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Stephen Suleyman Schwartz

...e not aspects of Islamic history. To declare, as even French president Francois Hollande did, “these terrorists and fanatics... have nothing to do with the Muslim religion” is inaccurate.

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Ozgur Koca

...ure. A quick look at any history book would make this blindingly evident. It is also true that under specific circumstances the use of violence escalates among certain human collectivities. At this point in history particularly Muslims appear to be subject to this problem as evinced by the emergence of many militant and terrorist organizations like al-Qaeda, ISIL, Boko Haram and the escalation of sectarian violence between t...

Brittany D. Rife 1,2, Marco Salemi 1,2*

E-mail | salemi@pathology.ufl.edu

...truction of evolutionary history and spatial dissemination of pathogens. Infection of a single host can be viewed similarly as an epidemic spread on a microscale, creating a unique opportunity for the application of phylogeography at the intra-host level, which has until recently been limited by dataset quality and the lack of a rigorous statistical framework. As recently described in studies using the SIV-macaque model of neuroAIDS, the in...

Corey McCal

...is engaging intellectual history, Dominic Erdozain (Theology, Emory University) seeks to account for European secularization during the modern period. Unlike Hans Blumenberg, and, more recently, Charles Taylor, who tell the story of secularization as a process distinct from religious belief and religious institutions, Erdozain argues that the basis for secularization can be found in the religious ferment of modernity itself, beginning with the Protestant Refor...

Rongfei Lu1, 2, Zhiyang Liu1, Peng Fang1, Guangyi Chen1, Feng Sun1, Yongjian Fan1, Yijun Zhou1, Tong Zhou1*

...his review describes the history of the RT-qPCR technology, emphasizes the importance of reference genes and enumerates several algorithms to screen reference genes to normalize the RT-qPCR data. Additionally, several possible improvements in the selection of reference genes are discussed.

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Moorthy S. Muthuswamy

...f all, this approach, as history suggests, has a good chance of reinvigorating modernity in affected Muslim communities.

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Muhammad Imran*, Munir Ahmad, Muhammad Naeem, Muhammad Farooq Nasir, Imran Bodlah, Muhammad Nasir and Umer Ayyaz Aslam Sheikh

...xt-align: justify;">Life history parameters of bumblebee Bombus terrestris (L.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) were investigated by using rearing boxes of wood, cardboard and polycarbonate materials on three developmental stages i.e., colony initiation, development and maturation stages under controlled laboratory conditions. Queen oviposition rate was 1.4-fold higher in polycarbonate box compared to wooden and cardboard materials. Early start of egg-laying (first ovip...

Aziz-ul-Rahman, Farooq Yousaf, Naveed Anwar and Muhammad Abubakar

...to December 2015 with no history of vaccination. Haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test was performed using PPRV antigen to determine antibody titres level. The overall prevalence of antibodies to PPRV in goats and sheep were 66.22% (521 samples) and 65.76% (444 samples), respectively. Sero-prevalence of anti-PPRV antibodies was found higher in adults (69.14% with GMT 17.91) than in young (62.47% with GMT 12.85). Furthermore, seasonal seropositivity seasons wa...
Hafiz Aftab Ahmed1, Asif Ali2, Akbar Ali2, Salman Ahmed Abid3 and Sajid Umar4*
...gnosis was based on case history, clinical sign and clinical examination. Upward fixation of patella was diagnosed in all three animals. After careful palpation of the ligament, medial patellar desmotomy was performed in lateral recumbence, under local anesthesia achieved by 2% lignocaine hydrochloride. The skin was apposed with simple interrupted sutures using silk. Post-operative care was continued for five days. Clinical signs abated in all operated animals...
Guang-Xin E1, Yong-Ju Zhao1, Zhong-Yuan Zhang1, Yan-Guo Han1, Wei-Wei Ni1, Ming-Xing Chu2, Yue-Hui Ma2, Jian-Ning He3, Huai-Zhi Jiang4, Jia-Hua Zhang1, Zhong-Quan Zhao1, Yan Zeng1, Ri-Su Na1, Gao-Fu Wang5, Hang-Xing Ren5 and Yong-Fu Huang1*
...ical zone and management history. This indicated that the frequency of those five microsatellites did not increase during the reproduction of those six breeds. Therefore, these five fecundity related microsatellites are not appropriate biomarkers for goat breeding.

 

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Md. Yeamin Hossain1,*, Md. Alomgir Hossen1, Md. Nasir Uddin Pramanik1, Fairuz Nawer1, Md. Mosaddequr Rahman2, Suraiya Sharmin1, Dalia Khatun1, A. H. Bahkali3, Abdallah M. Elgorban3 and Khairun Yahya4
...sive description on life-history traits of B. dario, including ─ sex ratio, length-frequency distributions (LFDs), length-weight relationships (LWRs), length-length relationships (LLRs), condition factors (allometric, KA; Fulton’s, KF; relative, KR), relative weight (WR), form factor (a3.0), size at first sexual maturity (Lm) and natur...
Irum, Akram Shah*, Sobia Wahid, Nazma Habib Khan and Qaisar Jamal
...ver, 11 individuals, had history of affliction by the disease during 1972-1992. All the water samples from drinking water sources tested negative for the presence of Cyclops species. No recurrence of dracunculiasis to an extent corroborates the proclaimed eradication by Guinea Worm Eradication Program (GWEP) from Dera Ismail Khan District in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province.
...
Tianzhu Chao, Huiqiang Cai, Yuxun Zhou, Kai Li* and Junhua Xiao
...>M. musculus and its history of migration to eastern China.
...

Anjan Bhattacharyya, Suhrid Ranjan Barik & Pritam Ganguly

New pesticide molecules, formulation technology and uses: Present status and future challenges
...="justify">Mankind has a history of using crop protection products from non-selective, naturally occurring compounds to highly specific synthetic and biological materials for assured food production and protection of environment since long time. There is a sequential rise in the production and consumption of pesticides in India during the last three decades. Researches are going on to develop safer molecules which could undergo photo-degradation, microbial deg...
Rehana Shahida1, Tasnim Farasat1, Shagufta Naz1,* and Shahjahan2
...ip ratio, B.P., personal history and socioeconomic status were recorded. Fasting glucose and HbA1c was done by chemistry analyzer. Fasting serum insulin, IL-6, TNF-α and thrombomodulin levels were assessed by ELIZA. Gene expression was measured by RT-PCR. Insulin resistance was calculated by HOMA-IR. TNF-α and IL-6 levels were high in IGT and diabetic group as compared to control. ANOVA revealed highly significant difference of mean among groups an...
Rana Hanan1*, Muhammad Waqar Shafi1, Sumair Anwar2 and Numrah Nawaz1
... and had positive family history of hypertension, consumed fast/junk food in both genders. College timing and intensive routines were primary cause of irritation and aggression, which may result in hypertension.
...

