Masood ur Rahman1*, Zahid Mahmood2, Taj Ali2, Muhammad Aziz Irfan Mufti3, Jehangir Khan Seyal4, Munir Ahmad5
E-mail | masoodra@hotmail.com
Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, Vol. 31, Iss. 1
... determined using atomic absorption. The gears under test exhibited significant difference in surface wear among each other. As compared to gear bronze commercial gun metal and gun metal showed surface wear of 245% and 109% respectively. The highest surface wear was observed in commercial gun metal whereas lowest surface wear was observed in gear bronze. It was concluded that gear bronze may be the best material composition for use in the worm gear of the rota...
Ishfaq Ahmed, Ihsan Mabood Qazi and Suraiya Jamal
...ility index (WSI), water absorption index (WAI) and swelling power (SP) showed significant (P < 0.05) decrease as the concentration of wheat flour in the blends increases. The values for WAI, WSI and SP were 4.73–6.18 g/g, 1.98–3.99% and 5.35–6.81 g/g, respectively. The blending of WF with BRF had substantially improved the proximate compositions and functional properties, which could be used in the enhancement of the nutritional quality o...
Zafar Khan, Asad Sultan, Rajwali Khan, Sarzamin Khan, Imranullah and Kamran Farid
...htunkhwa by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. In all the three districts the egg albumen was found to contain significantly higher levels of Pb, Cd and Cr as compared to egg yolk which contains significantly higher levels of essential elements (Fe, Mn and Zn). The mean concentrations of toxic heavy metals; Pb, Cd and Cr in albumen samples collected from Peshawar were 0.13, 0.06 and 0.09 (ppm) respectively. Concentrations of Pb, Cd and Cr in egg albume...
Shazia Irfan1*, Asima Rani1, Muhammad Arshad2 and Razia Bashir1
... minerals through Atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AA 6600 Shimadzu). The statistical analysis indicated that non-significant association existed between SOD1 (rs2070424) gene polymorphism and RA (p>0.05). Results of HWE estimation indicate that allele frequencies were not deviant from HWE in RA group. The results of present study indicates that Pb and Cr concentration differ significantly between AA, AG and GG genotypes of SOD1 (rs2070424) gene polymor...
YaQiu Liu and ZhiJian Wang*
...stine performs digestion/absorption. Posterior intestine performs gas exchange/accessory respiration. In middle intestine, digestion and respiration overlap.
...
Fariha Imtiaz1, Muhammad Islam1, Hamid Saeed2,*, Bushra Saleem1, Maryam Asghar1 and Zikria Saleem2
...is was done using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Hair growth promoting effects were examined using alopecia mouse model. Phytochemical analysis demonstrated the presence of higherquantities of carbohydrates, proteins and secondary metabolites in methanol compared to other extracting solvents. Moreover, only ethanol (5 and 10%) and petroleum ether (5%) demonstrated significant hair growth promoting effects (p < 0.05) compared to standard, i.e., ...
Hazrat Ali1,*, Wajid Ali1, Karim Ullah1, Fazle Akbar1, Sher Ahrar1, Irfan Ullah1, Irum Ahmad1, Ashfaq Ahmad1, Ikram Ilahi2 and Muhammad Anwar Sajad3
...n fish samples by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Highest Cu concentration of 4.52 ± 0.24 mg kg−1 wet weight was observed in muscles of M. armatus at Chakdara on River Swat while highest Zn concentration of 18.00 ± 1.88 mg kg−1 wet weight was observed in muscles of S. plagiostomus at Daggar on River Barandu. A site wise comparison of both Cu and Zn concentrations in muscles of the study fish ge...
Aqsa Qayyum1*, Masooma Munir1, Saeeda Raza1, Mussarat Gillani1, Saima Kanwal1, Nouman Rashid1, Amer Mumtaz1, Naeem Safdar1, Zarmina Gillani2
...rameters including water absorption, dough development time, dough stability, gluten content and falling no. values differed significantly (p < 0.01) among all the treatments of composite flour. Wet and dry gluten content decreased from 22.16 ± 1.58 % (T0) to 16.43 ± 1.32 % (T3) and 7.46 ± 0.47 % (T0) to 5.03 ± 0.38 % (T3) respectively. With increasing percent of pea flour in biscuits, ...
Rafiullah*, Muhammad Jamal Khan and Dost Muhammad
...r P suggesting effective absorption through leaf stomata and translocation to other parts of the plant body. The plant height, shoot and root dry biomass yield increased by 55, 40 and 35%, respectively, at 144 mM KH2PO4 solution over control. The shoot and root [P] as well as its total uptake by wheat seedlings also showed several times increase over control. Further increase beyond 144 mM KH2PO4 though did not show any adverse effect and was no better than lo...
Kashif Prince1,*, M. Sarwar Khan1, Muhammad Ijaz1, Aftab Ahmad Anjum2, Muhammad Asad Ali2, Jawaria Ali Khan1, Nisar Ahmad3,Rais Ahmed2, Aamerzish Mushtaq4, Sajid Umar4 and Yung-Fu Chang5
Promy Virk
...rsity. A typical optical absorption peak at approximately 2.30 keV and 3.0 keV corresponded to the surface plasmon resonance property of gold and silver nanoparticles respectively. The green gold and silver (Au/Ag) nanocomposite showed a profound antihyperglycemic effect which was significantly better than all other treated groups. The results on serum ALT, creatinine levels and blood urea also showed a comparable ameliorative effect of both the bulk Trigon...
Syed Ishtiaq Hyder, Muhammad Arshadullah, Arshad Ali and Imdad Ali Mahmood*
EFFECT OF BORON NUTRITION ON PADDY YIELD UNDER SALINESODIC SOILS
...e estimated using atomic absorption spectroscopy. -1 Tillering, number of grains spike , 1000- grain weight and paddy yield significantly (P≤0.05) increased at different levels of B. 1000-grain weight -1 -1 (31.7 g) and grain yield was the maximum (5.0 t ha ) at 2 kg B ha and 22% more than control treatment. Maximum plant height (155.7 cm) and -1 -1 number of grains spike (125) were recorded with B application @ 1 kg ha . B concentration in grain increased ...
