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Johanna Lindahl 1, 2

British Journal of Virology
...es subsequently occur in rural areas. This review lists the risks of emergence of diseases due to the on-going urbanization, with especial focus on vector-borne diseases, particularly Japanese encephalitis. It is concluded, that although the mechanisms required for an extensive human to human transmission is not present for Japanese encephalitis virus, there is evidence of urban virus transmission. Thus, considering increasing urbanization rates and intense co...

Shahid Ali, Munir Khan

...nal opportunities to the rural population and extension education to wheat producers.

...

Mohammad Fayaz, Abbas Ullah Jan, Dawood Jan

...ticity between urban and rural households is provided using Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES) data from Pakistan Social and Standards Living Measurement (PSLM) 2010-11. The elasticities of interest were obtained via log-log inverse (LLI) functional form of Engel equation. The quantity and expenditure elasticities remained less than unity with reasonable differ- ence in magnitude across urban and rural households. Q...

Kemi Funmilayo Omotesho1*, Isreal Ogunlade1, Opeyemi Eyitayo Ayinde2

...tion from 195 farmers in rural communities across the four agro-ecological zones in the study area using a two-stage random sampling technique. Data used for the study were analysed using descriptive statistics, Likert scale and the regression analysis. The study revealed that farmers perceived the level of accountability of extension to farmers in the study area as poor. Level of education, access to training and membership of farmer-groups negatively influen...

 Mohammad Fayaz, Abbas-ullah Jan, Dawood Jan, Ghaffar Ali and Yousaf Hayat

...gnitude across urban and rural households. Overall, the quality elasticity turned out to be positive with an estimated value of 0.0061 and 0.2375 for wheat & wheat flour and rice & rice flour, respectively. The estimation of quality elasticity based upon income quintiles revealed that the magnitude of quality elasticity increases for rice & rice flour (0.2019 to 0.2639) while decreases for wheat & wheat flour (0.0160 to -0.0012) as household mo...

Mazhir Nadeem Ishaq, Li Cui Xia, Rukhsana Rasheed, Zeeshan Ahmad, Muhammad Abdullah

...lders and assist them in rural development. Based on study findings certain policy options has also been suggested to extend the farmer cooperative activities over different aspects of agriculture sector.

...

Mehreen Zaidullah and Hina Fatima

... Asian Countries and its rural population may equalize that of the urban till 2030. There are other changes as well like population growth and the wealth effects that have been observed in Pakistan. These changes can affect the consumption pattern of the people, and hence result in the food demand shifts. The current study estimates for the presence of structural shifts in the demand for food in Pakistan for the selected food groups from the Household Integrat...

Irfan Ullah and Abbas Ullah Jan

...cisions of the urban and rural household in order to understand the demand for different food commodities and to determine the effects of important economic factors such as prices and income. Flexible Linear Approximate Almost Ideal Demand System model is used to estimate food demand patterns using the Household Integrated Economic Survey of Pakistan for the year 2011-12. Food products are categorized into fourteen groups including milk, meat, fruits, vegetabl...

Zaheer Ahmad Qureshi and Khuram Nawaz Sadozai

...the income inequality of rural region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) Province, Pakistan. This study utilized cross sectional data of House Hold Integrated Economic Survey (HIES) collected by Pakistan Bureau of Statistics to obtain the income and expenditure level of sampled House Hold. The HIES data set of year 2011-12 for KP Province was comprised of the total of 1352 sampled House Hold. However, the sampled rural House Hold wa...

Naushad Khan1*, Shahnaz Akhtar1, Munir Khan1, Shaista Naz2, Javeria Tanveer1 and Muhammad Kaleem3

...cess availability in the rural areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province is considered a main staple food in low income households. Due to small scale farming in the province the maize growers are always in need of loan for the purchase of inputs. The present study examined the effect of ZTBL credit program on maize productivity in district Mardan of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. For this, a sample of 226 farmers was selected by employing multi stage sampling techn...

Neelum Andaleeb, Munir Khan and Syed Attaullah Shah

...k farm households from 6 rural Union Councils, and a well-structured questionnaire was used to collect data from female respondents through face to face interviews. A composite index was constructed to measure the extent of women’s participation, and a linear regression model was used to determine factors affecting women’s involvement in livestock farming. Results reveal that women were mostly involved in almost all farming activities. The average ...

Muhammad Zafarullah Khan

...garding agricultural and rural development of Pakistan through supervision and administration of agricultural activities. The current study was carried out to measure the level of competency of AEOs in skills regarding management of supervision and administration that is considered necessary in order to deal with farmers where a wide range of variations exists in their personalities and habits. A significant difference was reported in required and possessed co...

Abbas Ullah Jan1, Muhammad Fayaz1*, Yousaf Hayat2, Dawood Jan3 and Ghaffar Ali3 

...nd quality for urban and rural households using household income and expenditure data of Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement (PSLM) survey 2005. The log-log-inverse econometric model, representing nonlinear Engel curve relationship proved to be a valid estimation technique for fruit consumption in Pakistan. The results show that quantity elasticity with respect to income is constant for dates, grapes, guava and mango and tends to increase in all fr...
Rana Fartab Shoukat1, Shoaib Freed1,*, Kanwar Waqas Ahmad1 and Ateeq-ur-Rehman2
... pox virus (APV) etc. in rural and urban areas. To mitigate these problems study was conducted by using binary mixtures of entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana (isolates Bb-01, Bb-10), Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae (isolate Ma-11.1, Ma-2.4)and Isaria fumosorosea (isolates If-2.3, If-02) and chemical insecticides i.e., bifenthrin, lambda cyhalothrin, imidacloprid, triazophos, spinosad, pyriproxyfen and nitrinpyr...

Muhammad Zahid1*, Muhammad Ather Javed Khan2, Muhammad Idrees3 and Ahmad Kamran Khan4 

Wang Jian1, Abdur Rehman2*, Noor Khan3, Wang Zhengjia4, Ji Peng-fei5, Xie Cong6, Muhammad Niamatullah Khan Babar7 and Raheel Saqib8 

...capita net income of the rural households using statistical data of Hebei province China for the period 2000-2014.The descriptive statistical analysis, correlation test, Extend Linear Expenditure System (ELES) model, Gray relational analysis and the residual test have been used in this study.The results of the study indicates that all the rural households consumption have the increasing trend except the Engel coefficient sho...

 Aneela Afzal, Tanvir Ali, Munir Ahmad, Humera Amin and Samina Saki*

...was designed to identify rural women’s participation in different agricultural activities especially crop related involvement in the district Okara, Punjab, Pakistan. A multistage random sampling technique was used to collect the data from 480 respondents from three tehsils of the district. The results show that a vast majority of women were illiterate, having annual family income less than one lac, living in joint family system and having small land far...

 Hassnain Shah, Muhammad Azeem Khan, Umar Farooq, Nadeem Akmal*, Shahid Munir and Bashir Hussain**

POTENTIAL FOR INVESTMENT IN INDIGENOUS TECHNOLOGIES: A CASE OF LOW COST SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION STRUCTURES IN RAINFED POTHWAR, PAKISTAN
...ow and the livelihood of rural people even hard. Soil and water conservation under such an environment could provide the foundation for agricultural and natural resource development. To develop appropriate technologies for increasing land productivity through soil and water conservation, applied research has been carried out during 2001-07 in the rainfed Pothwar area. Low cost soil and water conservation structures were developed and demonstrated in the area. ...

 Sonila Hassan, Abid Hussain*, Muhammad Azeem Khan** and Irfan Mahmood*

RURAL-URBAN RETAIL PRICES AND MARKETING MARGINS OF FRESH FRUITS AND VEGETABLES IN PAKISTAN
...he marketing margins and rural-urban price differences of fresh fruits and vegetables. A checklist and an open-ended questionnaire were developed and used to interview a total of 200 retailers (rural and urban), 100 producers, 30 commission agents and 10 transporters in July 2010. Price data were collected from rural and urban retailers in Hyderabad, Faisalabad, Peshawar, Muzaffarabad and ...