 Maleeha Manzoor1*, Madiha Manzoor2, Qurat-ul-ain Ahmed3, Sobia Ahmed4, Shazia Manzoor5

...tients and their dietary history. Prevalence rate of anemia in the present study was found to be 78% (9.57±1.07), between age 19-40 years and it’s higher in 3rd trimester of their pregnancies. Additionally low educational status and poor dietary habits showed high risks of anemia among the pregnant women.

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Tania Ahmed Shakoori1,*, Muhammad Saqib Saeed2, Asif Hanif2, Saima Mukhtar3 and Ayesha Ghauri4 
...nt events in the natural history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Their frequency is directly related to the prognosis of the disease. The objective of this study was to identify the ‘frequent exacerbator’ phenotype and determine the risk factors for increased frequency of acute exacerbations in local chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients in a cross sectional analytical study design. For this purpose 137 patients wer...
Lowell Gustafson
...dialogues among science, history, and religion. His goal is to expand a secular view of Big History to one of Cosmic History that includes a view of God as its author or co-author. I quibble at a number of points: (1) big historians and some scientists see meaning in nature and history despite Peters’ claim to the contrary; (2) even though most big...
Ann Milliken Pederson
...the natural and cultural history of the entire cosmos, and offers a vision of hope and action to create a sustainable and wholesome view for the future. 
...
George L. Murphy
...tific account of natural history. But, in my critique, I contend that it is God that provides this meaning, not we human beings. Instead of just an anthropic principle, I appeal to a theanthropic one. It is God who created the cosmos so that flesh would evolve for the Word to become flesh, and to unite all things in that incarnate Word.
...
Francisco J. Ayala
... other hand, the natural history of evolution does not require a Creator or a planning agent external to the organisms themselves. There is no scientific evidence of any vital force or immanent energy directing the evolutionary process toward the production of specified kinds of organisms. Even if a scientific account of natural history is open to the God question, it will take a theologian to propose an answer. 
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Ted Peters
...a combination of natural history and human history? No, say big historians; we cannot ask the God question. Religion maybe, but certainly not God. It follows that we need more than just Big History which looks at nature through scientific lenses. We need Cosmic History to pose the God question, and even to discern human meaning within an otherwise impers...

Muhammad Yahya Noori1*, Saharish Rizwan2, Zaheer Ali3 and Shaheen Sharafat4 

...close contact with known history of Tuberculosis. Tabulations and analysis were performed in Microsoft Excel® and online calculators. Analysis of contact data showed that only 36% of the patients had a close contact with a known Tuberculosis patient. Chi-square test did not show any association between history of presence of a contact and the patients’ gender (p>0.5). Among the cases with established exposure wi...

Sana Qanber Abbasi1*, Ejaz Ahmed2 and Rabia Sattar1 

...BNP kit. Patients’ history and recorded blood pressure was documented on a questionnaire. The results were analyzed using SPSS 21. One way ANOVA and Independent sample T test were applied to compare the proBNP levels. A P-value of < 0.05 was taken as significant. Serum pro BNP levels were raised in migraine patients and also in hypertensive patients with migraine (p-value 0.00). Serum pro BNP levels were found to be raised in both migraineurs and hype...
David Beckwith Greene
...other moments of natural history and a new kind of continuity.
...
Zheng Quan Jiang1,2, Feng Shan Li3, Jiang Hong Ran1,*, Chen Hao Zhao1, Man Zhang1 and Hua Li4
...r understanding the life history, evolution and adaptation of birds. A survey was conducted on nest size and the underlying regulatory factors of Black-necked Cranes from 25 March to 31 July in 2013 and 2014 at Ruoergai Internationally Important Wetland and its surrounding area, covering 83 nests. Four types of nests were found in the area, i.e., natural island nest, grass mound nest, dirt mound nest and floating grass nest. The nest length, nest width,...
Niamatullah Kakar, Farhat Abbas, Muhammad Shafee and Tauseef Asmat*
...ients were reported with history of tuberculosis but were effectively treated before imprisonment. On age basis, 128/186 (68.88%) patients were of younger age (18-30 years) and 10 (5.37 %) were above 50 year. Illiteracy, unemployment (daily wages) and tobacco smoking were some of the main risk factors common in inmates. The trend of sharing blankets, towels and utensils were 158/186 (84.49%), 152/186 (81.72%) and 165/186 (88.70%), respectively which likely inc...
Muhammad Shahid Saeed1, Adeela Shahid2, Samia Jawed3, Muhammad Akram4, Irshad Hussain Qureshi5 
...y Spirolab III. Detailed history, general physical and systemic examination was conducted and all parameters were recorded. Modified Borg scale was used to determine the grade of dyspnea from 0-10. A total of 2ml of venous blood was taken to determine the serum magnesium levels. All patients were given Salbutamol inhalation and intravenous (I/V) Hydrocortisone. The study group was given 2gm of MgS04 intravenously in 20 minutes in a burette and ...
Kaleem Ullah1, Zafar Niaz2, Sami Ullah Mumtaz3, Sajid Abaidullah4*
Iqra Arooj1,* and Shahida Hasnain2
...besity, diabetes, family history, high blood pressure etc. Previous genome wide association studies have identified association of large number of loci with risk of CHD in different populations. The purpose of this study was to determine the association of 6q25.1/rs6922269 and 9p21.3/rs1333049 loci with risk of CHD in a population of Punjab province of Pakistan. A total of 645 subjects were included in this study of which 435 were patients visiting hospitals o...

