Hussain1 and David C. Lee2
...) surveys, recording all birds seen or heard along transects to a maximum perpendicular distance of 50 m; 0.1 km2 surveyed per transect. In total, we recorded 39 bird species belonging to 20 families and eight orders. We found significant differences in seasonal abundance and species richness related to species’ residential status. Across the survey period, species diversity was greater in winter (October-March; H´= 3.279) than in summer (April-Sep...
Muhammad Tariq Navid1,2*, Mian Muhammad Awais2*, Muhammad Irfan Anwar2 and Masood Akhtar2
...l settings, the domestic birds are neglected for avian influenza (AI) vaccination while they are directly connected with migratory carrier birds throughout their life. Keeping in view this study was design. Four Tehsils of district Multan were selected to investigate asymptomatic backyard poultry birds for presence of AIVs. For this purpose, a total of 213 birds
Ahmed H. Abed1, Ahmed Orabi2*, Wafaa Hassan3, , Enas Hammad4 , Ghada Gaber5
... in vitro experiment (15 birds for each group). A negative control group was the first group. There were 3 groupings were given immune modulatory agents (lectins, probiotic, and essential oil) for five days without being challenged; Immune modulatory agents were given to the remaining three groups, who were also infected with E. coli O78, and one group act as an E. coli O78 challenged group. The obtained results showed improvement of the growth performance of ...
Muhammad Shuaib1*, Abdul Hafeez1, Naila Chand1 and Muhammad Tahir2
... to 40 weeks of age. All birds were divided into 4 groups with 4 replicate per group containing 10 birds per replicate and offered the corn-soybean meal diet with soybean hull (3,%, 6 %, and 9 %) respectively. Results showed that during all phases, feed intake and weight gain were (P<0.05) higher in the control group, while feed conversion ratio (FCR) was non-significant among all groups. Water intake during phase-1 was (...
Istna Mangisah1*, Heni Rizqiati2, Nyoman Suthama1
...; 3.46 g, a total of 160 birds, were placed evenly in 20 experimental plots. The treatment tested was the LDTE level in 100 grams of feed, LDTE0 = without LDTE, LDTE1 = 1 mL, LDTE2 = 2 mL, and LDTE3 = 3 mL. The treatment was given for 21 days, starting from d-1 until d-21. Intestinal microbial population, weights of digestive and immune organs, nutrient digestibility, and growth performance of broiler starter were the parameters observed. The research was arr...
Lopamudra Samantaray*, Yashaswi Nayak
... content. A total of 280 birds aged 70 days were enrolled in the study, which included seven experimental diets supplemented with EOs of black pepper, turmeric, and fennel at rates of 0%, 1%, and mixed diet at 0.5%. Hen-day egg production, feed efficiency, egg volume, and shell weight were significantly improved (p<0.05) with the mixed diet supplemented with black pepper and turmeric. The egg shape index was considerably enhanced (p<0.05) while the egg c...
Pham Tan Nha*, Le Thu Thuy
...usmn;9.5 g/bird), and 10 birds per unit (balanced sex) were in the treatment. All treatments were added 4% (DM) of fermented feed to the basal diet. The trial lasted 9 weeks with Noi chickens from 6 to 14 weeks of age. The results showed when adding yeast feed at 4% (DM) to the diet of Noi chickens, there is an increase the weight and decrease in FCR of Noi chickens. Especially the PM treatments had the best results. At crude protein level, the CP20 treatment...
Sara Magdy Hashim1, Elshaimaa Ismael2, Mohamed Tarek3, Faten Fathy Mohammed1*, Fatma Amer Abdel Reheem3, Rawhia Esawy Doghaim1
... Egypt in 2016 from wild birds. In the present study, samples were collected from 100 Egyptian domestic ducks of different ages from seven Egyptian governorates from period 2018 to 2020. Tissue specimens were allocated for HPAI H5N8 diagnosis using rRT-PCR and the results were 66 positive samples with the highest incidence in the Giza governorate. The winter season showed the highest incidence with 28 positive samples. For more characterization, the full HA ge...
Ahmad Zaman, Azhar Rafique*, Farhat Jabeen and Tayyaba Sultana
...) were used to count the birds and camera was used to photograph the birds. The study area was divided into two major landscapes types such as open field area (agricultural land, river Chenab sides, canals and cemeteries) and built up area (settlements, residential neighborhoods, and institutional grounds). We recorded 87 species of bird of 70 genera belonging to 39 families representing 16 orders. According to Bull a...
M. Mansoor Javed*, M. Aslam Mirza, M. Aziz ur Rehman and M. Saif ur Rahman
...day old Cobb-500 broiler birds (n=432) were purchased commercially. Nine iso-caloric as well as iso-nitrogenous experimental formulations as starter diets (CP 22 %, ME 3000 Kcal/kg), grower diets (CP 20.5 %, ME 3075 Kcal/kg) and finisher diets (CP 19 %, ME 3150 Kcal/kg) were formed as per nutritional recommendations for Cobb-500 and assigned to 36 replicates (four replicates/treatment) employing 3×3 factorial arrangement under the completely randomized d...
Carla Meneguin Barbosa1*, Fabio Gregori2, Cairo Monteiro1, Thais Helena Martins Gamon1, Luciano Matsumiya Thomazelli1, Tânia de Freitas Raso2 and Edison Luiz Durigon1
... that infects psittacine birds, highly transmissible and presenting high mortality rate. Here we describe the investigation of 98 sudden deaths of birds, belonging to 8 Brazilian native psittacine species, divided in two outbreaks, one year apart between 2016 and 2017, in a breeding farm in São Paulo State, Brazil. PSHv-1 was detected in 6 species (61 birds) through Nested-PCR, that...
Barbosa Carla1*, Gregori Fabio2, Thomazelli Luciano1, Oliveira Amanda1, Araújo Jansen1, Ometto Tatiana1, Marcatti Roberta3, Nardi Marcelo3, Paludo Danielle4, Utecht Nathalia1 and Edison Durigon1
...atterns and dispersal of birds, as resting and feeding points become scarcer resulting in agglomeration of different species. One pathogen of greatest importance that may be dispersed by birds are the coronaviruses (CoVs). Despite its relevance and complexity, studies on the detection and genetic characterization of these viruses are scarce, especially in South American wild birds. Thus, t...
Rubab Malik, Nasira Khatoon* and Samina Waheed
...e parasites in different birds of Karachi, Hyderabad, Jacobabad and to find out the histopathological changes caused by Heterakis gallinarum in the intestine of common quail. The overall prevalence of nematodes parasitic infection was 7.48% while the overall intensity was 9.62. The histopathological study revealed complete destruction of villi and crypt glands. The intestine showed heavy infiltration of inflammatory cells. Increase in apparent size of villi wi...
S. Feroza1, A. G. Arijo1† and I. R. Zahid2
...otal of eighteen broiler birds were randomly selected that were divided into three groups (A, B and C) with 6 birds in each group. The birds were then artificially infected with Ascaridia galli @ 2000 eggs/bird. Ethanolic extracts of papaya and neem were applied to Group B and C, respectively while Group A was left untreated that served as control. The fecal egg count (FEC) was c...
Soshe Ahmed1*, Mst. Ishrat Zerin Moni1, Maksuda Begum2, Md. Jafar Eqbal3, Md. Shahidul Islam4, Mst. Samira Tanjim1, Mst. Rokeya Sultana1
...s include feed intake (g/birds), body weight gain, average daily gain, feed conversion ratio, and viability% for growth periods (1 d to 7 d, 1 d to 14 d, 1 d to 21 d, 1 d to 28 d) were calculated. All chicks were vaccinated with live attenuated Newcastle Disease Virus LaSota strain on day 2 via eye drop vaccination, along with other basic immunization schemes. After 14 days of ND vaccination, post-vaccination sera samples were collected and subjected to an HI ...