 Tabinda Qaiser*, Ayesha Tahir*, Sajida Taj* and Murad Ali*

BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS OF APICULTURE ENTERPRISE: A CASE STUDY IN DISTRICT CHAKWAL, PAKISTAN
...loyment creation for the rural poor people to reduce the poverty. There is a great prospect of beekeeping in Pakistan on the basis of the socioeconomic context of the country and some special features of the enterprise.

...

 Muhammad Aamir Khan*, Abdul Saboor*, Rauf-i-Azam**, Abdul Qayyum Mohsin* and Fayyaz-ul-Hassan***

IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL TRADE LIBERALIZATION ON INCOME INEQUALITY IN PAKISTAN
...ewhat detrimental to the rural household types, who guage most of their income from agricultural business. Trade policy must be pursued keeping derivation and distributional narration in view. 

...

 Mazher Abbas*, Irfan Mehmood*, Arshed Bashir*, Muhammad Ather Mehmood* and Sonila Hassan* 

WOMEN COTTON PICKERS PERCEPTIONS ABOUT HEALTH HAZARDS DUE TO PESTICIDE USE IN IRRIGATED PUNJAB
...rs mostly belong to poor rural society involved in this labour force to feed their families. Cotton pickers in Pakistan face some serious health related problems due to heavy use of pesticides on cotton crop. The present study was designed to investigate the problem faced by women cotton pickers and their role in household decision making. Overall 150 women cotton pickers were interviewed from Bahawalnagar, Sahiwal and Vehari districts of cotton-wheat zone of ...

 Arshed Bashir*, Fatima Ahmad**, Irfan Mehmood*, Muhammad Qasim*, Mazher Abbas* and Sonila Hassan*

ECONOMICS OF RED MEAT PRODUCTION IN PUNJAB
...stems namely subsistence rural farms, small sized specialized farm and commercial farms. Four districts of Punjab (Gujranwala and Sialkot from rice-wheat zone and Chiniot and Faisalabad from mixed cropping zone) were selected for data collection and 76 red meat producers were interviewed. The results showed that commercial farms were dominated by cows while the small sized specialized farms were dominated by buffaloes. The mean age, sale price and live weight ...

 Ahmed Fatima*

INCIDENCE OF POVERTY AND THE ROLE OF NON-FARM ACTIVITIES
...e agro-climatic zones of rural Pakistan was also carried out. The relationship between incidence of poverty and non-farm activities is ambivalent with non-farm households being better off in regions that are less fertile. The incidence of poverty was highest amongst farm wage workers, followed by non-farm wage workers, non-farm self-employed and lastly crop cultivators. 

...

 Muhammad Nisar Khan*, Tariq Hassan*, Hassnain Shah*, Saleem Abid*, Irum Raza* and Saqib Shakeel Abbasi*

ASSESSMENT OF THE PROFESSIONAL TRAINING COURSE UNDER WATERSHED PROJECT AT FATEHJANG FIELD STATION, PUNJAB, PAKISTAN

 Hafiz Saqib Habib*, Arshad Mahmood Malik*, Abid Ali** and Muhammad Aamir Khan***

SOCIOECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF RURAL HOUSEHOLD FOOD EXPENDITURES IN RAWALPINDI
...ditures of households in rural area of Rawalpindi tehsil. Respondents were selected randomly and data were collected through questionnaire. A multiple double log regression model was used because it has an advantage that estimated parameter can easily be explained as expendi-tures elasticity. This model is used to give details of responses in socioeconomic factors to monthly household food expenditures. Regression analysis showed that 23 % of the changes in th...

 Arshia Naeem*, Maria Anjum*, Mariam Rehman*, Zahid Mahmood** and Muhammad Asif Kamran**

AN INTEGRATED INFORMATION SYSTEM TO FACILITATE FARMERS IN WHEAT, SUGARCANE AND OTHER CROP DISEASES IDENTIFICATION
...tegrates agriculture and rural development with information communication technology (ICT). In developing countries such as Pakistan, economy largely depends on agriculture. Therefore, the need to move from conventional ways of farming to easy, effective and efficient smart solutions are required to minimize yield losses in crop plants. An integrated application to facilitate farmers to communicate their crop related issues directly to agriculture scientists i...

 Ghazala Nawaz*, Muhammad Nawaz Malik**, Muhammad Hassan
Mushtaq***, Fraz Munir Ahmad****, Ali Abdullah Shah*****, Farooq
Iqbal******, Shinawar Waseem Ali*******, Zahida Fatima******** and
Amjad Khan*********

SURVEILLANCE OF BRUCELLOSIS IN LIVESTOCK IN RURAL COMMUNITIES OF PUNJAB, PAKISTAN
...ruminants of subtropical rural communities in the province of Punjab during January-March, 2015. Total 59665 sera samples from apparently healthy animals were collected and screened by Rose Bengal Plate test and confirmed by Complement fixation test, respectively. After adjustment for test sensitivities and specificities accordingly, and chi square analysis of results, the true prevalence per 1000 animals in buffaloes was (7.86%), significantly (P<0.01) hig...
Amna Kausar1,2, Sana Anwar1, Naila Siddique2, Safia Ahmed1 and Javid Iqbal Dasti1,*
...; broiler (n= 152; 60%), rural poultry (n=14; 6%), domestic desi birds (n=12; 5%), pigeons (n=9; 3.6%), desi chicken (n=9; 3.6%), broiler breeder (n=3; 1%) and layer (n=2; 0.8%). Overall sero-prevalence was 53% and average range of the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titer (MT log2) against AIV H9 remained 7±3. Real-time PCR results showed 8.3% (42/507) of the samples were positive for viral matrix gene. Sub-typing was performed by ...

Jahangir khan* and Abbas Ullah Jan 

... selected from urban and rural region of Peshawar district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province. Sampled households were interviewed face to face. An open-ended CVM question was designed to elicit households’ willingness to pay (WTP) and a linear regression analysis conducted to identify important determinants of households’ WTP. Results show that 93% of respondents are willing to pay a price premium of PKR. 14. Empirical findings reveal that socio-demog...

Raphael Olanrewaju Babatunde, Adeyemi Esther Omoniwa and Miriam Ukemenam 

... classroom especially in rural areas. This research assessed how inequality in gender as it regards schooling among children affects the income as an indicator of livelihood of farming households in Kwara state, Nigeria. A sampling technique comprising of three stages was used to randomly select 200 farming households in the study area. Data were collected using questionnaire and were analyzed using the Gini-coefficient and the Ordinary Least Square method. Th...

Ejaz Ashraf1*, Bushra Hassan2, Nadeem Anwar2, Hafiz Khurram Shurjeel3 and Shafique-ur-Rehman

.... The current concept of rural development is linked to economic welfare of rural people. It involves uplifting of certain indicators of development and satisfying the needs of fragile groups of rural communities. This study examined socio-economic factors of rural life which contribute in economic prosperity. A list of union councils and villages in teh...

Muhammad Luqman1, Raheel Saqib2*, Mujahid Karim1, Khalid Nawab2, Abdur Rehman3 and Muhammad Yaseen1 

...ts on the livelihoods of rural household in the Southern Punjab, the present study was carried out in 2016 at University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha. Data were collected from randomly selected 160 rural heads of households using interview schedule. Majority (76.2%) of the respondents were young (26 to 40 years). A significant majority (76.3%) were illiterate and only 23.8% were literate (Having more than f...