Ocheme Julius Okojokwu1*, Maryam Bisola Adebayo2, Bashiru Shafa Abubakar3, Ibrahim Abubakar Yusuf2 and Joseph Aje Anejo-Okopi1  

...age, number of children, history of blood transfusion and trimester of pregnancy were statistically associated with prevalence of IgG antibody (p ≤ 0.05). There was a significant association (χ2 = 12.571; p = 0.028) between age group and IgG antibody. The age group > 40 years old had the highest prevalence of IgG antibodies while the age group 21 – 25 years (p ≤ 0.05) had the least (39.3%). Similarly, there was significant association (χ...
Shagufta Naz*, Saima Sharif, Hafsa Badar, Syeda Fareeha Tauheed
...ding 9 cases with family history. Main complaint was drop in visual acuity and loss of vision in all patients (100%) due to damage and accumulation ofkeratan sulfate (KS) in macular layer of corneal stroma. 87% cases have high vision loss and 13% patients have moderate vision loss. MCD were bilateral in all cases (100%). Cases of MCD were observed in all age groups but 40% cases were found in age 21-30 years. IOP was found to be normal in most of the cases and...

 Mian Azhar Ahmad1†*, Nawab Mohammad Khan2, Asmatullah3

Anatomical variations of hepatobiliary triangle in patients operated laparoscopically for gallbladder diseases from Lahore and Sahiwal
... of their age, sex, past history of acute cholecystitis and obesity were subjected to Laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Patients’ age was between 18-70 years, gender ratio was 1:3.5 with female dominance, mean operative time 99.6 minutes and patients remained admitted for 1–3days. The procedure was performed successfully in 91% of the cases. In 09% cases, a conversion to standard open cholecystectomy was necessary; the most common cause was unclear an...

Nasir Raza Zaidi1, Mian Waheed Ahmad1, Mahesh Gautam1, Riffat Mehboob2*

Risk factors for multiple sclerosis in Pakistani population- A crosssectional study
...he patients had positive history for viral infections. 8 % of the patient had low level of
serum vitamin D and 30% of the patients had positive family history. Current study shows viral infections, smoking,
and hypovitaminosis D as frequently associated with MS.

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Muhammad Shahzad Khattak1*, Amjad Khan1, Mahmood Alam Khan1, Waqas Ahmad2, Shafiq ur Rehman3, Mohammad Sharif4 and Sajjad Ahmad1 

...the worst drought in the history of Pakistan. Analysis of historical streamflow data indicated an increased occurrence of droughts in the last 12 years, which may be attributed to climate change. Extreme drought events were observed at Tarbela during October-September and at Mangla during October-June with SDI value of -2.36 and -2.74, respectively. Moderate to severe wet conditions were also detected in the analysis period. Several strategies for the mitigati...

Khwaja Tariq Ziad1, Umar Hayat1, Muhammad2 and Muhammad Suleman Bacha3* 

...our seasons and glorious history of old traditions of farming. The current study is designed to analyse the response of participants an informal and formal supply chains for small-scale dairy farmers in Pakistan. The study aimed at explaining the costs of the chosen supply channels and their transaction costs, the role of the mid-agent opportunistic behaviour in the relative milk supply chain. Using case study and qualitative method approach, eight key informa...
Nasira Khatoon1, Aly Khan2,*, S.S. Shahid3, Z.S. Saify4, M. Arshad Azmi1 and Wali Khan5
...is was based on detailed history and clinical examination which included scraping of papillae or burrow to confirm the diagnosis. To test the incidence in various age groups and body parts a chi-square (χ²) test of association (R × C contingency test) was performed. The association of body parts and age groups was significant. Most of the patients above the age of 10 were either working in vegetable market or were rag pickers working near...
Seth Ligo
...mmunity, and one’s history, but also the history of the city more broadly, the stories that are mapped onto it, and all the neighbors — both visible and invisible — one might encounter or call upon within the city’s sacred territory. This essay explores the role of invisible or metaphysical neighbors who are understood to inhabit Varaṇasi, and who are regularly engaged by the city’s residents....

Shafique Ahmed Memon1,6, Arif Ali1*, Mehar-un-Nisa Narejo2, Ghulam Khaliq3, Imran Ali Rajput4, Muhammad Adeel1, Khalil Ahmed Memon5, Dzolkhifli Omar6, Muhammad Rashid7 and Abdul Rasool