Ayesha Bakhtiar1, Sardar Azhar Mehmood2, Abdul Rauf Bhatti3*, Shabir Ahmad2, Naqash Khalid2, Javed Iqbal5, Azra Nadeem4 and Waqas Ahmad1
...s with a maximum of five birds in each pen. On days 14 and 21, the birds in groups B, C, D, and E received active immunisation against ND using Lasota-1, Lasota-2, Mukteswar-1, and Mukteswar-2, respectively, leaving A as the control group left uninfected. On days 21 and 35 of the study, the serum HI antibody response to these four immunisations was assessed. As evidence of its strong efficacy, Group C, which had received the...
Farid S. Nassar1,2, Abdulaziz M. Alsahlawi3, Ahmed O. Abbas1,2*, Abdulaziz A. Alaqil1, Nancy N. Kamel4, Abdelwahab M. Abdelwahab1,5
...meal. The first group of birds were fed a basal diet of soybean-corn meals and served as a control (0% BSFL meal), while the remaining 4 groups were fed a basal diet in which the soybean-corn meals were partially replaced with 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12% BSFL meals, respectively. The experimental trial continued for 10 consecutive weeks from 40 to 50 wk of age. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) including a polynomial test was carried out to explore the linear and q...
Farid S. Nassar1,2, Abdulaziz M. Alsahlawi3, Mohammad A. Al-Mahaish4, Ahmed O. Abbas1,2*, Abdulaziz A. Alaqil1, Nancy N. Kamel5
...ate). The first group of birds was fed a control finisher diet containing soybean-corn meal (0% MWM), while the remaining five groups of birds were provided with a finisher diet in which the soybean meal was partially replaced with 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% MWM, respectively. Data were analyzed using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a polynomial test to explore the linear and quadratic effects of increasing the MW...
Hagar Magdy Ahmed1, Mohamed Mahrous Amer2*, Khaled Mohamed El-Bayoumi1, Ahmed Ali El-Shemy3, Mohamed Abd El-Rahman Bosila1, Gomaa Abd El-Rhim Abdel Alim2
...sions were found in dead birds of all challenged groups. Chicken groups challenged by IBDV or NDV after treatment with Lector showed milder histopathological changes than Orego solution and non-treated groups showed the most sever lesions. Chicken groups challenged with both virulent IBDV and NDV either treatment with Lector® or Orego® solution or non-treated showed no marked difference in histopathological lesions. The results of total and differentia...
Fatma Salih Mohammed1*, Nasser Khedr1, Tahia Ahmed1, Liza S. Mohammed2
...al value of soybeans for birds. The most popular approach is solvent-extracted soybean meal (SE-SBM). However, extruded-expelled soybean meal (EE-SBM) is mainly utilized in organic poultry feed. This study aimed to investigate the effect of adding EE-SBM to broiler chicken Ross® 308 feed formulations on carcass traits and histomorphological changes in the intestine. A total of 198 one-day-old Ross® 308 chickens were randomly distributed into three grou...
Ghulam Jelani1, Muhammad Haris Raza Farhan2, Rida Asrar3, Muhammad Ahmad1,4*, Chanda Naseem5, Zafar Ali Khoso6, Majid Hussain Soomro7*
...ransmitted from infected birds to healthy ones by respiratory routes. The lack of proper isolation and diagnostic methods as well as improper use of antimicrobial therapy causes the treatment failure. Different types of antibiotics are used to treat it and different research use antibiotics of aminoglycoside group. For preventing the flock from infection separates the infected birds from healthy ones. Different treatments sh...
Syeda Fakhra Waheed1, Asim Aslam1*, Muti-ur-Rehman Khan1, Kamran Ashraf2 and Beenish Zahid3
...ses immunosuppression in birds. A total of 50 tissue samples from backyard chicken flocks presenting suspected symptoms were collected during February 2020 and March 2021 for genetic characterization, followed by phylogentic analysis. A total of 4 isolates were sequenced based on partial VP1 and hyper-variable region of the VP2 genes simultaneously. According to phylogenetic analysis, the study isolates genotype A3B3 were identified as predominant strains in c...
Muhammad Shuaib1*, Abdul Hafeez1, Ziaul Islam2, Assar Ali Shah3 and Saad Ullah1
... per group containing 10 birds each. Corn-soybean meal diet (Basal Diet) was offered to the control group (A), while groups B, C, and D were fed the basal diet with 3, 6, and 9 % soybean hulls (SH) respectively. Results showed higher(P<0.05)crude fiber, ash, cellulose, and hemicellulose content for diets containing soybean hull (SH) at 3, 6, and 9% compared to the basal diet. Egg weight and egg quality parameters during different phases were not affected am...
Zulaikha Zainool Abidin1, Fahim Hafiy Idris2, Suriya Kumari Ramiah1, Elmutaz Atta Awad1, Zunita Zakaria3,4, Zulkifli Idrus1,2*
...sportation subgroup, the birds were lairaged for 0 h or 3 h. Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. were only detected in two and three birds, respectively. Because of the insufficient data, both types of bacteria were excluded from the study. Eight hours of feed withdrawal increased the population of Lactobacilli significantly but had a negligible effect on E. coli and Clostridium spp. counts. Prolonged duration of road tra...
Khitam J. Yahya*, Mohammed T. S. Al-Zubaidi
...l infection, about fifty birds were divided into five groups (G1: control negative group (con-), G2: control positive group (con+), G3: infected and treated with paromomycin, G4: infected and treated with curcumin and G5: uninfected and received curcumin). The oocyst shedding was recorded daily for 30 days. At 3,8,14, and 23 days post-infection (DPI), two quails from each group were killed humanely; ileum tissue samples were collected before and processed for ...
Tanvir Ahmed1, Sachchidananda Das Chowdhury1, Bibek Chandra Roy1Shubash Chandra Das1*, Khan Md. Shaiful Islam2, Bipul Chandra Ray1, Sukumar Saha3
...ns in each treatment (25 birds per replication). Growth parameters were recorded. On days 22 and 34, HI antibody titer was determined against Newcastle disease (ND) and ELISA was performed for Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD). On day 35, birds were sacrificed to determine carcass yield and harvest intestinal contents for microbial and histomorphological examination. Live weights and live weight gains were higher (p = 0.05) in...
Nguyen Thi Kim Dong1*, Nguyen Van Thu2
...eplicates, including ten birds per experimental unit. The treatments were supplement levels of 0 (no supplement),0.2% and 0.4% benefit microorganism and 0.4 and 0.8%vitamin-enzyme (VE)to concentrate-basal diets corresponding to the S0, SP0.2, SP0.4, VE0.4 and VE0.8 treatments. The results indicate that the treatments supplemented SP and VE improved final live weight and daily weight gain (p<0.05) and the birds in the PS0....
Saad Zaghlou El-Damrawy1, Reda Ali Hassan2*, Ahmed Maher Bakhaty1, Adel M. Nasr2, El-Sayed A. Abu El-Hassan2
...ps with equal numbers of birds each were created. In a randomized complete block design experiment, each group contained 100 birds in five repetitions and was assigned to one of the six feeding regimens. Experimental groups included: (1) Negative control (NC) with the basal diet, (2) NC + 600 mg/kg diet of silymarin, (3) NC + 400 mg/kg diet of choline, (4) Positive control (PC) containing 1 mg AFB1/kg diet, (5) PC + 600 mg/k...
Muhammad Arshad Iqbal*, Aamir Ghafoor, Irfan Ahmad, Muhammad Ijaz
...hree groups (A, B, C) of birds were divided into 3 subgroups with 20 birds in each group. Group A (-ve control) received diet without AGP or probiotic. Group B (+ve control) was fed with AGP. Group C was probiotic feed supplemented with B. amyloliquefaciens. All subgroups 1 were kept non-challenged, at day 21, subgroups 2 were challenged with 1x105 CFU of S. Enteritidis and subgroup 3 were challenged with 1x105 CFU of Cl. pe...