 Mian Azhar Ahmad1†*, Nawab Mohammad Khan2, Asmatullah3

Anatomical variations of hepatobiliary triangle in patients operated laparoscopically for gallbladder diseases from Lahore and Sahiwal
... in urban as compared to rural population with respective percentages of 66.67% and 60%. Gallbladder disease with stone was found to be much common in the age group between 31-60 years. Laparoscopic surgeons must know variant anatomy of hepatobiliary triangle to avoid intraoperative damage to blood vessels and extrahepatic biliary apparatus during laparoscopic cholecystectomy to prevent postoperative complications.

...

 Anber Naqvi1*#, Abdul Qadir1, Adeel Mahmood2, Mehvish Mumtaz3, Iqra Aslam1, Gan Zhang4

Assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in maternal blood serum from selected districts of Punjab, Pakistan
...escending
towards rural population. The mean TEQ concentration of eight dioxins like PCBs
was recorded as 0.03 ng/g l.w. Analysis of Σ34PCBs and socio-demographic
parameters reflected significant results for milk intake. The study findings
suggested a need for regulating the continuous intentional or unintentional
releases of PCB into the environment to prevent human exposure.

...

Neelum Andaleeb1*, Munir Khan1, Syed Attaullah Shah1 and Rahmat Ullah2 

...rganization, working for rural development, should be involved in provision of credit and livestock training facilities to rural women and encourage them to participate in livestock production and management. Access to credit will empower women in making pertinent livestock management decisions. Success of livestock venture will support rural economy and improve overall well being of every...

Amara Amjad Hashmi1,2,*, Maqbool Hussain Sial3, Waqar Akram4 and Maaida Hussain Hashmi5,6

... the time as compared to rural households. Whereas, in qualitative terms of food insecurity, we use two food diversification measures; one is dietary diversity score and second one is share of staple food in total calories consumed by household, suggest that households dietary diversity score is good on average that is 9 out of 10 food groups and on the whole it is slightly improved from (8.8 %) to (9%) in previous 10 years. Interestingly, when we analyze the ...
Farheen Shaikh*, Saima Naz, Nadir Ali Birmani
...luding two urban and two rural areas of Jamshoro and Hyderabad Districts. The selected birds were tagged with identity rings and 5-8 hosts in each locality were examined. Infestation of chewing lice on each bird was checked periodically in each month. Moreover, permanent microscopic slides of ectoparasites were prepared. During the study, three species of chewing lice were reported from Common Quail. Their population density on host body was recorded in each m...
Muhammad Huzaifa Mehmood1, Muhammad Ahmad Iqbal2, Muhammad Daood1, Muhammad Rizwan Tariq3*, Khubaib Ali3
...ckyard farming system in rural areas of Pakistan. The quality of meat depends upon the nutritious value, texture profile, taste and flavour. Mostly dieticians recommend rabbit meat due to low in caloric value then other traditional meats. To enhance the quality of rabbit meat oat is used as feed for rabbits, because oat is good source of dietary ingredients. In this study 2-4% oat seeds were used to investigate their dietary response. The range of oat that is ...

Syed Amjad Kamal Jan* and Naushad Khan 

...is crop is also grown in rural area of Lower Dir district which play vital role in the economy of the farming community. Till today no study was arranged in this district to analyze the situation. Seeing to its importance the present study was started in 2016 and completed in2018. The major objectives of the study were to determine the factors which affect the production per acre of rice and analyze the problems and constraints faced to rice grower in the stud...
Khalid Khan1, Saima Liaqat2*, Somaiya Rasheed1 and Ihsanullah Kakar3
Catherine J. Allen
... inhabitants of Sonqo, a rural Quechua-speaking community in the highlands of southern Peru, where I have carried out research since 1975. I explore notions of well-being through vocabulary drawn from Southern Peruvian Quechua, including allin kawsay (well-being), pacha (world), ayllu (community), ayni (reciprocity), uyway (nurturance), hucha (sin) and animu (individuating energy), with particular emphasis ...

Anum Khursheed1, Malik Muhammad Shafi2 and Haidar Ali2* 

...at develop livelihood in rural area. Chi-square test results show that there is a significant relationship between monthly income and sources of income from livestock. AJKRSP had conducted training programs in different sectors regarding livestock. Livelihood of about (80%) of the sampled respondents had improved after training. Study concluded that AJKRSP has enormous effect on local community which contributed positively to livelihood of local community.&nbs...

Kubra Siddique*, Ghaffar Ali, Irfan Ullah, Atta Ullah Shah and Muhammad Fayaz 

...e average, households in rural region spend more on the food items while, urban households spend more on non-food items. Expenditures on beef is noted highest for both urban and rural region followed by chicken, fish and other meat type (Eggs, Shrimps, Prawns). Empirical results show that for all the selected meat type expenditure elasticities are positive suggesting them as normal goods. The expenditure elasticities for m...

Haidar Ali1, Malik Muhammad Shafi1*, Himayatullah Khan1 and Hamra Haidar

... to the non-farm sector (rural). This involves improving the educational level in rural areas. 

...

Sanaullah and Urooba Pervaiz* 

...tural development of the rural community. The current study was intended to investigate the effect and role of extension trainings in the improvement of main agricultural crops and vegetables in Bajaur Agency of Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) during the year 2016-17. The study was based on primary data collected from 166 sample respondents who got training from Bajaur Area Development Program (BADP) using a well-structured interview schedule; throu...

Mustasim Famous*, Obaidul Islam, Shameema Khatun, Mohammed Mustafizur Rahman and Tania Ferdoushi 

...nerally practiced by the rural farmers. They have very little idea about breed and variety of turkey and prevention of diseases of turkey. But farmers have very little knowledge about turkey management procedure. There is no specific feeding standard for turkey. Farmers used to feed their turkey according to broiler and layer feeding manual. So, research needed to improve the status of turkey. 

...

Raheel Saqib1*, Muhammad Luqman2, Iqbal Javed3, Abdur Rehman4, Muhammad Yaseen2, Saleem Ashraf5 and Muhammad Zeeshan Majeed2 

...e enough food, access to rural advisory (extension) services, access to financial support structures (in the form of social safety nets) and crop diversification strategies. 

...

Muhammad Israr1*, Helen Ross2, Shakeel Ahmad3, Nafess Ahmad4 and Urooba Pervaiz5

Rakhshanda Kousar1, Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum2, Raza Ullah1, Aqeela Saghir3, Sohaib Usman3* and Tahira Sadaf

...cted from 120 farmers of rural area of Faisalabad. This study calculated the extent of land fragmentation by using Simpson index. Production function was employed to estimate the impact of land fragmentation on the crop productivity. The results suggested that higher the land fragmentation of the farms, negative is the impact on the productivity. The findings of the study have important implication for formulating of efficient land use policy. 

...

Saba1, Shahnaz Akhtar1, Waqar Khalid2* and Saifullah Khan

...the primary dataset from rural women through face to face interviews. A women’s participation index was designed to compute the degree of women’s involvement, and a multiple linear regression model was proposed to measure factors influencing women’s participation in livestock management practices. The computed value of the mean composite index was 4.81 which showed that women farmers on average engaged for 4.81 hours per day in the livestock ...

Haidar Ali1*, Malik Muhammad Shafi1, Himayatullah Khan1 and Hamra Haidar

...e small farmers into the rural off-farm sector efforts should be made. It demands better educational level in rural areas. Secondly, there should expansion in agricultural wages in rural area. 

...

Mahfooz Khan* and Himayatullah Khan 

...lay an important role in rural areas of Pakistan. Unfortunately, most of the farm households in Pakistan still use traditional energy sources for cooking. The present study is based on choice of alternative energy sources for cooking in rural areas of district Peshawar. The main objective of the study was to examine what factors determine the choice of alternative energy sources of farm households for cooking in the study ar...

Ejaz Ashraf1*, Anam Sarwar2, Muhammad Junaid1, Mirza B. Baig3, Hafiz Khurram Shurjeel4 and R. Kirby Barrick

... the living standards of rural societies. Therefore, in-service and pre-service training sessions should be arranged to develop and enhance the competencies of extension field staff in the area of climate change. 