Muhammad Arshadullah, Syed Ishtiaq Hyder, Arshad Ali and Imdad Ali Mahmood*
CUMULATIVE EFFECT OF SULFUR AND CALCIUM ON WHEAT GROWTH AND YIELD UNDER SALINE-SODIC SOILS
...e estimated using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Tillering, -1 grains spike , 1000-grain weight and paddy yield significantly (P≤0.05) enhanced by increasing the rate of gypsum (CaSO ). The maximum 4 -1 number of grains spike (60), 1000-grain weight (47 g) and grain yield -1 -1 (4.01 t ha ) were recorded with CaSO application @ 150 kg ha . Grain 4 yield was 43% more than control treatment. Positive correlations (r= 2+ + 0.96), (r=0.96) and (r=0.91) between...
Youbao Zhong1, Xianlai Zhang1, Xiaofen Hu1 and Yong Li1, 2,*
... of animal digestion and absorption; however, little is known about the morphological characteristics of the hedgehog’s small intestine. This study was conducted to investigate the microstructure of the hedgehog’s small intestine and mast cell distribution by conventional HE and modified toluidine blue staining, respectively. Despite its similarity to the general mammal small intestine microstructure, the present results indicated that the hedgehog...
Abdur Rahman1,*, Ibrahim Sadi Cetingul2, Ismail Bayram2, Cangir Uyarlar2, Abdil Burhaneddin Akkaya2, Eyup Eren Gultepe2, Hikmet Keles3, Aykut Ulucan4 and Zafar Hayat1
... increasing the nutrient absorption from the intestine.
...
Changqing Zhao*, Zhuochi Chen and Yubin Li
...roved, and digestion and absorption were enhanced.
...
Syed Makhdoom Hussain1,*, Nosheen Aslam2, Arshad Javid3, Shehzadi Liaquat1,Muhammad Mudassar Shahzad1, 4, Muhammad Zubair-ul-Hassan Arsalan1 and Muhammad Adnan Khalid1
...of probiotics on mineral absorption, haematology and carcass composition of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings fed canola meal-based diet. Six test diets were prepared by using graded levels of probiotics (Protexin) such as 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 gKg-1 level in the canola meal based diet. Triplicate tanks were used for each treatment and 15 fingerlings were stocked in each replicate. Fingerlings were fed at the rate of 5 % of live wet weight. Pla...
Sukirno Sukirno1,2, Muhammad Tufail1,3,*, Khawaja Ghulam Rasool1, Said El Salamouny1, 4, Koko Dwi Sutanto1 and Abdulrahman Saad Aldawood1
...re done by measuring the absorption spectra of the 0.5% extracts using UV spectrophotometer. Based on preliminary data, clove, green tea and henna extracts at 10% (v/v) concentration were added to the virus and tested under semi-field conditions on the cabbage plantations for 7 days. The preliminary experiment showed that the LC50 and LC95 for the first instar larvae were 1.59 x 103 PIB and 4.91 x 107 PIB, respective...
Muhammad Anwar Iqbal1, Habib Rehman2, Ali Hussain3,*, Faiza Jabeen4, Ijaz Ahmad2, Kamran Ashraf5, Muhammad Irshad Arshad6 and Omaima Khan7
Umair Riaz1*, Muhammad Ali Kharal2, Ghulam Murtaza3, Qamar uz Zaman4, Sana Javaid4, Hina Ahmed Malik3, Humera Aziz3 and Zafar Abbas1
.... It also reconciles the absorption of high energy radiations in mesophyll cells under drought stress, mechanism involves the production of ferulic acid through the methylation of caffeic acid catalyzed by O-methyltransferase. It has been concluded that exogenous application of cafeic acid may be a best option to cope with salinity, ion toxicity, drought and heavy metal stress. ...
Hareem Mohsin, Azka Asif*, Warda Fatima, Sarooj Nadeem, Anjum Nasim Sabri
Assessment of biocalcification by the water absorption test using microorganism from oil contaminated site
...ium carbonate. The water absorption test was performed to check the presence of a protective layer that provides resistance to water penetration and corrosion to cement. The samples treated with calcium and urea for one hour were found better as shown by less absorption of water compared with the untreated samples. Application of Bacillus pasteurii on the cement or the cement based materials has the potential to conserve su...
Shagufta Nighat1, Muhammad Sajid Nadeem1,*, Syed Israr Shah1, Amber Khalid1, Tariq Mahmood2, Ayesha Aihetasham3 and Muhammad Asif4
...t tissues through atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Our findings showed that metals were more concentrated in the liver and kidneys, Zn and Pb showed high mean values as compared to other metals but these values were below the lethal levels. Within the regions and sexes no significant variations were found in metal concentrations; however within three bat species metal concentrations varied significantly. This study provides baseline data for future compari...
Ali Raza Jahejo1,2, Nasir Rajput2, Wen-xia Tian1,*, Muhammad Naeem2, Dildar Hussain Kalhoro2, Asmatullah Kaka2, Sheng Niu1 and Fa-jie Jia1
...nificant increase in the absorption of crude protein (CP), crude fibre (CF), and metabolized energy (ME). However, the values of red blood cells and packed cell volume were non-significant whereas white blood cells, haemoglobin, and new castle disease antibody titer were significantly higher in basil supplementary group. The weight gain and feed conversion ratio significantly improved in basil treated group, while ascorbic acid and basil significantly decrease...
Yang Liu1, Jing-xin Mao2, Xiao-dong Wei2, Man Yi2, Xiao-long Zhang2, Ke Zheng3, Xian-xin Chen4, Guo-Ze Wang5 and Bing-bo Chen1,*
...moting the digestion and absorption of nutrients, which significantly improved weight gain rate and the quality of external fur. It was suggested that BFA has a positive and effective effect on improving the nutrition of rats and promoting their healthy growth.
... 
Tahira Moeen Khan* and Amat ul Mateen
...apping agent. The atomic absorption shows a linear curve between concentration and absorbance. The uv-vis spectrum revealed the shift of absorption towards longer wavelength with the increasing concentration of plant extract. XRD indicates CuO Nps particle size is in between 14-20 nm. CuO nanoparticle show very significant antibacterial activity against four bacterial strains three gram negative (Escherichia coli, Proteus...