Keatisak Soisuwan1, Hatairat Plaimast2, Atichat Thongnum3, Soranot Chotnipat4, Manatsanun Nopparatmaitree4*
Yong Bin Zhao1, Hui Song1, Guo Gong Yi1*, Xi Lian Hao1, Bai Wang2, Zhi Wen Chen2
...logy. Generally, studied birds should be captured to collect feather samples in a way that clarifies the attribution of feather samples. As some endangered birds cannot be captured, feather sampling is the only feasible method for isotopic research. However, whether it can be used for research on individuals remains to be clarified. In this study, the values of δ13C and δ15N of the rachises and barbules of 27 fea...
Asmaa A. M. Abdel-Ghany1, Ahmed N. El Taweel2, Yassmin Moatasim2, Nagwa S. Ata1, Amany Adel3, Ayman Hany El-Deeb4, Ahmed Kandeil2, Mohamed A. Ali2*, Hussein Ali Hussein4*
...ted throughout migrating birds into different countries in Asia, America, Europe and Africa. HPAI A/H5N8 viruses were initially reported in Egypt in winter of 2016. However, backyard poultry production sector is commonly found in rural areas in Egypt with biosecurity deficiencies and could play a key role in epidemiology of AIVs in Egypt. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of AIVs in backyard ducks and geese in Assuit governorate, Egyp...
Khitam J. Yahya*, Mohammed T. S. Al-Zubaidi
...a wildword disease among birds. Detection of cryptosporidiosis in quails required to be more sensitivity and specificity using molecular analysis and sequences. A total of 100 fecal samples were collected from quails in various parts of Baghdad/ Iraq from January to September, and they were then tested for the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. using molecular methods (PCR), followed by DNA sequencing. The overall infection rate was 37% (37/100) of the samples w...
Sahar Ezeldien1,2, Foromo Dramou2, Fatma M. Yousseff3*, Alexander A. Nikishov2, Sergy B Seleznev2
...ed into two groups of 21 birds each, with three replicates per group (7 birds) at random; the control group without any additives and the supplemented group with chamomile aqueous extract (3ml/L) in the drinking water from 2 weeks to 13 week at the end of expermint. The total phenols, flavonoids, , and antioxidant potential of chamomile extract were all assayed. The results showed that the chamomile aqueous extract is rich i...
Ngoc Tan Nguyen1*, Tan Loi Le1, Thi Kim Ngan Vo1, Chi Hieu Do1, Tuan Thanh Hoang2, Nguyen Khang Duong3, Quang Minh Luu4
...te for egg production in birds. This study identified the prolactin gene polymorphism in the exon 5 region and its association with reproductive traits of TB crossbred ducks. Three hundred and thirty-one crossbred ducks were used in this study, with blood samples collected from the wing vein for DNA extraction to amplify the fragment length with 536 bp by PCR, and then the PCR products were cleaved with the PstI enzyme. The fragment length with 536 bp was succ...
Md. Saiful Islam Siddiqui1*, Sharmin Akter2 and Mohd. Riajul Islam2
...ler farms of about 25000 birds at Sylhet district in Bangladesh. Data revealed that Amoxicillin, Enrofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Azithromycin, Cephalexin, Erythromycin, Neomycin and Colistin were found most commonly used antibiotics. Majority poultry farmer’s bear’s very poor educational status and knowledge about farm management, did not follow the registered veterinarian suggestions and attained any training. They are totally unaware a...
Abdulaziz A. Alaqil
... in 40 battery cages (10 birds per cage). Every ten cages were placed in a room to arrange four experimental room groups identified as C, EC, PR, and PR+EC groups, respectively. From 22-42 d of age, the C and EC groups have received a basal diet with no PR supplements, whereas the PR and PR+EC groups have received PR at 1 g/kg of the basal diet. On day 36 of age, the EC and PR+EC groups were injected with 0.5 mL intraperitoneal (i.p.) suspension contained O157...
Thekra Fadel Saleh, Omar Younis Altaey*
...e of the health in these birds. The main objective of this study is to understand the anatomy, histology, histochemistry, and distribution of lymphoid tissue in the caeca of Muscovy ducks. Samples from eight healthy adult Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata) were fixed, processed, sectioned, and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin as well as Periodic Acid Schiff: Alcian blue pH 2.5 and toluidine blue stains for histochemical analysis. Dissecting microscope measurem...
Fakhra Nazir1*, Sahar Fazal1 and Fakhar-i-Abbas2
...was aimed for samples of birds collected from different regions of Pakistan. Mitochondrial DNA was successfully extracted from keel tissue and Folmer region of COI gene comprising ~650 bps was amplified using universal primers and PCR products were confirmed by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis. Sequencing was carried out by Sanger’s method and BLAST analysis identified these samples as five species (Urocissa flavirostris, Dendrocitta vagabunda, Corvus sple...
Md Tariqul Islam1,5 *, Aditya Chowdhury Avi1,5, Md Saiful Bari2,5, Most Rebeka Sultana Swapna Khandoker3, Homaira Pervin Heema4, Goutam Buddha Das1
Aditya Chowdhury Avi1,4*, Md Tariqul Islam1,4, Md Saiful Bari2,4, Rebeka Sultana Swapna Khandoker3, Goutam Buddha Das1
...ontrol group. All of the birds were given enough commercial broiler-feed and water. The performance gained by broilers after 30 days of rearing from all supplemented groups complied with the standards. Observed parameters like live weight, feed intake, weight gain, and FCR of broilers were significantly higher in the 2% and 3% FO-supplemented groups. Data for cost-benefit analysis revealed significantly increased net profit in FO-treated groups. However, abdom...
Skenndri Safae1*, Charrat Nadia2, Jmiai Mehdi3, Nassik Saadia1
...e digestive tract of the birds. The 18 farms were firstly categorized into three (3) groups according to their performances on a biosecurity level: P group for “poor” performances, D group for “decent” performances, and G group for “good” performances. Each farm was then sampled twice on day 11 and day 35 of the same production cycle. In order to evaluate the gut health of the broilers, we used a panel of tools and technique...
Daud Khan1, Naila Chand1, Muhammad Saeed2, Muhammad Tahir3, Alam Zeb4 and Rifat Ullah Khan5*
...roups: Negative control (birds fed a basal diet and not challenged), positive control (birds fed a basal diet and orally challenged with E. coli O157 H7 at the rate of 1 × 109 CFU/ml; positive control), infected + enrofloxacin, infected + silver nitrate at the rate of 100 mg/kg (SN100) and infected + silver nitrate at the rate of 150 mg/kg (SN150). Overall feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and ...
Abdulaziz A. Alaqil*
...n in the challenged birds were significantly (P<0.05) alleviated when LA was given to laying hens, and the GSH-px activity was noticeably increased by 13.7% in the LPS+LA compared to the LPS group. Furthermore, LA increased egg production by 8.5 and 3.1 percent points and improved feed efficiency by 6.11 and 4.56% in both LPS-challenged and non-challenged birds, respectively. Therefore, supplementing layer diets with...
Rizki Palupi*, Arfan Abrar, Fitri Nova Liya Lubis, Yuni Kurniati, Bianca Ikriza Octa Nadia Putri
...eriorating the health of birds. ...
Abiyu Tadele 1,2*, Gebreyohannes Berhane2, Wondmeneh Esatu3
...onstrating that choosing birds with bigger eggs increases the proportion of edible eggs. As a result, our findings will help to develop more effective breeding programs for these three chicken genotypes by providing valuable insights into the genetic basis of chicken performance and egg quality. ...
Yoshio Hamano1*, Yasuji Kurimoto2
...ue were harvested from 8 birds under fed conditions. After the remaining birds received feed withdrawal, breast muscle was obtained and stored at 2°C for 3 days. LIP reduced body weight gains when the chickens were concomitantly fed AWP. LIP and AWP increased the feed conversion rates and decreased feed intakes, respectively. However, breast muscle and abdominal fat weights remained constant. No significant interaction b...