...
Muhammad Shuaib Khan1, Shakeeb Ullah1, Nisha. A.R2, Muhammad Umar3, Muhammad Inamullah Malik1*, Syed Muhammad Kamal Shah1, A. Zaman1, Shakir Ullah1, Imdad Ullah1, Sumera Ali Khan4
... a great contribution in rural agriculture, livestock and dairy sectors of Pakistan. Their help ranges from the crop and livestock production to cottage industry. The women in rural societies of Pakistan deliver many farm duties especially in the Punjab province, anterior Sindh, KP, Gilgat-Baltistan and Baluchistan. In the hilly areas men and women of the rural community use the donkeys fo...

Umar Hayat1, Khalid Khan2, Saima Liaqat3 and Guo Xiangyu4* 

...bad, Balochistan. In the rural areas of Pakistan, farmers do not utilize all available resources efficiently. Therefore, it leads to inefficient choices which subsequently affect the production. This study evaluated determinants of rice production in the district Nasirabad, Balochistan by employing Neo-Classical and Cobb-Douglas production functions. The findings of the study show that education, fertilizers, rent, training and total area under the rice crop (...

Gulnaz Hameed1, Abdul Saboor1, Khuram Nawaz Sadozai2*, Ghaffar Ali2, Dawood Jan2 and Mansoor Rasheed

...various facet, series of rural/community development programs have been launched for long times. The research gap needs to be addressed is an empirical analysis of contribution of such initiatives in the welfare of masses through poverty reduction in the area. This research endeavor is designed to figure out the impact of one of such projects named as Azad Jammu and Kashmir Community Development (AJKCDP) through poverty estimation and exploring the correlates ...

Ahmad Kiani1*, Shapour Zarifian1, Hosein Kouhestani1 and Hosein Karimzadeh

...t strategies to increase rural incomes, create new job opportunities in rural areas etc., and site selection of rural industries has led to the development goals. Agricultural industries are one type of rural industries and it’s so important in Iran because of major potential of agriculture in Iran and also other developing countries. According to ...

Muhammad Raheel Faiz1, Ijaz Ashraf1, Haq Nawaz2, Muhammad Zubair3*, Muhammad Sajid Mahmood4, Sajid Hussain5 and Abdul Qadeer2 

...ers. There were total 58 rural union councils in Faisalabad Sadar, out of which 6 were selected through simple random sampling. From each selected union council, one village was selected at random and from each selected village, 20 vegetable growers were selected randomly thus making a sample size of 120 respondents. A well-planned interview schedule was prepared for the collection of data from the selected respondents. The survey showed that major problems of...

 M. Ihsan Ul Haq1, Ahmad Hussain2*, Farzana Yasmeen3, Shafiq R. Qureshi4

LIFE CYCLE COSTING AND PAYBACK PERIOD EVALUATION OF A SOLAR THERMAL DESALINATION SYSTEM
...br /> especially remote rural and coastal areas. About 97% of water on earth is comprised of seawater. Desalination of
saline water is a prominent approach to handle the problem of water scarcity. Conventional desalination technologies
cause economic and environmental problems due to their dependency upon fossil fuels. Solar flash desalination
is one of the best desalination techniques in the developing stages. Solar energy, passive vacuu...

Shaista Naz1*, Noor P. Khan1, Himayatullah Khan1 and Azra2 

Does Women’s Participation in Livestock Management Enhance their Empowerment? An Insight from the Tribal Belt of Pakistan
...tic level and supporting rural livelihoods with the provision of multiple products for consumption and sale. However, the question arises that women’s participation in livestock management has some relation to their empowerment or it is not a debatable issue. To address the issue, this research is carried out in the tribal areas of Pakistan for which data were collected from 323 randomly selected female respondents from 323 randomly selected households i...

Hina Fatima1*, Sania Shaheen2, Lal Khan Almas3 and Sehrish Haroon4

Profit Efficiency among Transplanting and Direct Seeded Rice Producers (Case Study of Certain Rice Growing Areas of Province Punjab, Pakistan)
...xtension services in the rural areas.

...

Asif Nawaz*, Muhammad Zafarullah Khan, Rehmat Ullah, Khalid Nawab and Urooba Pervaiz

Investigation of Professional Competency Level and Training Needs of Field Assistants in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
...ion analysis showed that rural domicile, job experience, and higher educational level of Field Assistants have positive and significant effect on the development of their competency. Therefore, it is suggested to provide in-service training for the Field Assistants in the identified areas for the adequate acquisition of relevant skills and knowledge.

...
Abdul Waheed*, Asim Faraz, Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq
...g is an integral part of rural households everywhere in Pakistan, therefore a preliminary study was launched to highlight some aspects of this farming system prevailing in southern Punjab. For this reason data was collected from 30 households and was subjective to descriptive statistical analysis. The farmer’s family size averaged 6.4±1.6 with average monthly income of Rs. 14322.6±3026.4. These rural hous...

Oluwatoyin Olagunju1* and Luqman Abiodun Akinbile2

Farmers Perceptions of the Effect of Rural Transportation Systems on Farming Income in Ondo State, Nigeria
...nomic development of the rural population. Nonetheless, in Nigeria, the state of rural roads is pitiable, as the development, enhancement and provision of more rural transport systems could be a panacea for the prolonged deplorable and worsening state of rural roads in the country. This study examined the perceived effects of rur...
Muhammad Yaseen1*, Xu Shiwei2, Yu Wen2, Ejaz Ashraf1, Muhammad Luqman1, Muhammad Ameen3 and Sadia Hassan4
Farmers Behavior to Participate in Public Sector Agricultural Extension Services: Comparative Analysis of Pakistan and China
...s to achieve sustainable rural livelihood and improved living standards.

...

Asif Ali Abro1* and Iqbal Ahmed Panhwar2

Impact of Various Factors on Crop Diversification Towards High Value Crops in Pakistan: An Empirical Analysis by using THI
...ceived a low priority in rural areas and it is recommended that cold storage in relevant areas, vibrant roads net work and consistency in power supply for cold storage should be developed on priorities basis that will help to minimize the post harvesting losses. The judicious use of fertilizer, efficient utilization of water and support price for fruits, vegetables, pulses and oilseeds are required for the promotion of high value crops.

...

Muhammad Abdullah1, Syed Attaullah Shah1, Khurram Nawaz Saddozai1, Jahangir Khan1*, Mohammad Fayaz1, Irfan Ullah1* and Sabeeh Ullah2

Analysis of Agricultural Land Price Determinants and Policy Implications for Controlling Residential and Commercial Encroachments: Facts from District Swabi (Pakistan)
...ulting human influx from rural areas, and are increasing demand for residential and commercial units in the suburbs. This high demand is pulling land prices and causing utilization of fertile agricultural land for residential and commercial units’ construction. Around 50% of the sampled agricultural lands were used for residential and commercial purposes. Results from HPM reveal that agricultural characteristics, such as land fertility and irrigation wat...

Sajid Khan* and Shahnaz Akhtar

Effect of Farm Labor Transformation on Households Income in Central Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
...ng cottage industries in rural areas and by providing technical training to farmers for the dissemination of the latest technology and skill enhancement for growing various crops and vegetables to enhance agriculture and rural development.

...

Syed Muhammad1*, Badar Naseem Siddiqui2, Farhat Ullah Khan1 and Nawab Khan3

Self-perceived Constraints of Extension Field Staff Affecting their Working Efficiency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
...ajority (81.1 %) were of rural background, and all had received trainings of different duration. Important constraints which affected the efficiency of EFS were lack of transport, political interference in transfers, large jurisdiction area, non-participation in policy decisions, unsatisfactory pay structure, unavailability of medical facilities, low opportunity of proper in-service trainings, poor linkages of agricultural extension with research wing and low ...
Abdul Hameed1*, Ihtsham ul Haq Padda2 and Abdul Salam3
Estimating Food Consumption Patterns in Pakistan by Using Ideal Demand System
...tan as well as urban and rural areas. The regional analysis indicates that the gross and net substitute impacts in urban areas are somewhat more dominant than in rural areas. It implies that urban areas household makes more substitutes relative to rural areas. These findings suggest that policy makers and public organizations should reexamine the connection between consumption, price and i...