Asad Sultan1, Rabia Ali1, Rifat Ullah Khan2,*, Sarzamin Khan1, Naila Chand1 and Ambrina Tariq3
...pared to white. Minerals absorption was increased but differently in different cultivars with higher degradation of phytate in both red and white sorghum. Apparent metabolizable energy was significantly enhanced both in red and white sorghum by 5.9 and 4.5%, respectively. From these findings, it can be deduced that phytase is effective in improving the utilization of nutrients of sorghum by broilers at day-21 and also reduces the losses of nutrients into the l...
Xiaopeng Tang1, Wen-qin Su1 and Re-jun Fang1,2,*
...-IIb expression, and the absorption of phosphorus in porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-1). The experiment consisted of 1 control treatment and 5 levels of CT treatments (1×10-12 to 1×10-8 mol/L), and each treatment has 6 replications. Cell proliferation was determined by the MTT method. Cell morphology and phosphorus concentration in the cell supernatant were measured after 24 h of CT treatment. The NaPi-IIb protein ex...
Xiaopeng Tang1,2, Rejun Fang3,4,*, Guochang Pan1,2 and Kangning Xiong1,2,*
...actor (EGF) on phosphate absorption across intestinal mucosa of hens using the Ussing chamber system. First, four Loman laying hens with similar weight (1.25±0.13 kg) were sacrificed to detect the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity of isolated small intestine at time on 0 min, 30 min, 60 min, 90 min and 120 min, to provide a appropriate operation time for Ussing chamber test. Then, a total of 20 Loman laying hens with similar weight (1.25±...
Saifullah* and Ihsan Mabood Qazi
... WWF. FWF had high Water absorption index (WAI) 9.19-9.25g/g, Swelling Index (SI) 6.6-8.7g/g, Water Solubility Index (WSI) 5.7-9.77% and gluten (20.76-34.45%) content while WWF was high in moisture (6.08-8.03%) and ash (0.95-0.98%). It is cleared from the data that FWF of all the selected varieties especially Shahkar-13 could be used in the production of various bakery products especially noodles. ...
Hazrat Ali1,2,*, Ezzat Khan1,* and Muhammad Jamal Nasir3
...d heavy metals by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Heavy metal accumulation was studied in muscles of six fish species collected from the river. Heavy metal accumulation was also studied in other tissues such as skin, gills, liver and kidneys of two fish species i.e., Clupisoma naziri and Mastacembelus armatus. Cr concentrations in fish muscles ranged from 30.5±41.9 to 70.8±12.1 mg kg−1 wet weight, Ni fro...
Shazia Akhtar1, Abdul Samad1*, Afshan Gohar1, Muhammad Munir Shahid2, Muhammad Ishtiaq1, Arslan Sarwer1, Adnan Khan1 and Karam Ahad1
...sticides occur from skin absorption and through inhalation. This emphasizes on the launching of extension programs on pesticide alternatives. It is concluded that field workers in Swat Malakand, extensively uses pesticides and in spite of their awareness about pesticides effects their protective measures are very poor. The low level of awareness in the study area and the public health and environmental consequences resulting from the misuse of pesticides is al...
R. Yasmeen1*, S. Shaheen1, B.N. Khan2, S.S. Bokhari1, U. Rafi1 and A.W. Qurashi1
Wen Qin1,2, YanGan Huang1, Lei Wang1, Gonghua Lin1, Jundong Yang1,2, Pengfei Song1,2, Hongmei Gao1,2, Jingjie Zhang1,2 and Tongzuo Zhang1,3,*
...ly. In addition, water reabsorption was also significantly enhanced, which helps the goitered gazelles avoid dehydration in winter.
...
Imran Khan1, Muhammad Nawaz1,*, Aftab Ahmad Anjum1, Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad2, Adnan Mehmood1, Masood Rabbani1, Amina Mustafa1 and Muhammad Asad Ali1
...l intestine and D-xylose absorption capacity in broiler challenged with S. enteritidis. Negative control group was not supplemented with probiotics. Positive control groups received only the challenge bacteria (S. enteritidis) ATCC 13076 at day 07. Groups (3, 4 and 5) received probiotics (IKP23, IKP111, IKP333) at day 01 to 35 and challenge bacteria at day 07 in prevention model. Groups (6, 7 and 8) started receiving probiotic at day 07 to day 35...
Bibi Safia Haq1,2, Hidayat Ullah Khan3, Abdul Shakoor4, Shahnaz Attaullah5, Kausar Shaheen1, Khan Alam3
TWO-PHOTON FLUORESCENCE EXCITATION CROSS-SECTIONS OF PHOTOSENSITIZER THIOXANTHONE TO FABRICATE CELL SCAFFOLD FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS
...thanol due to two photon absorption
excitation. Thioxanthone was investigated as Photosensitizer to fabricate cell scaffold in Ethoxylated Bis Phenol A
Dimethacrylate for tissue repair in the field of biomedical. Also Incident Laser Power Effects were analyzed and
found that the Fluorescence Intensity increases with increasing Incident Laser Power, Io, and the emitted fluorescence
obeys the square-law dependences. Also when the Phot...
excitation. Thioxanthone was investigated as Photosensitizer to fabricate cell scaffold in Ethoxylated Bis Phenol A
Dimethacrylate for tissue repair in the field of biomedical. Also Incident Laser Power Effects were analyzed and
found that the Fluorescence Intensity increases with increasing Incident Laser Power, Io, and the emitted fluorescence
obeys the square-law dependences. Also when the Phot...
Bibi Safia Haq1,2, Shahnaz Attaullah3, Abdul Shakoor4, Hidayat Ullah Khan5, Khan Alam5, Kausar Shaheen1
CHARACTERISTICS AND EFFICACY OF ULTRAFAST LASER PULSES FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS
...ures for different cream absorption. The laser characterised here is Spectra
Physics, Hurricane X. This is a complex laser system consisting of a seed laser and a regenerative amplifier. It is
important to have knowledge of these characteristics to be able to predict the transport of the beam through various
optical elements and also to analyse the subsequent interaction with materials. The whole optical intensity profile in
two dim...
Physics, Hurricane X. This is a complex laser system consisting of a seed laser and a regenerative amplifier. It is
important to have knowledge of these characteristics to be able to predict the transport of the beam through various
optical elements and also to analyse the subsequent interaction with materials. The whole optical intensity profile in
two dim...