Abdul Hadi, Muhammad Rais*, Ifrah Muddassir, Abdullah Tasib, Maria Zafar and Sumbul Gill
...for future monitoring of birds in hiking trails, undisturbed forest and urban areas of Margalla Hills National Park, Islamabad, Pakistan. The park harbors a good assemblage of birds. As many as 12,295 individuals of 83 species (12 orders, 38 families) were recorded from the National Park. The hiking trails (74 species, 5219 individuals) were found to be more diverse followed by undisturbed forest (60 species, 3377 individual...
Rameez Raja Kaleri1,2*, Hubdar Ali Kaleri1, Nazeer Hussain Kalhoro5, Raza Ali Mangi3, Ghulam Mustafa Solangi4, Deepsh Kumar Bhuptani6, Sher Muhammad Khosa1, Abdul Wahid Solangi1, Ayaz Ali Lashari7 and Sheva Dari1
...igenous backyard poultry birds in Tando Allahyar. For this purpose, total 470 birds with 240 male and 230 females were brought under the study. Their phenotypic characteristics were collected thorough observing by the researchers from different UCs of district Tando Allahyar. The data regarding quantitative traits were observed using the measuring tap mentioned in the (FAO) manual. The findings of our study 86.69% out of the...
Pham Tan Nha*, Le Thu Thuy
...tal unit consisted of 10 birds, with a balanced distribution of sexes. The treatments included FG0.5, FG1.0, FG1.5, BG0.5, BG1.0, and BG1.5, where Fresh Garlic and Black Garlic were added to the basal diet at 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% (DM) concentrations. The trial lasted for 8 weeks, covering the period from 6 to 13 weeks of age for the Tre chickens. The findings demonstrated that supplementing the diet of Tre chickens with Garlic at a concentration of 1.0 - 1.5% (D...
Mohamed Mahrous Amer1*, Hanaa Sayed Fedawy2, Hoda Mohamed Mekky2, Khaled Mohamed Elbayoumi2, Ahmed Ali El-Shemy3, Mohamed Abd El-Rahman Bosila2
...esions in treat infected birds, with marked improvement in measured parameters. We recommended active actions to prevent causes and factors helping in including cellulitis, regular lowering bird density, enhancing restrict biosecurity, modulating the vaccination timing, improving management practices, as well as application of probiotics to improve and restore good gut health.
Keywords | Cellulitis, E...
Rida Ahmad1,2*, Zulfiqar Ali2*, Farkhanda Manzoor1, Usman Ahmad3, Safdar Sidra4, Irfan Zainab2, Muhammad Furqan2, Aliza Batool1,2 and Zaidi Zona2
...n about these changes as birds are predictor of ecological disturbances. The current research explored the avian diversity, richness, abundance and their feeding habit in selected habitats of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) and Gilgit Baltistan (GB). Data were collected from May 2017 to October 2017 using point count technique. Thirty points were selected from each habitat. A total of 175 species and 24,933 individuals belonging to 16 orders and 55 families were recor...
Muhammad Shoaib1, Muhammad Mahboob Ali Hamid1, Shafaq Amir2, Shaukat Ali Bhatti1*, Hafiz Hassan Iqbal1, Najam-us-Sahar1 and Mubsher Hussain1,3
... Five hundred and twenty birds were divided into 8 treatments groups with 5 replicates of 13 birds in each. Total 8 diets viz., PC (Positive control), NC1 (Negative control 1; 75 Kcal/kg reduced energy), NC1L (NC1 + lipase at 0.015%), NC1LB (NC1 + lipase at 0.015% + bile acids at 0.05%), NC2 (Negative control 2; 150 Kcal/kg reduced energy), NC2L (NC2 + lipase at 0.015%), NC2LB (NC2 + lipase at 0.015% + bile acids at 0.05%) a...
Laikun Ma1,2, Jiaojiao Wang1, Shanshan Lyu2 and Jianhua Hou1*
...ggressive signals in songbirds have received extensive attention. Several song features, such as the syllable rate, song matching, song type switching, and song overlap, are used in aggressive signalling in songbirds. However, in the territorial dusky warbler (Phylloscopus fuscatus), which includes trills in its song, it is unclear whether song length meets the context, prediction and response criteria of aggressive signal n...
Asif Sadam1*, Rahmat Ullah Khan2, Karim Gabol2*, Muhammad Awais3,4, Mohammad Ismail1, Sajid Mahmood1, Muhammad Aslam4 and Hamidullah5
...plan for conservation of birds, other wild animals and their habitats....
Bushra Allah Rakha1*, Farah Qayyum1, Muhammad Sajjad Ansari2, Ali Akhter1, Komal Shakeel1, Javeria Batool1, Faryal Akhtar1 and Sehrish Hina1
...of which 43 were used by birds for breeding. Highest successful nests were located on fork 38.75%, followed by middle 25%, terminal 20% and other position of the plants 16.25%. Preferable height for nest construction by white-cheeked bulbul was 1-2m (60%) followed by 2-3m (23.7%) and 0-1m (16.25%). Outer diameter of nest was recorded (16.0 ± 4.22cm) while inner diameter was (10.8 ± 2.95cm). The preferred plant species used by white-cheeked ...
The Effect of Adding Malic and Acetic Acids to Drinking Water on The Productive Performance of Quail
Ali A. M. Al-Kuhla1*, Yaman S. Fadhil1, Saffanah K. Mahmood2
...cates for each group, 10 birds per each replicate. 1st group represented the control group, which was free of any additives. In 2nd and 3rd groups, malic and acetic acid respectively were added in drinking water with a percentage of 0.025%, while in 4th group both malic and acetic acids were added to drinking water with a percentage of 0.025% for each of them. During the experiment, the productive characteristics were studied including the live body weight, t...
Peter Amuguni Mbato*, Wanzila Usyu Mutinda, Noah Kipkoech Maritim, Nicholas Edwin Odongo
...ystem (FRPS) for broiler birds would reduce foot pad lesions and the risk of bacterial infection. The study followed a completely randomized design, comprising of four treatments and three replications, with each replication consisting of 20 birds. Treatments A, B and C, where the birds were under FRPS at 2, 3 and 4 weeks of age, respectively, and the conventional complete confinement, tre...
Sameh Abdel-Moez Ahmed Amer1*, Aly Mohammed Ghetas1, Asmaa Mahmoud Maatouq1, Hagar Magdy Ahmed1, Khaled Mohamed El-Bayoumi1, Mohamed Abd El-Rahman Bosila1, Ahmed Ali El-Shemy2
...ps (A, B, C and D) of 20 birds per group. Group A has been received the experimentally prepared inactivated genotype VII NDV vaccine by day 9 old, subsequently primed and boostered with commercial live attenuated genotype VII vaccine at 7 and 21 days-of age. While group B was treated with commercial live and killed genotype II NDV vaccines at the same days, respectively. Furthermore, groups C and D act as positive and negative non-vaccinated controls. At 30 da...
Peng Chen1, Jiaqi Li1, Hongbo Li2, Qin Lu3, Wei Liu1,4,5* and Jianliang Zhang1*
...t and similar to that of birds in general (50.5% to 57.7%). In addition, the start and stop codons, the mitogenome consists of 3662 codons. The most commonly used amino acid was leucine (13.63%) in the use of M. serrator. The analyses indicated that the Anseriformes include the families Anseranatidae, Anhimidae, and Anatidae. Furthermore, Anatinae is composed of Aythyini, Anatini, Somaterini, and Mergini. M serrator was sister to M. merganser and M. squamatus,...
Misbah Ammanat1, Abdul Qadir1, Zulfiqar Ali2*, Rida Ahmad2,3, Usman Ahmad1, Irfan Zainab2 and Aliza Batool2,3
...nds. Collision risks for birds may be greatest around the Indus River and its tributaries. The study area is 7,951 km2, stretching from the Dasu Hydropower Project in the north to the Islamabad West Grid Station in the south. Field surveys at 678 observation points were conducted from November 2017 to October 2018. A total of 38,939 birds were sighted, representing 215 different species. Tarbela Reservoir and the future Dasu...