Muhammad Luqman1*, Roshan Hussain1, Muhammad Yaseen1, Muhammad Umer Mehmood1, Ijaz Asghar2 and Usman Saleem1

Comparative Analysis of Dietary Intake Patterns of Rural and Urban Communities of Southern Punjab, Pakistan
... of 600 respondents (300 rural respondents and 300 urban respondents) was randomly selected through equal distribution technique and interviewed by using structured interview schedule. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences and the following key results were obtained. Most of the respondents from the study were above the 30 years of age (mature), illiteracy was high in rural area and most of the res...

Sanaullah1*, Abdul Basit2 and Inayat Ullah3

Challenges and Prospects of Farm Mechanization in Pakistan: A Case Study of Rural Farmers in District Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
...d scenario prevailing in rural area of district Peshawar of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province in Pakistan. This study employed a multi stage sampling technique to gather data on the socio-economic features of the farmers and available machinery. A total of 240 rural farmers were randomly selected from two local union councils of provincial government Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Peshawar. The accumulated data were analysed using mean and st...
Eslam Moradi-Asl1*, Behnam Mohammadi Ghalehbin2, Kamran Akbarzadeh3, Jafar Mohammad-Shahi4, Hajar Afshin4
... in tropical regions and rural areas where animal contact is common. Wound myiasis occurs when fly larvae infect open wounds. We describe an old male with wound myiasis by agent of Lucilia cuprina, who had a history of diabetes and also blind that reefed to hospital in 13 September and was admitted to date 18 September 2019.Larvea extracted manually from thumb finger of left foot and sent to Medical Entomology Laboratory of the School of Public Health, ...
Luka Anthony*, Olugbenga Omotayo Alabi, Elizabeth Samuel Ebukiba and Vandi Gamba
...tlets among small-holder rural farming households are the main focus to improve rice production and increase the income of the farmers. Primary data were used for this study. Data were obtained using a well-designed well-structured questionnaire. The questionnaires were administered to two hundred and seven (207) small-holder rural rice farming households. Multi-stage sampling technique was adopted. Data were analyzed using ...
Muhammad Tariq Chaudhary1, Saleem Ashraf 2, Muhammad Yaseen3 and Muhammad Luqman3
 
 
...f 77.45% respondents was rural and farming was key source of income for more than half of respondents (56.14%). Satisfaction with classroom facilities (Mean=2.47±0.67), higher grades in examination (Mean=2.39±0.77) and relevance of the coursework (Mean=2.38±0.75) learned at training institutes helped respondents to get through the recruitment process. Regression analysis affirmed that extra-curricular activities (P<0.05), being a sports...
Sana* and Abbas Ullah Jan
 
...of government schools in rural areas. Traditional agriculture is labourintensive, provision of interest-free formal credit for the adoption of modern technologies could reduce demand for labour.
...
Raheel Saqib1*, Muhammad Luqman2, Saleem Ashraf3, Tahir Munir Butt4, Abdur Rehman5, Imtiaz Hussain6 and Muhammad Umer Mehmood2
 
 
... living quality. All the rural farm families residing in district Mansehra served as the population for the study. In order to have a representation of the entire population, female respondents from the study area were drawn randomly. A total sample size of the study was 110 respondents (rural female engaged in different farming activities). Data were collected through pre-tested interview schedule and analyzed using SPSS. R...
Umair Riaz1*, Shazia Iqbal2, Muhammad Irfan Sohail2, Tayyaba Samreen2, Muhammad Ashraf1, Fatima Akmal2, Ayesha Siddiqui3, Ijaz Ahmad4, Muhammad Naveed5, Naveed Iqbal Khan5 and Rao Masood Akhter6
...nments especially in the rural areas of low-income Asian and African countries.
...

Uwem E. George1, Oluwadamilola A. Arowolo2, Oluseyi A. Olayinka3, Ijeoma M. Ifeorah4, Temitope O.C. Faleye3,5, Bolaji Oluremi6, Arthur O. Oragwa7, Ewean C. Omoruyi8, Emmanuel E. Udoh9, Oluwadamilola G. Osasona1,10, Emmanuel Donbraye11, Olufunke P. Adeniji12, Olubusuyi M. Adewumi3,13* and Johnson A. Adeniji3,13,14

...hanged with handlers and rural dwellers around the Sanctuary. Surveillance of sympatric human faecal and environmental microbiota and their resistomes at the Wildlife Sanctuary are merited to inform public health interventions and decrease ARGs dissemination.

...

Attaullah Jan1*, Saleem Khan2, Iftikhar Alam1, Farzeen Khan3 and Muhammad Farooq4*

... conducted in Bahlola, a rural Union Council of District Charsadda KPK. The study included 235 school-going children of both sex aged 5-10 years. A Pre-tested questionnaire was used for collection of data for the parameters: socio-demographics, anthropometrics, and dietary intake. Data on anthropometrics included measurement of weight, height and BMI. Age and anthropometrics (weight, height and BMI) were used for z-score calculation following WHO standards and...

Mahwish Munawar1, Xu Shiwei1, Yu Wen1 and Muhammad Luqman2*

...d to deepen insight into rural households’ food consumption system. Food consumption score and household food insecurity access score index were used for precise estimation of food consumption behaviour and food security level weekly and monthly. Food Consumption Score indicated that households are less food insecure weekly; not a single-family consumes less than required food. But when we analyze rural households&rsqu...

Summara Abbasi* and Khalid Nawab

...-economic development of rural milk producers as milk production has a significant contribution to sustainable rural livelihoods. For this purpose, the present research was conducted to determine the socio-economic factors that influence the rural milk producers in the adoption of dairy technology. A survey was carried out in district Muzaffarabad of Azad Jammu and Kashmir by selecting 8 v...

Mehnaz Safdar1, Urooba Pervaiz1* and Dawood Jan2

...nt in decision making in rural areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP)-Pakistan. Three districts namely Bannu, Swabi and Swat from KP were purposively selected and a sample size of 384 women farmers were selected through multistage sampling technique. Descriptive analysis revealed that 305 women farmers were involved in rearing poultry. A 5 point Likert scale was used, showed that women farmers had various constraints out of which Pardah, mobility and lack of informa...

Abdul Hameed1*, Ihtsham Ul Haq Padda1 and Abdul Salam2

...igures for the urban and rural areas are 40.5% and 36.7%, respectively. Households experiencing deficiency in caloric intake in Balochistan and Sindh provinces are comparatively higher. Nutritional deficiencies in terms of essential macro and micronutrients indicate that 40% of households were deficient in protein, with 58% in urban and 44% in rural areas. Micronutrient deficiency analysis shows that 22% of the survey househ...

Shahzad Khan1*, Munir Khan1, Arif Alam2, Ikram Shah2, Mahfooz Khan1 and Fida Muhammad Khan1

Wesley D. Nafarnda, Japhet H. Baraya, Olatunde H. Olabode, Malang K. Simon

...ed effects in scavenging rural poultry especially in Nigeria.
Aim: This cross sectional study was conducted to establish the impact of V4 thermostable ND
vaccination on rural poultry productivity using corn bran (dusa) as alternative vaccine carrier in five
Local Government Areas (LGA) in Adamawa state, Nigeria.
Method: Structured questionnaire on general knowledge, practice an...