Sahib Khan*, Abdur Rehman*, Nasir Ahmad**, Muhammad Naeem***
THE REDUCTION OF SPECIFIC ABSORPTION RATE AT DIFFERENT FREQUENCIES
...he reduction of specific absorption rate (SAR) of wearable rectangular patch antenna for 1.8GHz
and 2.45GHz wireless applications. Antenna is designated on a 3mm X 3mm X 3mm resolution truncated Hugo body
model in Computer simulation technology software. The ramification reveals the specific absorption rate simulated
value that were reduced by 89% compared to previously achieved SAR reduction of 83.5%. A...
and 2.45GHz wireless applications. Antenna is designated on a 3mm X 3mm X 3mm resolution truncated Hugo body
model in Computer simulation technology software. The ramification reveals the specific absorption rate simulated
value that were reduced by 89% compared to previously achieved SAR reduction of 83.5%. A...
Tanveer Sultan1, Anwaar Ahmed1, Aqsa Qayyum2*, Amer Mumtaz2 and Naeem Khalid3
..., dough stability, water absorption and mixing tolerance index) were significantly affected (p≤0.05) by the supplementation of buckwheat flour. There was a gradual increase in the ash (0.88±0.02 to 1.72±0.04) and fiber contents (0.01±0.001 to 2.64±0.04) with the increment in buckwheat flour while moisture contents decreased significantly (4.63±0.04 to 3.80±0.04). The protein (8.93±0.03) and fat contents (3.01...
Iftikhar Ahmad1, Sahar Noor1
CHARACTERIZATION OF CERAMICS WALL TILES USING LOCAL TALC AS A FLUXING AGENT
...lled the excessive water absorption. All these properties variations are in favor of good and free of defects wall tiles. The use of talc indicated that a normal strength (200-220 kg/cm2) can be acquired using 20% talc even at lower temperature of 1030-1050°C compared to 1160-1167°C used in local industry. This substantial decrease of nearly 100°C in production temperature will reduce the energy cost for wall tile production. In...
Hina Imtiaz1*, Salma Khalid2, Kashaf Riaz1, Muhammad Arshad Ullah3 and Zubair Rehman4
Zahid Hassan Tarar1, Muhammad Salik Ali Khan2*, Shahzada Munawar Mehdi3, Raza Salim4, Irfan Ahmad Saleem1, Saima Nazar5, Munir David2, Tahir Majeed6, Muhammad Sufyan Mughal7, Muhammad Saleem8, Umer Iqbal9, Muhammad Mazhar Iqbal10 and Muhammad Khalid Shaheen3
Qurrat ul Ain Akbar*, Saqib Arif, Shahid Yousaf, Salman Khurshid and Najmus Sahar
Effects of Flour Particle Size on Farinographic Properties of Wheat Dough
...ze of wheat flour. Water absorption was negatively related with flour particle size. Dough stability was positively related to flour particle size whereas the degree of softening was negatively related with flour particle size. However, there was insignificant and non-consistent effects were found on dough development time. The information generated from this study would be useful in the preparation of whole wheat flour products including traditional flat brea...
Syeda Farzana Bibi* and Siraj ud Din
Unraveling the Bioherbicidal Potential, Elemental Analysis and Nutritional Evaluation of Crataeva adansonii Dc Leaf and Bark
... assessed through atomic absorption spectrophotometry to detect ten essential macro and microelements, including Na, Ca, Co, Cd, Cu, Mn, Zn, Pb, Ni, and Fe. In the bark part, the highest percentage of relative standard deviation was observed for Co, Cd, and Na, which is 175.6, 22.86, and 5.58%, respectively. The leaf part’s elemental analysis revealed the highest percentage of R.S.D. for Co, Mn, and Pb, which is 20, 9, and 4.44%, respectively. Imperative...
Xiaopeng Tang1,2* and Kangning Xiong1,2
...on glutamine and glucose absorption of IPEC-J2 cells using the Ussing chamber system. Cells were treated with: (1) EGF (0 ng / mL) + LPS (0 μg / mL) (Control group), (2) EGF (100 ng / mL) + LPS (0 μg / mL) (EGF group), (3) EGF (0 ng / mL) + LPS (1 μg / mL) (LPS group), and (4) EGF (100 ng / mL) + LPS (1 μg / mL) (EGF+LPS group) for 24 h for ussing chamber assay. The transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER, Ω.cm2), glutamine and glucose
Muhammad Ilyas Khan*, Ihsan Mabood Qazi and Mohammad Ayub
...ility index (WSI), water absorption index (WAI), swelling power (SP) and pasting profile of selected varieties of rice flour were significantly (p < 0.05) different from each other, except ash content. Rice flour had irregular and small to large shape. Amylose content of rice varieties ranged from 9.11% (Watni) to 27.65% (Lavange) and selected as low and high amylose rice varieties. Expectedly, study confirmed that blending of Lavange rice flour had signifi...
Aysha Riaz* and Said Wahab
...y. The farinograph water absorption and mixing tolerance index of wheat-moringa composite flour increased whereas the dough stability decreased with increasing the proportion of moringa leaves powder. Width and spread ratio of the biscuits decreased and the thickness of the biscuits increased with increasing the enrichment level of moringa leaves powder. The moisture content of the biscuits was in the range of 3.99 to 4.13%, protein content, crude fat, ash con...
Raza Ullah Khan1*, Ahmad Khan1, Mohammad Zameer Khan1, Fayyaz Hussain1, Zafar Islam2 and Muhammad Asad Hameed2
... spectroscopy and atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The analysis showed the presence of hydrophobic and hydrophilic sites. The Fourier infrared spectroscopy analysis showed spectrum bends at different wavenumbers while elemental analysis show existence of different macro and micro nutrients which can be used to supplement the plant needs for nutrients by incorporation of humic substances along with commercial inorganic fertilizers. Though findings in this s...
Taqi Raza1*, Kashif Nazir Qureshi2, Shakeel Imran2, Neal Samuel Eash3 and Imma Bortone4
...re determined via atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results showed that the highest pH (11.06) was recorded in textile effluent while EC (7.89mS/cm), TSS (1185.55mg/L) and TDS (6317.33mg/L) were found highest in chemical industrial effluents. Heavy metals contents were determined through atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The mean comparison of heavy metal concentration (mg/L) showed the concentration of Cd, Cr and Ni w...