Songhao Zhang1, Yiwen Gong1, Jian Xu1, Mou Hu2, Peng Xu3 and Yanliang Jiang1,2,4,*
... in China. During a long history of domestication, purse red carp displays consumer-favored morphological traits such as red skin color and purse-shaped body form. However, the underlying genetic basis is less studied. In the present study, we utilized the powerful approach of comparative transcriptome analysis via high throughput sequencing, and examined transcriptome profiles of purse red carp by comparing with Yellow River carp, of which the skin color and ...
Proceedings of Pakistan Congress of Zoology
Qudrat Ullah1,8,*, Huma Jamil1, Laeeq Akbar Lodhi1, Zafar Iqbal Qureshi1, Shakeeb Ullah1, Tariq Jamil2, Iahtasham Khan3, Shahbaz Bashir4, Qudratullah5, Inamullah Wazir6M. Abdus Sallam1 and Muhammad Zubair7
..., respectively. Previous history of animal reproductive disorders was found to be significantly associated (P=0.0056) with seropositivity of the infection. Age, sex, parity, lactation and pregnancy status of the animal were not found significantly associated. Routine herd screening, consumtion of pasteurized milk and public awareness programmes would be helpful for control and prevention of zoonotic transmission.
...
Salma Javed1, Muhammad Fiaz Khan1, Irfan Ullah2, Sadia Tabassum1,*
...ping the disease. Family history of diabetes having OR=3.35, 95% Cl=2.98-4.20, and P<0.0001 was also found having a strong association with the condition due to the heritability of the disease. The results concluded that the incidence was high among people with a positive family history of diabetes in first-degree relatives, housewives, and retirees of District Battagram. Sedentary, as well as a stressful lifestyle, could...
Huaisheng Zhang1, Pengfei Li2, Huajun Wen2, Guangming Tian1, Hui Chen1, Lu Zhang1 and Jianqiang Zhu1,*
...n biology and population history, the research on Milu has developed rapidly in recent years. In this paper, the authors summarize the principal research work of 30 years on the population development, habitat, disease dynamics, and biological or genetic characteristics of Père David’s deer in detail, review the research status and progress and examine the trends in the development and direction of Milu research in China, which should provide a re...
Muhammad Siddique1, Muhammad Shafique2,*,Abdul Mateen3, Naveed Shahzad4, Bilal Aslam2, Nasir Ahmad1 and Muhammad Usman Qamar2
... and the patient’s history. HCV genotypes were determined by RFLP using amplified products and modified multiplex RT-PCR. Out of 3200 clinical samples, 5.37% (n=172) samples were HCV positive by ICT method. Among these, 96 (55.8%) were confirmed for HCV positive patients. Multiplex RT-PCR data showed that 75 (78%) patients had single HCV genotype infection (3a); three with mixed HCV infection (3a/2a, 3a/3b and 3a/1a) while 18 samples had no HCV signal. T...
Imdad Ullah Khan1, Shehla Gull Bokhari2, Mumtaz Ali Khan3, Ikramul Haq3*and Naimat Ullah Khan4
Chuntao Li1, Hua Liu2, Jianqing Zhang1*, Jiaqiang Zhang1, Luming Dai1, Zhihuan Zhao1,Lizhou Fang1, Ling Liu1, Jingkui Shu1 and Jiagang Feng1
...trols (n=3) with smoking history by human microarray analysis. Then, we selected lncRNAs and their associated mRNAs which were both differential expression in COPD vs healthy smokers, for quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). A total of 3,359 lncRNAs revealed by microarray analysishave been differentially expressed between the two groups, 1,995 lncRNAs identified to be up-regulated in COPD, whereas 1,364 lncRNAs have been down-regulated. Meanwhile,...
Bhandari Jyoti1,2, Yasen Shali3, Zhang Zehua4, Yao Xiaoho5, Deng Jiang3, Zhang Yaling5, Wang Cuiling5, Li Yang5, Lei Xueping5, Wang Wenfeng5, Mohammad Farooque Hassan6 and Li Can1,*
...opulation dynamics, life history and spatial distribution pattern of L. m. tibetensis Chen were explored on meadow and farmland of the Tibetan plateau during 2012. The first objective of this study was to investigate the population dynamic and life history of this pest on their outbreak sites. The second objective was to analyze the spatial distribution pattern of L. m. tibetensis Chenon both meadow and farmlan...
Tasbihullah1, Sadeeq ur Rahman2,*, Tariq Ali3 , Umer Saddique1, Shakoor Ahmad1, Muhammad Shafiq4, Sultan Ayaz2, Hamayun Khan1, Ijaz Ahmad1 Asadullah2, Raheela Taj5, Hafiz Nidaullah6 and Alamgir Khan7
...able eggs and human with history of close association with table eggs. For this purpose, a total of 200 table eggs and 50 stool samples from human were analyzed. Results showed that out of 80 E. coli isolates recovered from eggs, 20 (25%) were found to be ESBL-producers, while, of the 17 human-isolates, 4 (23.5%) were ESBL producers. PCR revealed that blaCTXM (blaCTXM-1=15 and blaCTXM-9=4) was carrie...

Cornelius Arome Omatola*, Samson Daniel Iyeh, Shedrach James Abuh, Charles Kehinde Mofolorunsho, Martin-Luther Oseni Okolo and Phoebe Queen Akoh 

... STIs. Factors such as a history of STIs in women and husbands, blood transfusions, genital ulcers and trimesters were significantly related to a higher predisposition to STIs. Conclusively, a high prevalence of STIs was observed among asymptomatic pregnant women in the study area. Our findings highlight a concern with economic consequences. Hence intervention programs including comprehensive screening of pregnant women with increased access to health care and...

Azam Khan*, Irshad Ahmad**

TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS OF SEISMICALLY ISOLATED FIXED BASE OFFSHORE PLATFORM
...series of nonlinear time history analyses has been undertaken for the Platform A to assess structural integrity under Ductility Level Earthquake (DLE) design events. A full nonlinear time history analysis (including soil and foundation modelling) has been undertaken using finite element software SAFJAC for an extreme earthquake records scaled for the DLE event.
...
Sitara Nawaz1, Shamaila Irum1, Haroon Ahmed2, Shazia Shamas1, Sadia Roshan1, Muhammad Ather Rafi4, Irfan Ullah5*, Gulnaz Parveen3*
...cal symptoms, and travel history. The sandflies also collected and identified. Out of 350 sandflies two genera Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia were reported, P. segenti was most abundant specie and a strong positive linear correlation exists between sandflies collected and the patients reported from the area. It was observed that as the number of sandflies increased, the number of patients with Leishmaniasis increased, and as the number of sa...
Duo Jing Qiu1,2,3, Xin Yu1,2,3, Mao Jun Zhong1,2,3 and Long Jin1,2,3*
...on the evolution of life-history traits, which leads to variation in temperature, food availability and duration of breeding season in amphibians. Here, we examined differences in somatic condition and testis mass of male Duttaphrynus melanostictus distributed in two altitudes (120 m and 1673 m above sea level) in Hunan and Yunnan Province, southwest China. We found that D. melanostictus displayed significant differences in body mass and relative...

Muhammad Shakeel1*, Mudussar Nawaz1, Zahid Naseer1, Muhammad Fiaz1, Asghar Khan1, Muhammad Imran Khan1, Awais Ur Rehman1, Ahmad Yar Qamar2 and Ali Raza3

Caprine and Ovine Serological Evidence of Brucellosis in Five Districts of Punjab, Pakistan
... of animals had previous history of abortion when tested either by RBPT or SAT. In conclusion, the current data provide baseline information about prevalence of brucellosis in different sheep and goat breeds in five districts of Punjab Pakistan.

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Joseph Anejo-Okopi1*, Dorcas Yilger Gotom1, Noble Allison Chiehiura1, Julius Ocheme Okojokwu1, David Ochola Amanyi2, John Otumala Egbere1, Joshua Adetunji1, Otobo Innocent Ujah3 and Onyemocho Audu4

The Seroprevalence of Zika Virus Infection among HIV Positive and HIV Negative Pregnant Women in Jos, Nigeria
...omen p=0.012, and in the history of blood transfusion among the HIV positive participants, p=0.013. No association with educational level, employment, marital and resident, gestational trimester, fever, yellow fever vaccination, rashes and parity was found for anti-ZIKV IgG positivity in the groups. Our results showed high seroprevalence among the pregnant women, an indication that the ZIKV antigen that triggered the antibodies response is in circulation, ther...
Mudussar Nawaz1, Iahtasham Khan2, Muhammad Shakeell*, Arfan Yousaf1, Zahid Naseer1, Munibullah1, Ali Zohaib3, Riaz Hussain4 and Qudrat Ullah5
...n goats and buffaloes. A history of abortion was significantly associated (P<0.05) with Brucella positive MRT and milk i-ELISA tests. In contrast, history of stillbirth had no significant association with anti-Brucella antibody titers. In conclusion, brucellosis is prevalent in Islamabad Capital Territory.
...