Yang Pan1,2, Yang Huang3, Guo-hai Wang4* and Qi-hai Zhou3*
...n: justify;">Frugivorous birds play important roles in seed dispersal. In this study, we assessed the contributions of bird functional traits (behavioral traits: foraging quantity, number of birds per visit, and foraging duration; morphological traits: weight and body, wing, and tail lengths) to both seed removal patterns and dispersal distances of Cayratia japonica in an urban garden in southwest China. Eleven bird species ...
Mohammed A. El-Sayed1*, Mahmoud H Hatab2, Heba AEM Assi3, Nashaat S Ibrahim2, Hisham M Saleh2, Waheed AA Sayed2, Birgit A Rumpold4
...ion level was highest in birds exposed to cyclic HS and fed control diet A, and lowest in birds in the diet C groups. Conclusively, 100% replacement of the soybean meal with H.illucens meal can enhance the growth response, reduce HSP70 gene transcriptionand mitigate the negative effects of HS on quails exposed to cyclic heat stress. ...
Kyu-Jung Kim and Shin-Jae Rhim*
...of bends. The major waterbirds were cormorants, large wading birds, dabbling ducks, diving ducks, gulls, and small wading birds. The multiple linear regression analysis revealed close relationships between stream structure variables and major waterbirds. Waterbird community conservation requires wetland-based management programs that are applied to habit...
Omar Berkani1*, Souheila Slimani2, Nora Sakhraoui3 and Cherif Abdennour1
.... Azoospermia in control birds was noticed, with a significant increase in FT4 level and a fall of flying feathers in the 8th and 10th weeks, which assert the testicular regression. Compared to the control, CYP1 and CYP2 increased the testicular weights significantly during the last weeks by delaying the refractory phase until the end of the experimental period, while most of spermatozoa were malformed or dead. Various histopathological alterations including a...
Waqas Alam1, Sar Zamin Khan1 and Rifat Ullah Khan2*
...le; 0.05) in cage housed birds. Egg production percentage and feed efficiency were significantly (P<0.05) higher in cage birds compared to the floor. Fertility and hatchability percentage were lower (P<0.05) in pre-peak stage and then increased during peak and post-peak stages. There was no significant effect of the housing system on the immunocytochemistry of the cells of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), leutenizin...
Zeyad Kamal Imari
...contained 6 pens with 10 birds for each pen. Six experimental diets with different levels of calcium (Ca) were formulated to be as follows: 1.4% Ca, 1.2% Ca, 1% Ca, 0.8% Ca, 0.6% Ca and 0.4% Ca. The polynomial regression equations were used to estimate nutritional requirements of calcium. Results show the different levels of dietary calcium had quadratic impact on calcium, phosphorus, and ALP (Alkaline Phosphatase) levels in the serum (p=0.027; p<0.0001 an...
Swagata Das Gupta1, Majharul Islam1, Towhida Kamal2,Md. Rayhan Faruque3,Md. Shohel Al Faruk4*
...story indicated that the birds were taking both food and water from the same source, clinical investigations showed greenish diarrhea, and post-mortem studies revealed hepatomegaly, congested heart, and proventriculus, and found nodules in the crop wall as tentative diagnoses. Tropozoid was identified through microscopic examination by direct wet smear and giemsa staining. The cankers were treated orally with metronidazole at a do...
Muhammad Fiaz Qamar1*, Tahir Hussain1, Iram Liaqat2, Madiha Kiran1 and Abdur Rahman Ansari1
... justify;">Doves are the birds found worldwide in towns and villages as well as on the banks of rivers. These birds are also kept as pets by the fanciers in the city in small cages. The aim of current study was to determine the parasitic burden in doves through the routine laboratory procedures. The prevalence of Eimeria and Capillaria spp. were recorded as 75% and 25% respectively in district Jhang. Whereas, mixed infection...
Ahmed Jaafar Mousa*, Nothaila Rasheed Hamid
...n pigeons and other wild birds, causes the parasitic disease known as “avian trichomoniasis”. The complications of this illness include lesions in the upper gastrointestinal tract. The present study’s goal would be to study the prevalence and genetic characteristics of T. gallinae in racing pigeons in Thi-Qar province, Iraq, utilizing the ITS1-5.8s rRNA-ITS2 gene. 100 samples were collected from racing pigeons between September and December 2...
Mohamed I. El-Katcha1, Mosaad A. Soltan1, Seham M. El-Kassas2*, Mahmoud M. Arafa3, El-Sayed R. Kawarei 3, Karima M. El-Naggar1*
...olesterol was reduced in birds received organic and CuO-NPs. So, the organic or Nano forms of Cu could be used as safe alternative sources in layer diets replacing the inorganic Cu without compromising their productive performance....
ZAHID FAROOQ1, RUQIA BIBI2, IRFAN BABOO3*, KAMRAN ABBAS4, MUHAMMAD SHAHBAZ5, KHALID
JAVED IQBAL6, DILAWAR HUSSAIN7, MUHAMMAD ABRAR8, ASMA CHAUDHRY9 & TANVEER
HUSSAIN10
...s in prevalence in study birds and in study sites were because of
good and bad management strategies.
...
Nusrat Habiullah1*, Shah Nawaz Kumbar1, Fahmida Parveen Samo1, Shamusuddin Bughio2, Asghar Ali Kamboh3, Burirah Rehman Talpur1
... end of experiment, four birds from each group were slaughtered and blood was collected for evaluation of biochemical tests like Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), bilirubin, albumin, uric acid and creatinine. After necropsy examination, the liver and kidney samples were collected for gross and histopathological examination. The mild clinical signs like reduced feed and water intake, and weight loss in group C, D, E and F was noted; whereas diarrhea, muscular tr...
Vijay Kumar1, Asghar Ali Kamboh1*, Nazar Ali Korejo1, Ambreen Leghari2, Faiz Muhammad Khand2, Riaz Ahmed Leghari1, Khaliq-ur-Rehman Bhutto3
... of 19 isolates of layer birds, 17 (89.47%) were recorded as MDR organisms. However, Salmonella isolates of ducks exhibited a little bit less number of MDR organisms i.e., 60%. The antibiotic resistance pattern further shows that out of the total 51 poultry (broiler, layer and ducks) isolates 84.31% (n = 43) were recorded as MDR. The resistance pattern further shows that out of the total 51 Salmonella isolates, the highest resistance was detected to sulfametha...
Muhammad Shahid Nisar1*, Ahmad Kamran Khan1, Ghulam Fatima2, Irfan Ahmed4, Khizar Sami Ullah2 and Syeda Amber Hameed2,5
...ing 3 replicates with 20 birds each were tested with using complete randomized method consisting Diet 1 (D1) (treatment 1) with 100% basal feed (BF) and 0% fruit waste (FW), diet 2 (D2) (75 BF + 25% FW), diet 3 (D3) (50% BF + 50% FW) and diet 4 (D4) (25% BF + 75% FW). Non-significant results (p>0.05) were found in feed intake and body weight gain and carcass characteristics in all treatment groups while feed conversion ratio (FCR) were resulted significantl...
Shafqat Ullah1, Asad Ullah2*, Imad Khan2, Rafiq Ullah1, Raheela Taj3, Fatima Syed3, Shumaila Gul4, Faiza Khan5, Ibad Ullah Jan6, Muneeb Islam7 and Sumaira8
...rformance in the poultry birds. The present study was performed to explore the impact of inorganic selenium (sodium selenite). Day old chicks were kept in a control environment. At day 7, five groups were made with four replicas in each group based on the diet being offered. Group A, the positive control group fed with normal basal diet group B was termed as negative control group offered basal diet + dexamethasone and group C, D and E was offered 0.2mg/kg, 0....