Eman A. H. Kattab1,3, A. H. Ebrahem2 , Om-Hashem M. El-Banna2 and Hanan F. EL-Kammar³
...sions (X-bodies). The UV absorption spectrum of the purified virus had a maximum at 260 nm and a minimum at 245 nm. The ratios of Amax/Amin and A260/280 were 1.39 and 1.57, respectively. Yield of the purified BBMV preparation was about 2.5 mg/100g of infected tissue. Electron micrograph of purified virus preparation revealed isometric shaped particles of with mean diameter of 26 nm typical of Bromoviruses. Polyclonal antibodies raised against BBMV have maximum...
M. A. Kararah1, Om-Hashem M. El-Banna1, Salwa N. Zein2 and Abd-Elrehiem, A.F.3
...ntiserum production. The absorption
spectrum of the purified virus had a min at 245 nm and a max at 260 nm. The
ratios of A260/280, A280/260 and Amax/min were 1.16, 0.85, and 1.04,
respectively. Yield of PMV was 1.7 mg/100g of infected leaves. Electron
micrographs of the partially purified virus preparation revealed the presence
of filamentous flexuous virus particles about 700- 750nm long. Titers of ...
Shimaa M. Mansour, Reham M. ElBakrey, Ahmed Orabi, Haytham Ali, Amal A. Eid
Anila Kousar, Muhammad Naeem*, Samrah Masud, Abir Ishtiaq, Zara Naeem and Rabia Iqbal
HuaBin Zhang1,2, YaSen Li1, Tao Pan1, Peng Yan1, En Li1, Hui Xue1 and XiaoBing Wu1,*
...lved in nutrient stores, absorption and utilization, and reproductive behavior of the Chinese alligator.
...
Nazeer Ahmed Lashari1*, Saghir Ahmed Sheikh2, Aijaz Hussain Soomro2 and ShamsuddinTunio3
... in all packaging. Water absorption and volume expansion ratio showed significant differences between aromatic and coarse varieties. Physical and cooking quality attributes were largely influenced by the storage conditions. It is summarized that the storage environments & packaging material significantly influences the physical, chemical & cooking properties of the white rice during the storing period. Findings can be helpful to the exporter, farmers a...
Ijaz Rasool Noorka1,2*, Bilal Ahmad Khan3*, Kafeel Ahmad4, Zafar Iqbal Khan4, Muhammad Ather Nadeem3, Amer Nawaz2, Tasneem Ahmad5 and Humayun Bashir4
Shang Zhenda1,2*, Kong Qinghui1,4*, Li Jiakui1,4, Liu Suozhu1,2, Tan Zhankun1,2, Shang Peng1,3 and Wang Honghui1,2
...t role in the digestion, absorption and health of animals. Studying the intestinal flora of yak has significance to improving its productivity and immunity. In this study, we analysed the bacterial diversity in fresh faeces of wild yak and domestic yak. Results showed that the structure of the bacterial flora in wild yak and domestic yak was significantly different. Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and TM7 were the dominant phyla, and Micrococcaceae, ...
Syed Makhdoom Hussain1,*, Hina Gohar1, Muhammad Asrar1, Muhammad Mudassar Shahzad2, Azhar Rasul1, Majid Hussain3, Muhammad Zubair ul Hassan Arsalan1, Nisar Ahmad4 and Aqsa Sharif1
...ate composition, mineral absorption and hematology of Cyprinus carpio fingerlings. The diets were formulated in such a way that sufficient supply of all required nutrients were ensured for normal fish growth. Collection of feces from each tank was done twice a day. Impact of each treatment on the absorption of minerals, proximate analysis and hematology were determined using standard methods and formulae. Highest minerals
Nisar Ahmad1, Syed Makhdoom Hussain2,*, Azhar Rasul2, M. Mudassar Shahzad3, Arshad Javid4, Hamda Azmat5, M. Zubair ul Hassan Arsalan2, Sadia Tabassum2 and Bilal Ahmad2
...nanoparticles on mineral absorption and carcass composition of C. mrigala fingerlings fed nano-Se particles supplemented sunflower meal based diets. The experiment was consisted on seven test diets on the basis of supplementation of nano Se graded levels (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 mg/kg). Chromic oxide was added as an inert marker. Fingerlings were fed at the rate of 5% of their live wet weight. Maximum improvement in mineral absorp...
Damat Damat1*, Roy Hendroko Setyobudi2, Juris Burlakovs3, Zane Vincēviča-Gaile4,
Devi Dwi Siskawardani1, Rista Anggriani1 and Anas Tain5
...ty, fiber content, water absorption index, color intensity, and sensory evaluation. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and continued according to Duncan’s multiple range test. The results showed that all formulas of analog rice produced from arrowroot starch, with the addition of seaweed pulp and spices, fulfill the chemical and physical properties of paddy rice requirements according to Indonesian National Standard No. 6128-2008. With an increasing concent...
Saydat Saad1, Doaa Abdel-Fattah1, Tarek Khamis2, Aya El-Sobky1*
...vailability, solubility, absorption, and untargeted control, the advantages of free form propolis are limited due to previous reasons. Nano-propolis is made using a variety of nanoencapsulation processes. Because of their smaller size, nano-propolis is more utilized by the body than the free one. This study focuses on some current research on the application of nanotechnology in animal health and human health utilizing animal models, as well as the usefulness ...
Majid Hussain1, Syed Makhdoom Hussain2, Razia Iqbal3, M. Mudassar Shahzad4,*, Syed Zakir Hussain Shah3, Afia Muhammad Akram4, Nisar Ahmad5 and Muhammad Zubair ul Hassan Arsalan2
...M) based diet on mineral absorption, carcass composition and hematological indices in Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings. Basal diet was supplemented with 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% CA resulting in the formulation of six experimental diets. Ten fingerlings were stocked in tanks in triplicate for each treatment. Feed was given at 5% live wet body weight of fingerlings for 90 days. Results showed that diet acidification with CA significantly (p< 0.05) improved the ...
Saeed Akram Khan1, Shahid Sherzada1*, Muhammad Ashraf1, Durr-e-Shehwar1, Sonia Iqbal1, Usman Atique1,3, Farzana Abbas1, Sohail Ahmad2 and Muhammad Sultan Haider4
...evelopment, and yolk sac absorption induced at 4 different water temperatures viz. 26, 29, 32 and 34 ºC. C. mrigala displayed the maximum release of eggs, fertilization and hatching rates at 29 ºC. The maximum number of eggs were observed in 26oC whereas the lowest were obtained in 34oC. 85020.48). However, the temperature exceeding 30ºC not only increased the cell growth but significantly decreased the hatching time. On the contrary, temperatur...