Masoud Hassani1* and Omid Madadgar2,3

Serological Evidence of Bluetongue in Iran: A Meta-Analysis Study
... ratios between abortion history and bluetongue infection estimated among sheep (OR=1.75, 95 % CI= 0.84 to 3.68) and goat (OR=2.93, 95 % CI= 1.26 to 6.80). A well-defined control strategy for preventing and controlling BTV spread in Iran should be based on further studies on BT epidemiology and BTV serotypes, vector control, animal movement restrictions and vaccination program to reduce.

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Ehsan Kashani1, Hamid Reza Rezaei2*, Morteza Naderi3 and Nematolah Khorasani4

 

...ened in the species life history.
...
Ahmad Sadiq1, Muzafar Shah2*, Habib Ullah1, Irfan Ali1, Amir Alam3
Navid Jalil1 and Muhammad Khan3
... males) people having no history of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Glycated hemoglobin HbA1c, random blood sugar (RBS) triglycerides (TG) total cholesterol (TC) systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were significantly higher in patients (p<0.05) than normal or controlled. In patients with low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and body mass index (BMI) were found to be significan...
Eslam Moradi-Asl1*, Behnam Mohammadi Ghalehbin2, Kamran Akbarzadeh3, Jafar Mohammad-Shahi4, Hajar Afshin4
...a cuprina, who had a history of diabetes and also blind that reefed to hospital in 13 September and was admitted to date 18 September 2019.Larvea extracted manually from thumb finger of left foot and sent to Medical Entomology Laboratory of the School of Public Health, Ardabil University of medical Sciences for identification. This case is a first time was reported from Ardabil province, northwest of Iran and the Diabetics, Blindness and Physical inability...
Abdul Waheed Solangi, Lei Zhang, Yunxia Cheng and Xingfu Jiang*
...considered suite of life-history traits on progeny growth i.e. developmental time, larval and pupal mass. We found that forced flight females had early oviposition with higher fecundities and shorter lifespan, whereas control females had delay oviposition with lower fecundities and longer lifespan. In addition, to these maternal effects, flight stimulated changes in maternal egg provisioning had direct significances on progeny life his...

Monoar Pallab*, Moktadir Reza and Debashish Sarker

...rsity, Bangladesh with a history of teat injury due to barbed wire while grazing. A deep longitudinal infected teat laceration was noticed. Milk was still coming through fibrosed teat cannel. The lacerated part was sutured after scarification under sedation and regional anesthesia. A small portion of saline tube was inserted into the teat cannel to maintain the flow of milk and prevent adhesion during healing. Muscle and skin were closed by interrupted and con...

Shimaa M. Mansour, Reham M. ElBakrey, Ahmed Orabi, Haytham Ali, Amal A. Eid

... of a breeder flock of a history of uneven growth
and/or arthritis revealed ARV infection in six (6/60) examined ECEs.
Conclusion: These results indicated the incrimination of ARV infection in some arthritis infections
beside the low food conversion rate of chickens within Sharkia Province, Egypt. Moreover, the
obtained data highlight the importance of vertical transmission in the field spread of ARV infections.<...
Sahar Mubashar*, Tariq Mukhtar and Nasir Ahmad Khan
...man being throughout the history and it becomes more critical when global travelling is a norm.
...
Riham H. Bassam, Hussein A. Hussein, Mohamed M. Amer, Basem M. Ahmed and Ahmed A. El-Sanousi
...he detected flocks had a history of previous IBV vaccination except for backyard chickens and
ducks. Sequence analysis for three IBV detected viruses had shown 99% similarity with VAR2
serotype present in Egypt.
Conclusion: VAR2-IBV is circulating among chickens demonstrating mortalities which affect poultry
industry in Lebanon.
...
Tanzeela Riaz1, Farah Rauf Shakoori2*, Syed Shahid Ali2 and Mushtaq Ahmad Saleem1
...ant population (having a history of phosphine fumigation for 13 years). The LC50 of 4th larval instar of susceptible and tolerant populations was 6 and 9 ppm while for 6th larval instar it was 5.4 and 8.8 ppm, respectively. The phosphine concentration at LC50 value caused about 100 percent mortality when exposure period was prolonged to 120 h. The trehalose, glycogen, lipids and nucleic acid contents of both larval i...
Liping Liu and Pengfei Liu*
...biology, related to life history and difference in mortality and behavior of male and female. Sexual dimorphism indicates divergence selective pressure between two sexes. We determined the sex and age through plumage coloration and measured 6 body measurements of each bird in 122 Brambling Fringilla montifringilla individuals in a wintering roost, which were captured randomly with mist nets. We found both the sex ratios of juveniles and adults were male-biased...
Muhammad Anwarullah1, Aneela Zameer Durrani1, Muhammad Ijaz1Aftab Ahmad Anjum2, Muhammad Usman1*,Muhammad Zahid Iqbal1Muhammad Husnain1,Ahsan Anjum3, Qurratulain Ashraf4 and Ghulam Mustafa3

...rrheic animals or having history of some diarrheic episodes from four districts of Punjab i.e. Kasur (n=300), Rawalpindi (n=230), Lahore (n=230) and Bahawalpur (n=340). These samples were tested using ELISA and overall seroprevalence found was 39.64%. The major host-associated and non-associated risk factors of MAP were also considered. It was found that positive percentage of MAP was 2.20 times more in buffaloes than in cattle; 21.19 times more in females tha...
Tabinda Urooj1,*, Bushra Wasim1, Shamim Mushtaq2, Syed Nudrat Nawaid Shah1, Lubna Faisal3, Moazzam Ali2, Nabeela Rasheed1 and Syed Faizan Ali Rizvi4
...cancer, majority gave no history of contraceptive usage. Also, most of the females have three children or more with the history of breast feeding. It was concluded that, lack of education combine with low socioeconomic status, which further aggravates the health outcomes especially by neglecting the early diagnosis of the disease. Also, higher risk was observed for married women, housewives with extended family that is 3 or ...