Pukhtoon Yar1*, Salman Khan2, Du Ying1 and Muhammad Israr3

...or has greatly sustained rural livelihood. There are three various stages for the successful execution of the projects under the umbrella of CPEC. The agriculture sector would be directly or indirectly benefited from these projects, currently ongoing under CPEC. Over the last several decades the country’s agriculture sector has severely been affected, and the crisis in energy might be the prime reason responsible for this downfall. In order to achieve th...
Naveed Farah1*, Izhar Ahmad Khan1, Asif Ali Abro2, Jehanzeb Masood Cheema3 and Muhammad Luqman4*
...hanging the landscape at rural-urban interface through agricultural land conversion into urban infrastructures. The present study compares the patterns of land use changes and the resulting livelihood transformation of farmers at urban fringes in two contrasting cities of Punjab province of Pakistan. A mixed method approach was employed for data collection and at first, a longitudinal analysis of Landsat imagery of land use was done through GIS and Remote Sens...

Muhammad Yaseen*, Muhammad Adnan, Muhammad Luqman, Muhammad Zeeshan Majeed and Muhammad Umer Mehmood

...justify;">Involvement of rural youth in agricultural activities, factors hindering their involvement, and what they think about having a career in the sector have the vigor to provide us with facts about rural youth. Keeping in view the importance of rural youth in agriculture, the present study is designed to find the reasons that hinder rural youth inv...

Kemi Funmilayo Omotesho1*, Philip Akintunde Fatodu1 and Toyin Benedict Ajibade2

Ikechukwu Eugene Onah*, Ifeoma Esther Aniaku, Jude Ifeanyi Okwor and Ada Sylvester Haruna
...ard the public health of rural and urban dwellers in the study area.
...
Sohail Anjum1, Awais Ahmad1, Farzana Bibi1 and Hazrat Ali2*
...ecies has colonized both rural and urban areas and has dispersed throughout the study area. One of the most important factors for its population increase is the increased number of dumping sites in the area.
...

Dilshad Ahmad1*, Muhammad Afzal2 and Asif Ali Abro3

...ing poverty specifically rural community of developing countries. The present study attempts to analyze the impact of formal credit on milk production of dairy animals and household income in district Vehari of southern Punjab, Pakistan. The study used simple random sampling approach for collecting primary data of 240 livestock household farmers and employed regression analysis model to estimate credit impact on household income and livestock production. An ec...
Abdul Sattar*, Hasan Orooj and Muhammad Iqbal Afridi
...dings, as Rawalpindi and rural Islamabad do not prepare high risk mapping during the window period.
...
Abdul Sattar*, Hasan Orooj and Muhammad Iqbal Afridi
...dings, as Rawalpindi and rural Islamabad do not prepare high risk mapping during the window period.
...

Yuan Zhang1, Qingyue Han1, Peiquan Du1, Yi Lu1, Lianmei Hu1, Sadaqat Ali2, Khalid Mehmood2, Sajid Hameed2, Zhaoxin Tang1, Hui Zhang1* and Ying Li1*

 

...ale unsterilized Chinese rural dog was found to have a lump in the groin area over the past two months. The dog visited the doctor due to inguinal mass, loss of appetite, dyspnea, fever, and other symptoms. Blood routine examination displayed declined MCV and lymphocytes, while augmentation of neutrophils. Serum biochemistry, SNAP cPL and blood gas analysis suggested that the dog have pancreatitis and chronic compensatory alkalosis. The X-ray examination revea...

Yuan Zhang1, Qingyue Han1, Peiquan Du1, Yi Lu1, Lianmei Hu1, Sadaqat Ali2, Khalid Mehmood2, Sajid Hameed2, Zhaoxin Tang1, Hui Zhang1* and Ying Li1*

 

...ale unsterilized Chinese rural dog was found to have a lump in the groin area over the past two months. The dog visited the doctor due to inguinal mass, loss of appetite, dyspnea, fever, and other symptoms. Blood routine examination displayed declined MCV and lymphocytes, while augmentation of neutrophils. Serum biochemistry, SNAP cPL and blood gas analysis suggested that the dog have pancreatitis and chronic compensatory alkalosis. The X-ray examination revea...
Seble Mulugeta1 and Amenu Leta2*
... are the best option for rural peoples until hydroelectric power is well disseminated in the country. Ethiopia has been faced with critical energy access and supply problems with poorly ventilated cooking places. The current study examined factors determining households’ decision to adopt renewable energy technologies and energy source choice in Boset District. A two-stage stratified random sampling was employed to draw 210 respondents. The descriptive s...

Martha Echioda Ogbole*, James Agbo Ameh, Samuel Mailafia, Olatunde Hamza Olabode and Bridget Jessica Adah

... years of age within the rural settings characterized by sporadic outbreaks of the disease occurring mostly during the dry season. It is hereby recommended that policy makers should timely provide prioritized budgetary allocation for the control of LF. In addition, sustained public enlightenment campaigns on strict hygienic practices and rodent control are also advocated.

...

Ndumiso Malusi1, Andrew Bamidele Falowo2, Yiseyon Sunday Hosu3,4, Emrobowansan Monday Idamokoro3,4* 

... cattle production among rural farmers who happen to be a major player in cattle production in South Africa. Such prevalent factors that have been identified to decline cattle productivity include poor animal breeding, lack of available feed resources, marketing constraints and animal health challenges among others. These limiting constraints have in turn negatively affected the potential of communal cattle farmers from exploring both the local and global mark...

Naila Shahzadi1, Hafiz Muhammad Tahir1*, Shaukat Ali1, Muhammad Farooq Bhatti2, Azizullah1, Shafaat Yar Khan3, Abdul Khaliq4

...ve, welfare-oriented and rural cottage industry being capable to engage amateurish family manpower for income generation via indoor activities. It has potential to provide a livelihood for the poor rural families and can play a crucial role to uplift the economy of our country. Unfortunately, this industry has not been on the list of priorities of our Government. Currently, Pakistan is importing silk from other countries to ...

Abid Hussain1*, Saifullah Khan2, Shamas Liaqat3 and Shafiullah4 

...sible through supporting rural communities in use of light to medium type of machinery, adoption of innovative technologies to harvest and use water, use of recommended agricultural production technologies, and through development of related infrastructure. It would require strenuous medium to long term efforts and substantial investments. Similarly, forest land with wood and non-wood products and grazing pastures along with farming and toursims realted
...

Ibrarul-Haq* and Malik Muhammad Shafi

...s collection affects the rural households’ income in district Swat, Pakistan. In addition, the factors of household’s participation in the study area were also identified. The relationship among the household’s income from of the NTFP’s collection and age of the household head, level of education, distance between the forest and home, household size, landholding size, capacity of livestock herd for individual holding (number of livestoc...

Weam Mohamed Baher*, Gamilat A. El said 

...and thigh collected from rural and urban localities in Egypt. Evaluation of the hygienic status of chicken meat was done via estimation of total bacterial count (TBC), most probable number (MPN) of coliforms, total staphylococcus count (TSC), and total mold count (TMC). An experimental trial for the improvement of the hygienic status of chicken meat (breast) was done using the bacteriocin, nisin, and gingerol at two concentrations (1%, and 2%). The achieved re...

Mohamed El-Henfnawy*, Essam A. El-Gendy, Ahamed M. El-Kaiaty, Mostafa Helal 

... play important roles in rural development and sustainability, and thus, evaluating and improving local breeds is essential. Genotype-by-sex interaction refers to the interaction of genetic architecture with male or female performance. The current study aimed to evaluate the genotype-by-sex (G×S) interaction on the growth performance of a selected chicken line and its genetic control line. The results revealed significant G × S interactions for bod...

Asim Zubair1*, Iffat Batool2 and Ghulam Akbar Malik3

...t. Mostly people in that rural areas were depending a lot on NGOs for their basics needs. So, the Purpose of this research was to identify the possible role of NGOs in Pakistan’s Agriculture sector. The experience of non-Governmental and community-based organizations were reviewed in this research. Pakistan occupies a unique position in the world as a poor agricultural country with few obvious indicators of poverty. The purpose of this quantitative study...