Xiaopeng Tang1*, Kangning Xiong1 and Rejun Fang2*
...te that EGF promoted the absorption of glutamine through activating ASCT2 expression in injured intestinal epithelial cells....
Judith Kiptoo1*, Daniel Mutisya2, Paul Ndegwa1, Ruth Amata3, Lucy Irungu4 and Rotich Godfrey5
...oots and causing reduced absorption of soil nutrient elements. A two-year survey in 2018 and 2019 was conducted in most citrus growing regions in Kenya to assess the abundance, distribution and diversity of plant parasitic nematodes from different soil rhizosphere. Nematode population in 200cc of soil and 5g of roots were collected for PPNs extraction by using modified Baermann’s technique and identification by morphological features. The findings indica...
Ghulam Abbas1*, Muhammad Arshad1, Muhammad Saeed2*; Safdar Imran3, Ashgar Ali Kamboh4, Duraid KA Al-Taey5, Muhammad Asad Aslam1, Muhammad Saeed Imran6, Muhammad Ashraf3, Muhammad Asif7, Abdul Jabbar Tanveer8, Razia Abdul Majid Qureshi9, Maria Arshad1, Hussain Ahmed Khan Niazi1, Muhammad Tariq10, Sikandar Abbas1
...increasing the nutrients absorption from gut. This review article discussed all the key aspects of OA, which are being used in poultry ranging from their characteristics, uses in broiler, and layers. The reviewed literature showed that there should be the development of targeted strategies for using OA as feed additives and ultimately improving the combination of multiple probiotic barriers and OA compounds. OA commonly used as an acidifier in chicken feed are...
Mutassim Abdelrahman1, Ibrahim Alhidary1, Majdi Bahaddi1,2, Mohsen Alobre1,3, Riyadh Aljumaah1 and Rifat Ullah Khan4, *
... great effect on mineral absorption, utilization, and accumulation in the liver. Furthermore, zeolite supplementation causes modification in the tested minerals’ absorption and metabolism, which clear from the high correlation between the tested minerals in the different tissues. In conclusion, zeolite supplementation causes a variable effect on the absorption and utilization of Al, ...
Hazem E. M. Hassanien1*, Awad M. M. Mahmoud2, Elsayed M. Abdel-Raouf1, Nabil M. Eweedah1 and Midhat. N. Nassif3
...stimulating calcium (Ca) absorption and mobilization before calving and decreasing clinical and subclinical hypocalcemia postpartum. The objective of this trial was to determine the effects of varying pre- and postpartum DCAD, mEq [(Na + K - Cl + S)]/ kg of dry matter on blood total Ca, ionized iCa, blood, and rumen metabolites, and endocrine status in prepartum and postpartum phases. Forty-eight multiparous Holstein cows range lactation 1-5 with an average bo...
Desy Cahya Widianingrum1*, Himmatul Khasanah1, Melinda Erdya Krismaputri1, Susan Barbara Patricia Sembiring Meliala2
...P1 group had the highest absorption (77.60%). The P0 group had the highest thickness swelling (12.95 ± 0.04 %), while both of P1 and P3 had the highest texture hardness (52.20 ± 0.14 and 52.19 ± 0.14 mm/102) respectively. The P3 group had the lowest rancidity (2.04 ± 0.01 mmol/kg). The advantage of VCO protection with tanin (mix on indigofera) has the lower rancidity value (2.14 ± 0.09 mmol/kg) compared to wafers with VCO sup...
Ali Ahmad1*, Zubair Aslam1, Korkmaz Bellitürk2, Ehsan Ullah1, Ali Raza1 and Muhammad Asif3
... are all improved by the absorption of macro- and micronutrients in vermicompost. End users, such as farmers, may benefit significantly from the vermicompost generated, since it can be used to replace chemical fertilizers and get higher price for organic products by utilizing locally available composting material....
Shakeel Ahmad1*, Humaira Wasila2, Juweria Abid3, Nazir Muhammad4 and Hazrat Usman5
...of milk products. Atomic absorption spectroscopy and flame photometry were used for mineral analysis. Total phenolic compounds were evaluated by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The aluminum chloride colorimetric method was used for evaluating total flavonoids contents. Antioxidant activity was assessed by the DPPH method. The results showed that moisture was high in Buttermilk (92.15±0.13 g/100g), ash and proteins in Manpasand (5.71±0.03, 25.36&plusm...
Zahin Anjum1*, Mubashra Tarana1, Shaista Ali1, Faryal Yousaf1, Amina Rahat1 and Sumbla Yousaf2
... the broiler chicken for absorption of four heavy metal contents (Cu, Zn, Pb and Ni). In addition, analysis of five electrolytes (Ca, Na, K, P and Mg), moisture content, protein, lipids and ash were carried out. The samples were obtained from five different sites of the University Campus, Peshawar- Pakistan. The Atomic Absorption Spectrometry was employed for determination of Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Ca and Mg. Furthermore, a spectro...
Azra Kalhoro1, Abdul Aziz Mirani2, Fozia Khan Siyal1, Tahira Jatt2*, Abdul Razak Mahar1, Sadia Iram3 and Muhammad Abbas Bhutto4
... analyzed through atomic absorption spectrophotometer using flame atomic absorption techniques revealed that among the five treatments, accumulation of the six metals was found higher with 100% SW, which was decreased with decrease in SW concentration up to 25% SW. The minimum accumulation of the metal was noted with 100% FW (control). Among the five types of vegetables, cabbage and cauliflower revealed a high tendency of ac...
Adrial Adrial1*, Rudy Priyanto2, Salundik Salundik2, Ahmad Yani2, Luki Abdullah3
Ulvi Fitri Handayani1, Wizna2, Irfan Suliansyah3, Yose Rizal2, Maria Endo Mahata2*
...copene, and increase the absorption of lycopene in the digestive tract of laying hens. Lycopene is a compound in tomatoes and is known to inhibit cholesterol synthesis. Cholesterol in the body is transported in the blood by lipoproteins. Therefore, that is important to know the effect of giving processed tomatoes wastes (PTW) on laying hens to lipid profile of blood serum consist of cholesterol total, triglycerides, LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein), and HDL (High...