Afshan1, Asad Ullah2*, Imad Khan2, Rafiq Ullah1, Tahira Tayyab1, Fatima Syed3, Raheela Taj3, Shumaila Gul4, Faiza Khan5, Ibad Ullah Jan6, Syed Weqas Ali7 and Assad Ullah8
...g problem for humans and birds. One of the major problems is oxidative stress which causes free radical damage and imbalance of thyroid functions. The research experiment was performed to check the effect of orally inorganic selenium on the redox status and thyroid hormones of broilers under dexamethasone induce stress. Day old 100 chicks were purchased from trading hatchery and divided randomly into five different groups having four replicates (n=5) in each g...
Waheed Ahmad1, Muhammad Tayyab1*, Bushra Muneer2*, Abu Saeed Hashmi1, Mansurud Din Ahmad3, Shagufta Saeed1, Muhammad Nauman Aftab2, Sehrish Firyal1, Muhammad Wasim1, Muhammad Azam4, Muhammad Talha5 and Ali Raza Awan1
... during the trial period birds were offered ad libitum access to water and feed. The maximal weight gain was recorded when the feed was supplemented with 7500 IU/Kg of locally characterized protease. The evaluation of data of various groups obtained after 3rd, 4th and 5th weeks of trial demonstrated significant change (P≤ 0.05) in weight gain, feed up take and feed conversion ratio (FCR) as compared to negative control. Locally produced protease showed prom...
Hyun-Su Hwang1, Jae-Kang Lee2, Tae-Kyung Eom2, Seung-Hun Son3, Dong-Ho Lee2, Hyeongyu Ko2 and Shin-Jae Rhim2*
...utilization of wintering birds in a mixed forest in South Korea. The dominant tree species in this forest were Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora), Mongolian oak (Quercus mongolica), Japanese emperor oak (Quercus dentate). At the study site, we selected 6 plots and set up 3 feeders in each plot. The feeders were located 1.5 m above the ground and spaced 1 m apart. We selected 3 types of food resources (kidney beans, brown soybeans, and peanuts) based on their...
Khanitta Pengmeesri1,2* Thassawan Somchan1 , Doungnapa Promket1,3
...ith age, higher in older birds. Meat quality between purebred and crossbred chickens displays disparities after freezing, favoring purebreds for quality. Crossbred natives reached market weight faster than purebreds, but after freezing, purebreds exhibited a quality advantage. ...
Adeel Kazam1, Safdar Sidra2, Zulfiqar Ali1*, Rida Ahmad1,3, Ahmad Bilal1 and Aliza Batool1,3
...abundance and threats to birds of an important Ramsar site, Uchalli Wetland Complex, along with Ahmedabad lake. Data were collected by direct (point count) as well as indirect method (interviews) from December 2020 to May 2021. In total, 139 avian species of 27,450 individuals were recorded at study sites. Results revealed that the species richness was maximum at Uchalli (133), followed by Khabbaki (92), Jahlar (88), and Ahmedabad lake (79). The Shannon Weiner...
Nazia Suleman* and Asia Riaz
...aboratory rearing of ladybirds often need live host, preferably aphids. Artificial diets prepared from different sources do not prove very successful due to complexity of preparation for coccinellid beetles. Short seasonal availability of aphids hinders the rearing procedures. Therefore, some alternate natural dietary sources are essential to continue the mass rearing of ladybirds. In present study, we compared the longevity...
Abida Mushtaque1, Ali Ahmad Sheikh1, Aamir Ghafoor1*, Wasim Shehzad2 and Nadeem Ahmad3
...and domestic animals and birds as well as in livestock . The ompH gene was amplified with in-house designed primers, the amplified gene (1002 bp) was cloned into pET 40-b (+) vector and transformed into E. coli BL21 (DE3) competent cells using heat shock transformation method to get expression. The product size was confirmed by restriction digestion. The rOmpH protein was purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography by using His-Ni resins to get desir...
Farhana Umer1, Muhammad Sheryar2 and Sangam Khalil3*
...the most fatal hazard to birds. The power lines and poles have caused fatal risks for birds and have affected their habitats significantly. Dangerous types of power poles in the middle voltage lines which have small distances between the lines and short insulators cause short-circuits between conductor wires or ground-faults. This paper presents a survey conducted in Multan city, Pakistan. In this survey, all 132kV high volt...
Mohammed A. Ali1*, Firas A. Alhasson1, Thaer A. Mohsin2
... ...
Franciscus Rudi Prasetyo Hantoro1,2,*, Dwi Sunarti1, Turrini Yudiarti1, Sri Sumarsih1, Rini Nurhayati2
...ensities (10, 14, and 18 birds/m2) and three levels of crude protein (14, 16, and 18%) factorially (3×3) which were arranged in nine treatments and four replications. Treatment and data collection were carried out at the age of 29-70 days. Data were analyzed using ANOVA with a factorial Group Random Design. The results showed that stocking density and crude protein levels had no impact on the blood profile, number of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and colifo...
M. Azalou1,3*, C. C. Kpomasse1, A. S. Assani3,4, I. T. Alkoiret3,4, Wéré Pitala1,2
... and the total number of birds varied between rearing groups (p<0.05). The identification of these animals through their size and silhouette was more noticeable in Group 3 (58.62%) than in Groups 1 (46.34%) and 2 (50%). The production objective of all farmers was the production of meat for consumption. All geese farmers face almost the same difficulties, such as diseases, mortality, theft, and predators. Goose farming in northern Benin was therefore family-...
Ibrahim l , Madiha Salah and Ikuta 2, Kazuyoshi
...on in naturally infected birds, clinical specimens from different species and organs of sick and dead birds collected during 2007 and 2009 in Egypt were tested using virus culture in embryonating chicken eggs and RT-PCR as references. Influenza rapid tests efficiently detected H5N1 in clinical samples derived from different organs including lung, liver and brain tissues with high sensitivity and specificity. The sensitivity ...
Omarl , Dalia M.; El-Ibiaryl , Elham A.; Sadik2, Atef S.; Abdel-Ghaffar2, Mamdouh. H. and Othman2, Badawy A.
...en from the freshly dead birds. Till now (2010) the tested swab samples were inoculated into the allantoic cavity of 911-day-old SPF embryonated chicken eggs (ECE) for virus isolation. The allantoic fluids (AF) of the inoculated ECE were examined for detection of avian influenza (Al) isolates using rapid haemagglutination test (HA). It was found that, all the inoculated isolates caused high mortalities up to 100% for the embryos 24-48hrs post inoculation and g...
Abd El-Razakl, A.G. and AboElkhair2, M.
... at the age of 2e day in birds transferred from the farms with appropriate control groups in a laboratory. The immune response on farm A showing higher serological titer at the age of 35 day via ELISA test. Both two vaccines provide complete protection against mortality but not protection against bursal atrophy or histopathological changes after challenge. As well as RT-PCR-based viral IBD detection in bursa of Fabricius at day post challenge....
Arafa, A ; El-Kanawaty, Z; Hassan, M.K; Anwar, H.K and Mona M.Aly
...ended to include the zoo birds In Giza zoo. This study records the isolation and characterization of H5Nl virus from different species of the zoo birds and also studies the immune states of the vaccinated birds after application of H5Nl vaccine for the first time one month after the introduction of early outbreaks of 2006. Viral diagnosis was based on direct detection of viral RNA by real ...
Hussein, HA; sultan, HA. Al Deeb AH and AA. El-Sanousi
...ed in some of vaccinated birds after vaccination policy has been applied in Egypt at March 2006. The viral RNAs of the detected H5Nl circulating viruses between Feb 2006 and Feb 2008 in Sharkia governorate were sequenced. Results of nucleotide sequence analysis of I I detected viruses confirm the existence and circulation of the H5Nl in Sharkia governorate along the period of study and no H7 viruses were detected. The serum samples collected from different far...
Madbouly, H.M; Orkhan, M.H**; Nagwa El-khoty
..., ducks , geese and wild birds (from Giza Zoo) in 20 out of 26 (76.9 %) of the Egyptian governorates within few weeks. The number of confirmed farm cases was 840 farms (layers 327, Broilers 164, Balady 1 17, Saso 86, parents 84, turkeys 32, ducks 29 and grand parents l) and those of rural birds was 129 (home birds 1 19, wild birds 5, abattoir 3, shops sa...