Li Wei, Wei-wei Shao and Zhi-hua Lin*

... wildlife behavior, life history, and reproduction. Here, we have investigated the toxic effects of four pesticides, namely, chlorantraniliprole, penoxsulam, pymetrozine, and haloxyfop-P-methyl, on the survival and growth of the larvae of two anuran species, Fejervarya limnocharis and Microhyla fissipes. Our results showed that survival rates under most pesticide treatments (22/28) and growth under all pesticide treatments were lower than those under the contr...

Amtul Jamil Sami*, Sehrish Bilal and Syeda Anum Zahra

...her. The complete animal history, means of semen supply or the methods used for its introduction can give clues about these findings.

...

Muhammad Rizwan, Abu Bakar Muhammad Raza, Muhammad Zeeshan Majeed*, Muhammad Arshad

...tand the abundance, life history and estimating extinction probability. The present study was conducted in three localities (tehsils) of district Sargodha during 2017 to determine the population dynamics of D. mangiferae nymphs and adults on citrus plants. Results showed that the average population of mealybug nymphs (9.92 individuals per branch) and adults (14.55 individuals per branch) was higher in Bhalwal as compared to Kotmomin and Sargodha. The maximum p...

Muhammad Zahid Iqbal1, Aneela Zameer Durrani1, Jawaria Ali Khan1, Nisar Ahmad2, Muhammad Usman1,*, Abdul Jabbar1, Saba Usman3, Ahsan Anjum3, Muhammad Husnain1, Nadeem Raza1 and Anwar-ul-Haq4

...y number, poor BCS, or a history of disease, the incidence of coxiellosis became significantly (p<0.05) higher. Various farm-related risk factors were also found significantly (p<0.05) associated with Coxiellosis. Moreover, phylogeny of isolated bacteria showed genetic variability (47%-99%). Lastly, the hematology profile of Coxiella burnetii positive buffaloes showed significant (p<0.05) lymphocytopenia (45.95 ± 13.4), neutrophilia (32.80 &plu...

Basanta Kumar Adhikari1*, Deepak Subedi1*, Sumit Jyoti1, Krishna Kaphle2, Chet Narayan Kharel3, Doj Raj Khanal4

...erved among goats with a history of respiratory symptoms. This study revealed the goat population in Rupandehi (district bordering India) and Palpa districts are at high risk of acquiring CCPP infection. Therefore, appropriate preventive measures including regular research and investigation, vaccination and regulatory policies on transboundary animal movements should be implemented to prevent the potential outbreak of the disease. This is the first-ever report...

Mei Zhao1,2, Xiaoqin Zeng1, Wancai Xia1, Baoping Ren3,4, Hao Feng1, Fan Wang1, Qihai Zhou5,6* and Dayong Li1,7*

...g of this important life history event in nonhuman primates.

...

Peyman Mohammadzadeh1*, Aida Rasuli2, Bahman Noroozi Gorgani2, Sajjad Mohammadi3

...male red kangaroo with a history of chronic neuro-ocular toxoplasmosis had an extensive mixed fracture of the posterior and base of the skull. Direct deep and countercoup brain bruises, independent fractures of the top and roof of both orbits, subdural hemorrhage with edema and shifting of the mid-line to the left, frontal lobe with severe hemorrhagic discharge in the ventricles, diffuse subarachnoid hemorrhage and exclusion of berry aneurysm in vertebral arte...

Muhammad Haris Raza Farhan1*, Qamar Iqbal1, Tariq Jamil1, Muhammad Fayaz2, Abdul Kabir2,3, Eid Nawaz2, Marjan Ali2, Shumaila Manzoor2 

Amoon Danial1, Shahan Azeem1*, Sohail Raza1 and Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq2

... indicated that both the history of abortion and respiratory disease as well as being a male goat and accompanying cattle were significant risk factors for BoHV-1 infection in goats, however, age (> 2 years), was not a significant risk factor. To our knowledge this is first study in Pakistan investigating the role of goats in the chain of transmission of BoHV-1.

...

Muhammad Usman1*, Aneela Zameer Durrani1, Nasir Mehmood2, Muhammad Hassan Saleem1 and Mamoona Chaudhry3

...on (p=0.007), and travel history (p=0.003) were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with occurrence of Lyme borreliosis. This is the first report on the presence of B. burgdorferi s.l. in Pakistan indicating the need for more comprehensive molecular surveys to estimate its prevalence in wider geographical areas and additional animal species as well as human population.

...

Zheng-Yong Wen1, 2*, Chuan-Jie Qin1,2, Bin Li1,2, Rui Li1,2 and Xiao-Tao Shi3*

...g about the evolutionary history and functional roles of Leptin in teleost, as well as lay a solid foundation for commercial production of darkbarbel catfish.

...

S. M. Ashraful Karim1, Md. Shohel Al Faruk2* 

...d Research Center with a history of off-feed, weight loss, polyuria, and skin disease. Clinical examination revealed dehydration and polydipsia and the cat was suspected of CKD. The Blood sample was collected for estimation of biochemical parameters e.g. ALP, ALT, AST, Phosphorus, Glucose, Total protein, BUN, and Serum creatinine. The Urine sample was taken also for determination of Urine pH, Specific gravity, Proteinuria, and Glucose. Ultrasonography was perf...

Saleh M. Albarrak1*, Fahad S. Aldahmashi1,2, Abdulrhman A. Alrubayan1,2, Abdel Kader A. Zaki1,3 

Aqsa Batool1, Masood Rabbani1*, Farhat Nazir Awan2, Sohail Raza1, Sehrish Firyal3 and Shahan Azeem1

...ity (>2) and abortion history are potential risk factors associated with seroconversion of BoHV-1.

...

Muhammad Nadeem1, Muhammad Rizwan2,3*, Tanveer Ahmad4, Muhammad Kashif5, Aneela Zameer Durrani2, Muhammad Ali6, Asghar Abbas7, Safder Imran8, Sidra Saher9, Syeda Fakhra Waheed10

... were diagnosed based on history of diseased animal, signs and symptoms, post-mortem findings, biochemical, and cultural characterization. Occurrence of significant trans-boundary animal diseases (TADs) was highlighted by adopting special parameters of participatory disease surveillance (PDS). Data analysis showed that FMD, theileriosis, and HS are the most important, of which FMD was found to be most common diseases in study area. Other main livestock health ...