Raad Hamad Mahmood Al-Badrany1* and Aamer Mohsen Mahmood Al-Ma’thidy2
...h represents the highest absorption; cultivars were separated into three groups regarding the alcoholic extract of leaf chlorophyll: The first included the cultivar Akrah with a value of λmax =(468) nm, and the second group had λmax values ​​that ranged between (434-446) nm; it included the cultivars Shynik, Benatty, and Jordan. The third group had a λmax value between (412-414) nm, and it was distinguished in the cultivars Brown Turke...
MUHAMMAD WAHEED MUSHTAQ1*, NAUMAN JAMIL KHAN1, NAVEED ASLAM DOGAR1, AISHA HAMEED2, ABDUL HAMEED2, MALIK ADIL2, HAROON IFTHIKHAR3 & SAIRA ISHAQ4
...ored product has maximum absorption at lambda max (λmax= 430 nm). Ascorbic acid was estimated from leafy vegetables placed at three different conditions such as firstly, from fresh vegetables as available in market, secondly stored for 2 days at room temperature (25±2 ºC) and thirdly, stored in refrigerator (4 ºC) for 2 days. It was observed that vegetables stored at room temperature was significantly affected by loss of Vit. C as compa...
MUHAMMAD MUDASSAR SHAHZAD1*, FATIMA KHALID1, MEHWISH FAHEEM2, SYED ZAKIR HUSSAIN SHAH3, SANA BASHIR1 & SYED MUHAMMAD KHAN1
...ytate, improves minerals absorption, upsurges the pace of gastric activities and augment digestion. The present study was designed to judge the effectiveness of Tau supplemented LMS (linseed meal) based diet in enhancing mineral absorption and nutrient digestibility in selected fish fingerlings. Graded levels of the prepared feed containing (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 g/kg) of Tau were fed to C. carpio fingerlings for 60 d...
The Effect of Adding Malic and Acetic Acids to Drinking Water on The Productive Performance of Quail
Ali A. M. Al-Kuhla1*, Yaman S. Fadhil1, Saffanah K. Mahmood2
...helpful in digestion and absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. ...
SHEIKH AJAZ RASOOL1*, MUNAZZA DANISH AJAZ2, MUHAMMAD SALMAN RASOOL3, AHSAN SATTAR SHEIKH4 & FIRDAUS KOUSAR BUKHARI5
...d deferment of liquid re-absorption from the gut plus invasive inflammatory manifestation along with diarrhoea. Acute or chronic or persistent campylobacteriosis are dealt with antibiotics and proton-pump inhibitors. However, an ever increasing problem of antibiotic resistance evolution has been there and that is alarming. Thus, urgency exists for finding out non-classical therapies as reduction factors against Campylobacter nuisance in humans and poultry. In ...
Muhammad Mudassar Shahzad1*, Tehreem Shabbir1, Syed Makhdoom Hussain2, Fatima Yasin1, Humayoun Huma Maqbool1, Aasia Karim3
...n, immunity, and mineral absorption in common carp. Six experimental diets using BM as an alternative protein source containing different graded levels of BM (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%) were prepared. Three replicates were used for each treatment having fifteen fingerlings per tank. Fingerlings were fed at the rate of 4% wet weight twice a day for 70 days. The results revealed that C. carpio fingerlings given 20% BM, as a protein source (BM-III) had the ...
Nauman Jamil Khan1, Rabia Tariq2, Hina Saleem2 and Muhammad Waheed Mushtaq2*
...hniques including atomic absorption spectroscopy, chromatography methods, ion selective electrode method, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, complexometric titration method and thermometric endpoint titrimetry are developed to determine the quantity of sodium. Spectrophotometric methods are cheap, easy to handle and more precise to quantify sodium in food contents.
...
Khatab, Eman A.H.; Zein, Salwa N. and Ahmed, Amal A.
...faba bean plants. The UV absorption spectrum had a maximum at 260 nm and a minimum at 240m. The ratios of Amax /A min and A 260/A 280 were 1.48 and 1.71, respectively. The yield of purified BBTMV preparation was about 1.57 mg/Kg infected leaves. Production of specific antiserum against BBTMV was obtained by rabbit immunization using three different methods of injections. The titer Ofthe prepared antiserum as determined by indirect ELISA with dilution of tissue...
El.-Kadyl, M.A.S; Badr2, A.B.; zein3, Saiwa N. and Khalifa4, M.A.A.
...ntiserum production. The absorption spectrum of the purified virus had a min at 245nm and a max at 260 nm. The A260/280, A280/260 and Amax/min ratios were 1.30, 0.76 and 1.29, respectively. The estimated yield of the purified virus was 3.35 mg/100 g leaf tissues. Electron micrographs of the purified virus preparation revealed the presence of filamentous flexuous virus particles about 730-745nm long. Antiserum obtained after the second bleeding was 1/1024. The ...
Ahmed, AmalA.; Zein, Salwa N. and Khatab, Eman A. H.
... was found positive. The absorption spectrum of the purified virus isolate had a maximum at 260 nm and a minimum at 243 nm. The max/min and A260/280 ratios of the virus isolate were 1.12 and 0.96, respectively. The yield of purified -virus was 6.7 mg/100g of tobacco leaves. Electron micrographs of the purified virus isolate revealed the presence of filamentous particles with average length of 780 nm and 15 widths. The polyclonal antibody raised against the vir...
S. A. Sidaros*, S. A. EL-Kewey*, Eman A. H. khattab**, M. M. ELsharkawy*
...ifferent methods. The UV absorption spectrum had maxima and minima at 260 and245 nm, respectively for the two viruses. The absorbance ratios of A and A260/280 of the combined lower bands of purified BBSV preparations were 1.19 and 1.62, respectively. Infected faba bean plants yielded up to 0.48 mg/100g tissue. The corresponding data for CABMV were 1.20&1.22 and its yield was 3.52 mg/100g of cowpea leaves. The maximum antiserum titer against either BBSV or ...