Arafa, A.; Kanawaty, Z.; Abdclwhab. E. M.; Hassan, M.K.; and Aly M.M.
...ain fly-way of migratory birds, so there is permanent risk of the transmission of emerging transboundary diseases, in particular Avian Influenza, from European and Asian countries to Egypt. Moreover, absence of biosecurity measures in backyard birds and possibility of continuous contact with wild migratory birds make the vulnerability of backyards to avian influenza much easier than commer...
Abou zead, A.A., Ali, A.A.H.*and Abd El Hkeem M.M.
...!ion of IBDV to domestic birds that housed with this species or near to this breeding.
...
H.A. SULTANl, H.A. HUSSEIN2, and F.F. EL-KHAYAT3
...es from acutely affected birds using agar gel precipitation test (AGPT) and antigen capture- enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (AC-ELISA). Antigenic typing of IBDV from selected outbreaks were carried out by monoclonal antibodies-based AC-ELISA and the pathogenicity of some representative infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) field isolates were studied. Of the selected 22 IBDV -positive bursal samples, 59.1% (13/22) were typed as classic IBDVs and 40.9% (9/2...
Rana Mohammed Ibrahim1*, Haider Mohammed Ali Al-Rubaie2
Yongke Zhu1,2, Yun Fang1, Songhua Tang1, Yuan Gu3, Jinming Zhao4, Wolfgang Scherzinger5 and Yue-Hua Sun1*
...ology of these nocturnal birds are well studied in Europe and North America. However, the knowledge of the subspecies of boreal owl (A. f. beickianus) in the coniferous forests at high mountainous altitude of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is still limited. We spent 10 years studying the breeding biology of A. f. beickianus in Lian Hua Shan Nature Reserve (Gansu Province), where we could first confirm the occurrence of this small forest dwelling owl in 1995. During...
Farid S. Nassar1,2, Osama A. El-Sayed3, Saidi Ouassaf4, Ahmed O. Abbas1,2*
...m 22-42 days of age, the birds were divided into four experimental groups (10 replicate pens × 10 chicks each) in which the birds were fed on a finisher-based diet supplemented with 0, 10, 20, and 30 g/kg FS powder (FS0, FS10, FS20, and FS30 groups, respectively). Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with a polynomial contrasts test to explore the linear and quadratic trends of the FS increasing levels in broile...
Sukhpreet Kaur Sidhu1*, Gurkirat Singh Sekhon1, Sachin Kumar1, Tejdeep Kaur Kler1 and Anureet Kaur Chandi2
... of purely insectivorous birds in Kharif crop (rice) showed significant difference as compared to Rabi crop wheat. Daily foraging frequency of each individual bird species has signified their year round ecological services as biocontrol agents corresponding to Rabi and Kharif crops. Results have shown that foraging frequency of black drongo (Dicrurus macrocercus) was the highest followed by green bee-eater (Merops orientalis), wire-tailed swallow (Hirundo smit...
Sajjad Khan*, Naila Chand, Abdul Hafeez and Nazir Ahmad
...four replicates with ten birds per replicate. Similarly, five different types of feed i.e., diet A as control while B, C, D and E having 1.5% GA, 30mg/kg BS, 1.5% GA+30mg BS and 0.75% GA+15mg/Kg BS respectively, were offered during 42 days of experimental trial. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS following CRD design and data was expressed as means along with SEM after performing Tukey’s test. Results indicated significantly high feed intake, bod...
Ahokpossi AGAC1,2*, Salifou CFA2, Youssao Abdou Karim I2, Ameyapoh Y3
...Cobb 500 broilers. These birds were reared in intensive system (IS) and free-range system (FS). Groups 1 and 4 were reared in confinement and slaughtered at 12 weeks of age and 8 weeks of age, respectively; groups 2 and 3 were reared in free-range and slaughtered at 20 weeks of age. The slaughter ages were chosen according to farmers’ practices. For the confinement-raised birds, Cobb 500 had the highest averages of liv...
Faramin Javandel Soum Sarai1, Mir Daryoush Shakouri2* and Alireza Seidavi3*
...with 4 replicates and 10 birds per each by employing a completely randomized design. Broilers were fed on corn-soybean meal basal diets with no additive (control) or added chromium picolinate (400 mg/kg), chromium picolinate (400 mg/kg)+ vitamin C (240 mg/kg) or chromium picolinate (400 mg/kg) +formic acid (0.5%) form 29 to 42 days of age. All supplements significantly improved daily feed intake, daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio of
Rahmat Ullah Khan*1, Karim Gabol1, Abbas Khan1, Asif Sadam2, Waheed Ali Panhwar3, Hamid Ullah5, Muhsin Ali4, Gul Bacha Khan4 and Habib Ul Hassan1
... and abundant habitat of birds was Creek (51%) followed by scrubland (27%) and Bhambore fort (21%) with Shannon diversity index (3.701). The more diverse and abundant bird species were the winter visitors followed by resident species. The common birds with higher numbers were Indian black-winged stilt (375) followed by great egret (180), western reef egret (75), house sparrow (72), little egret (60), house crow (55), common ...
Makruf Arif1*, Claude Mona Airin1, Dwi Sunu Datrianto2, Vincentia Trisna Yoelinda1, Sarmin1, Yuda Heru Fibrianto1, Pudji Astuti1
...re collected from twelve birds, distinguishing between amateur and experienced groups, both before and after the songbird contest, and preserved at -20°C. Corticosterone and testosterone hormone levels were assessed using an ELISA kit, and the acquired data were tested for normal distribution and homogeneity, followed by analysis through the T-test method. The results indicated an increment of testosterone and corticosterone hormones among experienced Ston...
Eman Said El-Hadad*, Hesham Ahmed Madian, Mahmoud A.E. Hassan, Mohamed Fahmy Saad, Abdelghany M. El-Shhat, Entesar Zakaria Eliraqy
...improving performance in birds. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary L-arginine on hematology, protein and lipid profiles, renal, hepatic, and intestinal functions, antioxidant status, and immunity of heat stressed Egyptian geese. A total of 30 sexually mature ganders (local Egyptian male geese strain) with 10 months of age and 3.20±0.25 kg body weight was divided into three groups (10 birds/group). Gand...
Effects of Flight Disturbance on Bird Communities at Airports: Predatory Birds Rise to the Challenge
Jiaojiao Wang, Wei Liu, Qingqian Lin and Jianhua Hou*
...rders and 22 families of birds were recorded. Disturbances such as noise from aircraft flights affected the number of species and the individual density and diversity of birds. However, different areas were affected to different extents, and three areas on the same side were the most affected. Additionally, we found that the numbers of 14 bird species increased on flight days compared to those on non-flight days. Three bird ...
Alif Rahman Rohim Puarada*, Safika, Agustin Indrawati
...cs this study focuses on birds of paradise, indigenous to Indonesia. Their gastrointestinal microbiome, intricately shaped by a unique ecological milieu, presents a compelling avenue for exploring AMR genes’ reservoir and dissemination mechanisms. Fecal samples were collected from Papua, Indonesia. The DNA was extracted using the DNeasy Power Soil Pro Kit. A shotgun metagenomic sequencing process from the MGI DNBSEQ-G400 platform was carried out to obtai...
Wahid Hussein El-Dabae*, Eman Shafeek Ibrahim, Eslam Gaber Sadek, Mai Mohamed Kandil
...of viral loads shed from birds vaccinated with the attenuated AOAV-1 virus. These preliminary insights collectively underline a new hope for the attenuation of live AOAV-1 genotype VII.1.1 as a vaccine candidate that can be used to control ND outbreaks in Egyptian poultry.
Keywords | Orthoavulavirus javaense, Attenuated vaccine, Genotype VII.1.1, Vaccination, Protection, Challenge
...