He-Cai Zhang, Tian-Ge Hu, Chang-Ying Shi, Guang-Wen Chen* and De-Zeng Liu

...tructure and demographic history of D. japonica in Taihang Mountains, the mitochondrial Cytb and nuclear ITS-1 sequences of 120 individuals from 20 populations were analyzed. The results showed that 46 haplotypes were detected in total, including 10 shared haplotypes and 36 private ones. The overall haplotype diversity (Hd) and nucleotide diversity (π) were 0.961 and 0.00157, respectively. The phylogenetic relationship and haplotype network analysis indicat...
Istkhar† and A. K. Chaubey†
...ical characters and life history events placed the present specimen near to the S.
abbasi. Results obtained through the phylogenetic utility of maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and
neighbour joining methods and comparative account on nucleotides analyses based on ITSs study confirmed the
present specimens as isolates of S. abbasi. The nucleotide composition resemblance within 5.8S gene with other
Steinernema...

S. Ahmed†, A. Munir, S. Hameed, S. Asad, M. Fayyaz, M. Zakaria and M. Umer

...ent
cropping history in six districts comprising Mianwali, Bhakkar, Gujranwala, Sialkot, Gujrat and Mandi
Bahauddin of Punjab province, Pakistan and assessed for nematode populations. Analysis of soil samples
revealed the presence of eight genera of plant parasitic and soil nematodes. The most frequently isolated
nematode population from all the soil samples were Tylenchorhynchus sp., Xiphinema sp., and Cephalobu...

Abdirahman Barre*, Karanja D Njuguna, Bebora Lilly Caroline and George Chege Gitao

...examination and clinical history from owners. Sero-prevallance determination that involved the blood collection from the jugular and screening serum for attendance of Brucella antibodies using Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT), serum agglutination test, competitive- enzyme linked immune sorbent assay and double agar gel immunodiffusion test. The selected camels were followed into the slaughterhouse and pathological changes were identified grossly and microscopical...

Tajul Islam Mamun, Jillur Rahman, Mahmudul Hasan, Md. Jamal Hossain, Md Wakil Mahmud and Kamruz Zaman

...tonitis base on clinical history, clinical examination, FIP antibody kit test, blood test and Rivalta’s test. The prevalence of young cats was 6.94%, sexually intact cats 5.29% and 20% of cats in poor health conditions were significantly associated with the occurrence of FIP (p ≤ 0.05). Sex and breed were not statistically associated with FIP but had a comparatively high prevalence. Most of the suspected FIP clinical feature was effusive (66.66%). Thi...

Muhammad Saad Waqas, Li Xia, Tian-Ci Yi*, Liang-Yu Sun, Rong Xiao and Dao-Chao Jin*

...bination of evolutionary history. Nest relocation findings suggest that larvae, nymphs and adults adjust relocation patterns based on conditions they faced.

...

Meng Wang, Dongliang Zhou, Huixia Li, Chunqin Wu,Yan Zhao and Houqiang Luo*

...introduces the discovery history of the bacterial secretion system, structure, and function of T5SS, and summarizes its potential applications and existing issues. Presently we have not elucidated the specific pathogenic mechanism of this system, thus the intensive study is significant.

...

Fei Shang and Pengfei Liu*

...ften correlate with life history parameters in avian biology, affect the probability of acquiring a mate, timing of reproduction, success in obtaining extra-pair copulation or survival. We measured biometrics in common rosefinch Carpodacus erythrinus among three age groups (Juveniles about 3-month old, yearlings, adults > 2 y) during autumn migration in central China. We found that body measurements changed with age, yearling males have shoretest wing lengt...

Muhammad Salman Ikram1, Tahir Mehmood1,2*, Sehrish Firyal3, Huma Sattar4, Shagufta Saeed3, Fareeha Nadeem3 and Muhammad Imran Mahmood Khan5

...position of Y-STRs loci, history of Y- chromosome, role of genetic markers like Y- Short tandem repeat (Y-STR) and Y- Single nucleotide polymorphism (Y-SNP), and reveal the importance of next generation sequence (NGS) as an advanced technology in forensic genetics. This manuscript also demonstrates the unique features of Y-STR markers and their different application in forensic like significance of population genetics and genealogical pattern of Y-chromosome S...
Tariq Ahmad1*, Anum Razzaq2*, Li Bo1, Faiz ur Rehman3, Gul Saba2, Omama Saqib1, Saif Ullah2 and Muhammad Suliman1
...onflict (HWC) has a long history, it has become a major concern for wildlife management due to its expanding magnitude and nature complexity, affecting largely local communities that nearer to forests. Therefore, the two villages of District Dir lower (village Takoro and village Koherai Malakand), the part of great Himalayas has been selected to highlight the conflict between Himalayan palm civet (Paguma larvata) and local community during January 2018 to end ...

Moustafa M. Zeitoun 1,3; Mohamed M. Mansour 2,4* 

.... Methods; From breeding history records, depending on fertility status, sixty camels had divided into two groups; control “fertile” (n = 20) and infertile (n = 40). Blood and seminal plasma have obtained from all camels for hormone analysis. Results; Blood testosterone level was lower (p < 0.05) in control “fertile” than that in infertile camels (3.05 ± 0.12 vs. 5.17 ± 0.24 ng/mL). Similarly, lower (p < 0.05) testos...

Samia Afzal1*, Jahanzaib Ahmad1, Iram Amin1, Liaqat Ali2, Muhammad Shahid1, Mohsin Ahmad Khan1 and  Muhammad Idrees1

...mples along with patient history and demographic data were collected from 100 (n=100) patients, all of these were positive for HBsAg (further characterized as acute or chronic hepatitis B). Viral titer was quantified from the HBsAg positive samples by real time-PCR, HBeAg by ELISA, and HDV RNA was detected by nested PCR and sequencing. HBV DNA was detected in 58% of the samples. The quantification of viral load revealed chronic active HBV infection at 11% and ...

Swagata Das Gupta1, Majharul Islam1, Towhida Kamal2,Md. Rayhan Faruque3,Md. Shohel Al Faruk4* 

...versity (CVASU).Clinical history indicated that the birds were taking both food and water from the same source, clinical investigations showed greenish diarrhea, and post-mortem studies revealed hepatomegaly, congested heart, and proventriculus, and found nodules in the crop wall as tentative diagnoses. Tropozoid was identified through microscopic examination by direct wet smear and giemsa staining. The cankers were treated orally...