Mayada A. Abd Elgalell; B.A Othman2; Th. Radwan, 1 and Amal S.M. Abo-Sinna3
...ad different ultraviolet absorption spectra. Results of the lytic pattern of both phages showed that, they had a restricted host range. Particle morphology of the isolated phages was determined and it was found that the two viruses have tadpole shape, which phage PPI has an isometric head (135 nm) and long non-contractile tail (225 nm) whereas phage PP2 has an isometric head (121 nm) and long contractile tail (202 nm), the tail possing an outer sheath (135 nm)...
Amal Abo El-Ela Ahmed; Eman A.H. Khatab; and M.S. Shafie
... was found positive. The absorption spectrum of the purified virus isolate had a maximum at 262 nm and a minimum at 251 nm. The max/min and A260/280 ratios of the virus isolate were 1.83 and 2.81 respectively. The yield of purified virus was 6.1 mg/100g or tobacco leaves. Electron micrographs of the purified virus isolate revealed the presence of rod-shaped panicles of 310-320 nm for length and 15 nm for width. The polyclonal antibody raised against the virus ...
Aniqa Qaisar, Shabana Naz* and Sajida Arooj
...dentified through atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The highest accumulation of heavy metals was found in feed samples followed by fecal matter as compared to water and soil samples in all the sites. Cr was found highly abundant in all sites than other metals. The highest heavy metal pollution was observed in Wildlife Park Murree followed by Jallo Wildlife Park Lahore and least in Wildlife Park Bahawalnagar. Blood samples of P. cristatus were collected from...
Feri Eko Hermanto1, Yuli Frita Nuningtyas1, Filoza Marwi1, Fajar Shodiq Permata2, Agus Susilo1, Muhammad Halim Natsir1*
...l role in efficient food absorption. Given the constraints on antibiotic use in industrial settings, there is a growing interest in natural-derived products as potential enhancers of intestinal health through immune system modulation. Teak Leaves, Turmeric, and Ginger have emerged as promising feed additives for fortifying the mucosal immune system in broiler chickens. However, understanding how these herbs confer protective effects remains challenging, given ...
ZAFAR IQBAL KHAN1*, KAFEEL AHMAD1, KHALID NAWAZ2, MUHAMMAD NADEEM3, ASMA ASHFAQ1,
BABAR MUNIR1, HAFSA MEMOONA3, MADIHA SANA3, FARZANA SHAHEEN1, NAUNAIN MEHMOOD4, HIRA MUQADAS4, MAHPARA SHEZADI5, IJAZ RASOOL NOORKA6, HUMAYUN BASHIR1,
MUDASRA MUNIR1, ILKER UGULU7 & YUNUS DOGAN7
KAFEEL AHMAD1, NIMRA ARSHAD1, ZAFAR IQBAL KHAN1, KINZA WAJID1, HUMAYUN BASHIR1, IJAZ RASOOL NOORKA2, MAHPARA SHEHZADI3, HAFSA MEMONA4, MADIHA SANA4, KHALID NAWAZ5, MUDASRA MUNIR1, IFRA SALEEM MALIK1, TASAWAR ABBAS6, ABRAR HUSSAIN7, MUHAMMAD SHER8, MUHAMMAD FAHAD ULLAH6, MUHAMMAD AKRAM QAZI9, MUHAMMAD NADEEM10, MUHAMMAD RIZWAN QURESHI10
... using acids. The atomic absorption spectrophotometer was then used to analyze the heavy metals in the digested samples. The results were analyzed statistically. Two-way ANOVA was used to find out variance and correlation in all samples. The nickel concentration found in the samples of soil, forage and blood was highest in the samples collected from site II (Chak 50 SB). The bio concentration factor found for nickel was highest in the samples of site II. On th...
MUJIBUR RAHMAN1, MUHAMMAD AYAZ KHAN1*, WISAL SHAH1 & ALIA NAZ1
...d Pb presence via atomic absorption spectrometer (PerkinElmer, AAS-PEA-700). The Cd concentrations in soil ranged from 2.55 to 4.35 with mean value 3.31 mg/kg, 3 to 8.85 with mean value 5.41 mg/kg, 3.15 to 5.55 with mean value 4.9 mg/kg and 2.45 to 5.25 with mean value 3.93 mg/kg on primary, secondary, tertiary road and control site respectively. While the Pb concentration in soil was 0.85 to 40.85 with mean value 22.83 mg/kg, 13.25 to 35.3 with mean value 22....
SEHRISH MUSHTAQ1, MUHAMMAD SHAFIQ1, MUHAMMAD ASHFAQ*1 FAIZA KHAN1, SOHAIB AFZAAL1, UMMAD HUSSAIN1, MUBASSHIR HUSSAIN1, RASHID MUKHTAR BALAL2 & MUHAMMAD SALEEM HAIDER1
... explored using the agar absorption method. This study showed the antifungal potential of Pantoea sp. (35.66%), Ensifer adhaerens (35.33%), Citrobacter diversus (33.03%), and Azotobacter nigricans (31.56%) to check the growth of pathogenic fungi compared to controls. Aureobacterium liquifaciens (27.66%), Acinetobacter sp. (25.66%), Bordetella pertussis (26.63%) also showed equal potential for inhibition. In contrast remaining isolates Enterobacter cloacae (19....
Bela Putra1*, Budi Prasetya2
...gnificantly enhanced the absorption of P (p<0.01), N (p<0.01), and Ca (p<0.01) in the plant. Additionally, gamma irradiation at a 25 Gy dosage demonstrated a notable effect, resulting in the highest calcium (Ca) content (p<0.01). However, the treatment did not exhibit a significant impact on pH (p > 0.05) in the rumen fluid, while NH3 (p<0.01) and VFA (p<0.01) parameters in the rumen fluid were significantly affected. The optimal dosage fo...
Shah Zeb Khan1, Ali Hazrat1*, Farman Ali Khan2, Muhammad Yahya1, Gul Rahim1, Muhammad Mukhtiar3, Muhammad Ajmal Khan4 and Hayat Ullah1
...ysis which gave distinct absorption of flavonoids functionalities. In antimicrobial studies, CR exhibited strongest antibacterial activity against E. coli, S. flexneri and S. aureus with inhibition zone of 25±0.75, 21±0.35 and 18±0.21 mm respectively. The same fraction showed very potent antifungal effect against A. niger and A. flavus with inhibition zones of 19±0.45 and 18±0.39 mm respectively. In case of stem extracts, CS ...