Asim Faraz1, Muhammad Yaqoob2, Nasir Ali Tauqir3, Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq1, Ayman Balla Mustafa4, Amir Ismail5, Muhammad Arslan Akbar6, Abdul Waheed1* and Muhammad Shahid Nabeel7

...g very important role in rural economy of desert areas of the country, this specific study will be used to build the country’s data base for future research.
...

Najmul Saqib* and Himayathullah Khan

...">Farm households in the rural areas are practicing agroforestry to generate their livelihood. To conduct this study, two distracts namely Mardan and Swat of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan was purposively selected. In district Mardan, agroforestry is practiced as boundary line plantations; while in Swat intercropping is more common characteristics. A total of 390 households involved in agroforestry practices were interviewed. The study investigated the effect of...

Arshad Mahmood Malik1*, Nigah Hussain1 and Nasim Akhter2

...o off-farm work and from rural to urban areas is becoming common practice. Punjab Labor Policy 2018, addresses agriculture labor on the lines of industrial labor to improve its supply. This study is designed to ascertain the factors effecting agricultural labour supply of irrigated area of Khushab District of Punjab. Primary data of three villages was collected having different cropping patterns and irrigation systems of the study area. Multivariate model was ...

Onwusiribe Ndubuisi Chigozirim*, Okpokiri Chibuzo Ikechukwu, Agu-Aguiyi Fortune Nneka and Oteh Ogbonnaya Ukeh

...socio-economic status of rural farmers, especially income and education are significant factors influencing their access to institutional support and adaptation to climate change. This study suggests that the government take a multi-stakeholder approach to addressing climate change, including the private sector and communities, as well as improving extension services’ capacity to educate farmers.

...

Farheen Shaikh*, Saima Naz and Nadir Ali Birmani

...from different urban and rural localities of Sindh, Pakistan. There were 15 guinea fowl Numida meleagris (Linnaeus, 1758) were captured and brought to the Parasitological laboratory of Department of Zoology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro. The study was carried out from April 2015 –March 2016. Guinea fowls Numida meleagris (Linnaeus, 1758) were sprayed with Permathrin (Coopex powder) and ket on white paper sheets for about 32-35 minutes. The fowls were ch...

Ghulam Qadar* and Khalid Nawab

...tion around 80% lives in rural areas and they are dependents on agriculture directly or indirectly. The government of AJandK has started agricultural education program for the students at the school level. The current study was carried out to examine and evaluate agriculture teachers’ competencies levels that are teaching agriculture subject at school level in different parts of the state. For this purpose, 250 agriculture teachers were selected from ten...

Muhammad Umar1*, Mubashar Hussain1 and David C. Lee2

...try, urban croplands and rural croplands of Gujrat, Pakistan from April 2017 to March 2019. We randomly positioned three one km transects > 500 m apart at each sampling point in all three study sites. We conducted both morning (0500-0800 hours) and afternoon (1600-1900 hours) surveys, recording all birds seen or heard along transects to a maximum perpendicular distance of 50 m; 0.1 km2 surveyed per transect. In total, we recorded 39 bird species belonging t...

Muhammad Tariq Navid1,2*, Mian Muhammad Awais2*, Muhammad Irfan Anwar2 and Masood Akhtar2

...poultry industry. In the rural settings, the domestic birds are neglected for avian influenza (AI) vaccination while they are directly connected with migratory carrier birds throughout their life. Keeping in view this study was design. Four Tehsils of district Multan were selected to investigate asymptomatic backyard poultry birds for presence of AIVs. For this purpose, a total of 213 birds were randomly selected and from each bird sera, oro-pharyngeal and clo...

Sherif Abdelghany1, Hossam Mahrous Ebeid2*, Ahmed Abdelkader Aboamer2, Mohamed Ali Radwan1, Rania Agamy1 

...for feeding practices in rural areas.

Keywords | Rural Regions, Dairy Farms, Feeding Practices, Milk Analysis, Milk urea nitrogen, Smallholders 

...

Ahmed Abdul Gafar

...h majority 87% reside in rural areas. Most of the farmers are aware of the existence and dangers of COVID-19. Although there was considerable free movement of rural farmers to access their farms, inputs especially fertilizer has been the major constraints to production. More so, most farmers were only able to sell 1-20% of their paddy rice during the period. Evidence suggest that majority of the rice farmers remain optimisti...

Asim Zubair1*, Zohaib Atta Mehdie2, Iffat Batool3, Ghulam Akbar Malik4 and Ayesha Aziz5

Muhammad Yaseen1*, Muhammad Luqman1*, Bushra Pervaiz2, Rana Shahzad Noor3, Muhammad Ameen4, Sadia Hassan3 and Wassi Abbas1

...l calamities. Therefore, rural advisory services to improve food security among the farming community are imperative. The present study was designed to explore various rural advisory service mechanisms for improving food security in the Sargodha district. The sample size of the study was 120 farmers. An interview schedule was used as a research instrument for data collection using the face-to-face interview method. Descripti...

Samiya Rehman*, Eman Mustafa, Ali Ahmad Faiz, Maheen Kanwal, Farkhanda Yasmin and Arooj Fatima

... prevalent everywhere in rural and urban areas also in educational institutions of different countries of the world. Drug addiction has impacts on health and caused unbearable mental as well as emotional pain. Brain functioning is adversely affected by drug addiction, which causes reduction in cortex of brain, alteration in structure and function of myelin sheath, neuroinflammation resulted in reduced memory, decision making and thinking power. The adverse eff...

Urooj Shakoor* and Syed Attaullah Shah

...ional poverty profile in rural Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan), using Alkire-Foster Method, and a binary logit analysis was conducted to identify its determinants. Data set of 3035 rural households, extracted from Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement survey (2018-19), was grouped into three geo-climate zones (Northern, Central and Southern zones). Results from data analysis revealed that 46.6 percent of the sampled ...

Farhana Binte Zalal, Prodip Kumar Sarkar*, Mahbuba Sultana, M H Kawsar, Swapon Kumar Fouzder 

...ll poultry production in rural areas.

Keywords | Broodiness, Chick rearing, Egg incubation, Hatching eggs, Management 

...

Zarema Alimsultanova Magomedova1, Kheda Khalitovna Dadaeva1, Roza Said-Akhmedovna Zakhkieva1, Islam Khasanovich Shakhbiev1*, Boris Kazievich Laipanov2 

...of foothill rivers, from rural households, from agricultural territories, from the territory of hayfields with eggs of the genus Nematodirus amounted to 40.59%, 38.11%, respectively, 33.90%, 37, 06%, 30.77%, 25.28% of soil samples, which indicates a moderate circulation of nematodiosis pathogens in the infrastructures of the foothill zone. In addition, it should be noted that these levels of environmental pollution by eggs of the genus Nematodirus are quite en...

Zarema Alimsultanova Magomedova1*, Kheda Khalitovna Dadaeva1, Roza Said-Akhmedovna Zakhkieva1, Khasan Khamitovich Shakhbiev1, Boris Kazievich Laipanov2 

..., which occur in dogs in rural and urban settlements with an EI of 70%. The aim of this work is to study nematodes in dogs in rural and urban settlements of the North Caucasus and test new drugs: tableted Helmicide F, powder Fenbental 50% and Mebentfen powder 50% for the treatment of intestinal nematodes. Studies have shown that nematodes of a zoonotic nature in dogs in the form of mono- and mixed invasions are widespread in...