Eluzia A. Barus*, Khansa N. Salsabilah, Achmad Firman, Linda Herlina
...ith a capacity of 63,000 birds. We will also plan developmental strategies to increase the business’ income. This research was conducted using the survey method at Camara Farm, Cigendel Village, Pamulihan District, Sumedang Regency, in October 2023. Data collection consisted of primary and secondary data obtained using the interview method. Based on the research results, Camara Farm’s average total production cost per period for a year was Rp. 2,34...
Aniqa Qaisar, Shabana Naz* and Sajida Arooj
...ater DNA damage than the birds kept at Wildlife Park Bahawalnagar. Heavy metal concentrations and variation in DNA damage were correlated. Only Cr and Mn concentrations were directly associated with the LHead and LComet variations. This study concluded that heavy metals contamination exposure could be detected by a no-invasive way and Wildlife Park Bahawalnagar is most suitable for captivity with the least heavy metal contamination and genotoxicants....
Aatif Masood Ahmad Khan1, Masood Rabbani1*, Arfan Ahmad1, Muhammad Wasim2 and Sohail Raza1
...ng the nostrils for live birds and infra orbital sinus for moribund killed with later providing more live bacterial isolates. Isolation, biochemical identification, species-specific PCR tests and classical serotyping were performed. Two types of swab samples were used, one for direct PCR detection and other for the conventional diagnosis procedure. All isolates were identified as Avibacterium paragallinarum and required nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosph...
Rogia SA Gomez*, Said H Mbaga
...howed that the number of birds per flock was less than 1000 on farms ranging in size from 81.2 to 206.3m2. Farmers used more family labour (89.7%) to raise broilers. The grouping of respondents showed that 59% of them (group 1) were beginners of about 47 years of age with an average of 5 years of poultry farming experience, who made more profit from their production than the rest of the older and more experienced farmers (groups 2 and 3). This study therefore ...
Hashim Hadi Al-Jebory1*, Mohammed Khalil Ibrahim Al-Saeedi2, Majeed Ajafar1, Nihad Abdul-Lateef Ali1
...ng quadruplicated and 20 birds allocated to each replication. Melatonin was supplemented in the G1 control group. G2 received 10 mg of melatonin per kg of diet, G3 received 20 mg of melatonin per kg of diet, G4 received 10 mg of melatonin per liter, and G5 received 20 mg of melatonin per liter, respectively. All groups’ chicks were exposed to heat stress (30-35-30 °C) during the breeding period. Our results showed a significant increase (p ≤ 0.01)...
ZAHID FAROOQ1, IRFAN BABOO2, MUHAMMAD WAJID3, HAFIZA SADIA4, MUHAM
...blood samples of healthy birds were collected from four different captive facilities under the control of Punjab Wildlife and Parks Department, Government of Punjab, Pakistan. Hematological parameters including Total Red Blood Cell Count, Total White Blood Cell Count, Packed Cell Volume, Hemoglobin, Mean Corpuscular Volume, Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin, Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration, Platelets, Lymphocytes, Monocytes and Neutrophils were determined....
ASUMAN ARSLAN DURU1*
... 48 weeks were used. The birds were fed with basal diet supplemented with 1 g/kg (GBL1), 5 g/kg (GBL5), 10 g/kg (GBL10), 20 g/kg (GBL20) of goji berry leaves and negative control. These mentioned doses were added to per kg basal diet (166 g crude protein and 2821 kcal ME kg-1). Feed was offered limited (110 g/hen) and water was available ad-libitum. The trial was continued for 8 weeks. At the end of the study, egg yield, egg mass, feed intake and feed conversi...
Marwa R. El-Deken1, Raouf E. Rizk1, Mona R. Ahmed1, Fouad A. Tawfeek1, Hossam A. Shahba1, Wesam A. Fares1, Ayman M. Khalifah2*
...ve treatment groups. The birds of control group (Glu 1) were not supplied with Glu acid. Rest birds groups were supplemented with Glu as additional doses (0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and1%) for Glu2, Glu 3, Glu 4 and Glu 5, respectively. Egg production percentage and egg mass for Glu 3 and Glu 4 groups were significantly improved compared to those for the rest groups. Also, supplementing the diets with all concentrations of Glu acid signi...
Teedzai Chitura*
...he growth performance of birds . Overall, results have shown that incorporating probiotics in poultry diets or drinking water improves productivity without adversely affecting the quality and sensory attributes of poultry meat.
Keywords | Food safety, Growth performance, Poultry, Probiotics, Sensory attributes
... 
Dilruba Akter Mir1, Md. Sahidul Islam¹*, Mosammat Mahamuda Khatun1, Sharmin Zaman1, Bidyut Matubber², Nazmin Sultana Runa3, Zannatul Ferdous3, Tithe Saha3, Md. Anwar Jahid4
...lthy, sick and recovered birds. The haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test was used to analyze the chicken sera samples for determination of the titer of the antibodies against NDV. The test results showed that the overall seroprevalence was 13.84% (n = 58/419). Layer chickens (17.62%) were more prevalent for ND than broilers (9.38%). However, a chi-square (χ2) statistical analysis revealed that factors such as the age of chickens, seasons, floor condition...
Dilruba Akter Mir1, Md. Sahidul Islam¹*, Mosammat Mahamuda Khatun1, Sharmin Zaman1, Bidyut Matubber², Nazmin Sultana Runa3, Zannatul Ferdous3, Tithe Saha3, Md. Anwar Jahid4
...lthy, sick and recovered birds. The haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test was used to analyze the chicken sera samples for determination of the titer of the antibodies against NDV. The test results showed that the overall seroprevalence was 13.84% (n = 58/419). Layer chickens (17.62%) were more prevalent for ND than broilers (9.38%). However, a chi-square (χ2) statistical analysis revealed that factors such as the age of chickens, seasons, floor condition...
Muhammad Atif Raza1, Muhammad Tariq Javed2, Muhammad Fiaz1*, Muhammad Shakeel3, Muhammad Shahbaz Ul Haq2, Amna Kanwal2, Syeda Maryam Hussain1 and Muhammad Zubair Siddiqi4
... age to all experimental birds except of those in CN group. On 22nd day, infected birds in T1 were given Florfenicol antibiotic. Whereas infected birds in groups; T2, T3 and T4 were given concentration of nanoparticles zinc oxide and copper oxide at different rate; 25+10, 37.5+15 and 50+20 mg/kg/d, respectively. Collected data were analyzed using complete randomized design through ANOVA te...
Umair Ahmad1*, Asad Sultan1, Sarzamin Khan1 and Muhammad Tahir2
...l of 320-day-old broiler birds were assigned to four dietary treatments CON, N-CON, GPP1, and GPP2. CON a commercial corn-soybean meal-based diet as per ROSS-308 nutritional specifications. N-CON was a 6.5% PBM-based diet and to this group, a ginger-derived phyto-protease was added at two levels in treatments GPP1 (50 mg kg-1 feed) and GPP2 (100 mg kg-1 feed), respectively. Birds in group N-CON performed poorly for the perfo...
Abdel Satar Arafa
...ide in wild and domestic birds as well as in few occasions in mammals. The virus was recorded in several African countries, with endemic status in Egypt and frequently reported in different other countries like Morocco, Tunisia, Uganda, Benin and Togo since 2016. Egypt and Morocco have applied a mass vaccination programme for commercial poultry to control the infection. The isolated viruses from poultry in Africa have been classified as G1 ‘Western&rsquo...
Noura K. Al-Suwailem1, Nancy N. Kamel2, Ahmed O. Abbas1,3*, Farid S. Nassar1,3 , Dalia A.A. Elsayed4, Gouda F. Gouda1,5, Hosam M. Safaa3,6
...abolism of heat-stressed birds and impairs carcass yield and meat quality. We investigated the impact of Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MLM) supplementation in heat-stressed (HS) broilers on their blood metabolites, antioxidant bio-indicators, carcass yield, and meat quality. We used three hundred one-day-old Cobb chickens and were randomly divided into three groups, each with five replicates of 20 birds. The thermoneutral cont...