Kanda Yanuar Muhamad1,3, Trioso Purnawarman2, Chaerul Basri2* 

...es from countries with a history of reptile-borne zoonoses may potentially introduce pathogenic agents and facilitate their spread in Indonesia. The knowledge and awareness of importers and traders play a crucial role in mitigating the emergence of such potential risks. This research aimed to assess the level of knowledge among importers and sellers of reptiles concerning diseases that may be transmitted by these animals. A survey was conducted involving 113 e...
Subudao Eerdun1, Hai Si1, Rui-Lin Tian1,2*, Hua Mei1, Caicike Badumu1 and Ridunhu Hu1
... and summary of research history on Aeropus Gistel from Mongolian Plateau were carried out. Simultaneously, the comparative observation was conducted on the male genitalia and forewing veins between Aeropus sibiricus (Linnaeus, 1767) and Aeropus licenti (Chang, 1939) distributed in the Mongolian Plateau. Mongolian Plateau is the main distribution area for Aeropus Gistel, where significant differences exists in the morphological characteristics of Epiphallus an...

Shehar Bano Bhatti1, Muhammad Irfan Malik2, Rabia Faryad Khan1, Mahmood Ul Hassan2, Muhammad Shahbaz Aslam3 and Zaigham Abbas1*

... association with family history (p = <0.0001*, OR= 3.641, 95% CI= 1.852-7.257) and female gender (p= 0.0003). Total IgE level was high in asthma patients (Mean = 508.7 IU/ml). In conclusion, this study suggested the association of atopic asthma with HLA DRB1 alleles in the Pakistani population of the Punjab region. Our study reveals that two HLA DRB1 alleles have a positive, and two alleles have a negative association with atopic asthma in the Pakistani po...

Khalid Ali Khan1,2,3* and Hamed A. Ghramh1,2,4

Asma Sadia Authoy2, Aneek Chanda2, Aparna Datta3, Md Shohel Al Faruk4, Towhida Kamal1* 

... sex, breed, vaccination history, deworming, etc. A total of 174 case sheets of dogs and cats with skin lesions were analyzed. The findings indicate a higher prevalence of ectoparasite infestation among dogs and cats in semi-urban areas, recording rates of 56.92% and 76.92%, respectively, in contrast to semi-urban areas. Female cats (76.92%) and dogs (71.43%) displayed increased susceptibility compared to their male counterparts, with male cats registering 53....

Rabia Anjum

...er than that age, family history, injury, high blood pressure and genetic may play an important role in the disease development. Current AD treatment are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are easily accessible in the market to relief the AD primary symptoms but did not cure it. AD treatment needs a therapeutic approach to minimize its progression. This review focuses on the understanding of disease, hypothesis and treatment of disease to slow its progression.&nb...

Abo Elmagd l , Enas K.; Abdel-Wahab l , Kouka S.; Alrasheedy l , Zeinab E. and Khalifa2, Ahmed S.

...ts nor the mothers had a history of high risk exposure to percutaneous virus transmission. Commercial ELISA kits for IgG, IgM, IgA anti-HCV epitopes and RT-PCR kits were used according to kit instructions. Dot ELISA for detection of HCV antigen in infants PBNINC lysates was an in house test. Previous exposure to HCV infection indicated by antibodies to the HCV six epitopes was detected in 8/61 (13%) mothers. Active HCV infection by anti-core and HCV-RNA detect...

H.A. SULTANl, H.A. HUSSEIN2, and F.F. EL-KHAYAT3

...native Baladi farms with history of problems associated with IBDV. 

...
Geeta Moolchandani1, Jaiperkash Moolchandani2*, Nasima Iqbal3
Syed Mohsin Turab4, Muhammad Kashif5 and Lubna Farooq6
..., social factors, family history of seizures or neurologic disease, infertility treatment, previous neonatal death, severe preeclampsia, multiple gestation, intrauterine growth restriction, trauma, breech presentation and antepartum hemorrhage. The aim of current study was to identify the associated risk factors which can lead to hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Paediatrics Ward Unit-II of Civil Hospital, Ka...

Muhammad Akram1, Anirban Mandal2*, Mehwish Iqbal3, Arindam Mukherjee4, Ritika Bandyopadhyay5, Surendar Rangasamy6, Rida Zainab1, Muhammad Talha Khalil1, Pragnesh Parmar7 and Umme Laila1

...ticle, we discussed upon history of use of plants as medicine, role of plants in viral infections, and anti-viral effects of various plants.

...

Mahmoud Hamouda1*, Ahmed Al-Jazzar1, Fahad Al-Hizab1, Ahmed Azab2, Mohamed Al-Hammadi3

...uffaloes have a previous history of infertility was collected from different farms in Egypt through the period of two years. Uteri have been visually and manually inspected as well as examined bacteriologically and histologically. Several uterine lesions either external or internal were noted in 78/340 animals (22.94%) as follows: internal lesions as endometritis in 33 animals (9.71%), metritis in 11 animals (3.24%), endometrial hyperplasia in 7 animals (2.06%...

Perinçek Seçkinozan Seker

...osition and evolutionary history of Turkish roe deer, mitochondrial DNA sequence data belonging to a population from Artvin, Turkey were introduced by this study. The cytochrome b (cyt b) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) genes of mitochondrial DNA belonging to the four samples of Capreolus capreolus were partially sequenced and analyzed alongside the sequences obtained from GenBank. The cyt b and COI data sets included sequences that were 1059 and 646 ...

Kalsoom Abdulrazaq1*, Bisma Arif1, Rimsha Mehboob2, Asma Mehboob3 

...omic factors. Throughout history, wild and domestic animals have consistently contributed to the spread of zoonoses, posing a global hazard to public health. Preventing and controlling zoonoses requires the ability to mobilize resources across various sectors and collaboration with intersectoral strategies, especially between national and international veterinary and public health services. This collaborative approach is crucial for addressing the complex dyna...

LAILA SHAHZAD*1, ARIFA TAHIR2 & FAIZA SHARIF3

...s and previous disasters history. In order to adapt to change in climatic conditions, mitigatory measures should be taken to improve their living conditions. Deforestation should also be avoided to overcome and reduce their vulnerabilities. Community resilience can help in mitigation and adaptation at local level.

...

Biologia (Lahore)

December

Vol.65, Iss. 2

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