Muhammad Yaseen1, Muhammad Luqman1*, Sheer Abbas2, Usman Saleem1, Abdul-Gafar Ahmed3 and Muhammad Salman Aslam1

SAEED AHMED*1, ZIA-UR-RAHMAN1, SALMA KHALID2, TARIQ KHAN1, ARSHAD IQBAL3
& ZAMARUD SHAH4
...al main storage tank) in rural communities of the Oghi; a total of 175 water samples were collected from the study area with 35 samples from each source. All the samples were analyzed for microbial contamination by pour plate method, membrane filtration technique and MacConkey agar for the isolation of Enterobacteriaceae. Different identification tests have been carried out by using various selective and differential media (MacConkey agar, Eosine & Methyle...
 
 MUHAMMAD MUNEEB SOHAIL1, FATIMA AMEER2, GUR CHARN SINGH2, MUHAMMAD ZAID1* 
...stly associated with the rural population. But consumption of fast food may prove fatal for lowering the HDL level in the urban population also. This data gathered may have implications in the characterization and diagnosis of diseases but it can prove helpful in assessing their severity and type. 
...

SAIMA SHARIF*1, SHAGUFTA NAZ1, RIDA IRAM1, FARKHANDA MANZOOR1, TASNIM FARASAT1 and MUHAMMAD SAQIB2

...lly in those who live in rural communities having low socioeconomic status. This cross sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of anaemia in children of rural communities of Punjab from January 2016 to July 2016. The children were selected from Services hospital, Lahore and District hospital Sharqpur, Dist. Sheikhupura. A total of 500 samples of children were collected. Questionnaire was designed to collect...

Faradji Khalil1*, Slimani Noureddine2 and Senoussi Abdelhakim3

...an state in the field of rural development and that this profession did not remain the prerogative of illiterate people. The majority of educators surveyed are elderly as 52% of educators surveyed are between 36 and 50 years of age and 42% of educators surveyed have a primary education. It seems that the breeding of the Ouled Djellal and Rembi sheep breed is of great interest to livestock breeders because of its rusticity and ease of fattening.

...

Asim Faraz1, Amal AlKharusi2, Nasir Ali Tauqir3, Muhammad Shahid Nabeel4, Syeda Maryam Hussain5, Abdul Waheed1*, Muhammad Arslan Akbar6

...y and socio-economics of rural poor in the country. By improving its productive and reproductive parameters, the sheep rearing enterprise will flourish and it will pave the way for poverty alleviation in Pakistan. 
...

Asmaa A. M. Abdel-Ghany1, Ahmed N. El Taweel2, Yassmin Moatasim2, Nagwa S. Ata1, Amany Adel3, Ayman Hany El-Deeb4, Ahmed Kandeil2, Mohamed A. Ali2*, Hussein Ali Hussein4* 

...tor is commonly found in rural areas in Egypt with biosecurity deficiencies and could play a key role in epidemiology of AIVs in Egypt. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of AIVs in backyard ducks and geese in Assuit governorate, Egypt during 2018, and to study the genetic features of detected AIVs. A total of 245 oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs were collected from backyard waterfowls (ducks ≈ 92 and geese ≈ 32) either appa...

Syed Muhammad1*, Badar Naseem Siddiqui2, Farhat Ullah Khan1, Muhammad Adnan3, Sami Ullah3 and Nawab Khan4

...o-economic status of the rural community of the KP province.

...

Abdul Hassan1*, Arshad Farooq1, Muhammad Ishaq2, Ghulam Sadiq2 and Asif Nawaz3

...nd markets for improving rural livelihood.

...

Jaffar Hussain1*, Zeenat M. Ali1, Syed Farman Ali Shah1, Abdul Nasir Laghari2 and Munazza Sohail3

...cal demand for energy in rural areas, they also must deal with both economic and environmental pressure on agricultural lands in general. According to an estimate the energy demand may increase from 60.4 to 129 million tones of oil equivalent in the next 15 years in Pakistan. Fossil fuels are the major source of energy in the world. The consumption of fossil fuels like that natural gas, coal and petroleum base products are going to end, so to find alternative ...

Asim Zubair1*, Ayesha Aziz2, Ghulam Akbar Malik3, Iffat Batool4 and Zohaib Atta Mehdie5

...the agricultural sector, rural women from all over the world contribute significantly to both the growth and stability of rural regions as well as to agricultural production. Rural men and women both contribute significantly to the agriculture business, including cottage industries, animal production, and crop production. For this research data was gathered from 100 female respondents usin...

Martin-Luther Oseni Okolo1, Monday Eneojo Akor1, Cornelius Arome Omatola1*, Zainab Penninah Ochada1, Ugbane Eleojo Okolo2, Benjamin Mudi Idache3, Andrew Isiramen4, Julius Akor Omatola5 and Moses Adaji David6

... in patients residing in rural areas compared to urban dwellers (1.65%). Occupation-specific prevalence showed that farmers had the highest prevalence (2.56%) followed by those who identified as traders (2.16%) and civil servants (1.79%). Yet among patients who identified as students, no incident of TB was observed. Patients with secondary education had the highest prevalence (3.08%) followed by patients with tertiary education (1.58%). Patients with no formal...

Asim Zubair1*, Anam Farid Chishtti2, Zohaib Atta Mehdie3, Aamna Arshad3, Ghulam Akbar Malik4 and Iffat Batool5

Jaiperkash Moolchandani1*, Geeta Moolchandani2, Syed Mohsin Turab3, Nasima Iqbal4, Ambreen Rehman5 and Shaima Sultana Memon6

...Parkinsonism between the rural and urban area patients. It was noted that anxiety decreased, insomnia increased while depression remained same with the decreasing duration of the disease but the results were non-significant. Lesser the mini mental status examination (MMSE) score, higher the frequency of depression, anxiety and insomnia. It is concluded that the non-motor symptoms are quite common among PD patients and out of all, the most common one is depress...

Amistu KU1,2*, Monahan FJ2, Wims P2, Yonatan KY1 , Fahey AG2, Takele TA3 

Khadija Begum, Azizunnessa and Md Ahaduzzaman*

...raised both in urban and rural areas. Although goat farming is profitable, reproductive issues have been identified as a significant factor in the declining profitability of goat farming. The study aimed to investigate the prevalence of reproductive problems in does and how they are currently treated. Relevant data on different gynecological cases in does were collected from the record sheets of a teaching veterinary hospital in Chattogram district from August...

Aeni Nurlatifah1, Anita Hafid1, Pradita Iustia Sitaresmi1, Santoso Santoso1, Rahma Isatirna Anwar1, Mohammad Firdaus Hudaya1, Diana Andrianita Kusumaningrum1, Nurul Azizah1, Dimar Sari Wahyuni1, Herdis Herdis1, Florentina Bety Indah Lupitasari1, Desiana Ade Mahari1, Muhammad Rizal2

Adnan Ibrahim Khamis1, Jasim Mohammed Saleh2*, Najwa S. Ali3 and Anwer Thamer Ghaffoori2

...lities and competence of rural youth in Anbar Governorate through nine regions that represent the focus of capacity development. The research was conducted in Anbar province for two reasons: First, because it represents a third of Iraq by area, and the second reason is that it was described as one of the least stable provinces because of the military operations it was subjected to and had a great impact on all aspects of economic, social, and cultural life. Th...

Adnan I Khamis1, Jasim Mohammed Saleh2*, Najwa Ali3 and Anwer T Gaffoori2

...t of the capabilities of rural women in the Fallujah district and its sub-districts through eight areas that represent the focus of capacity development (economic capabilities, social capabilities, administrative capabilities, knowledge and skill capabilities, problem-solving ability, and adaptation). With the work environment, marketing capabilities, and the ability to create and excel), the study also aimed to identify the determinants that hinder work in ag...
Mazharul A. M. 1, Md. S. Sarwar ,M. Nurullah 2, Keshab K. Adhikary I and M. Rahmatullah 1 
 
...country is predominantly rural without proper access to modern medical facilities, they rely on traditional medical practitiofiers (Vaidyas) and plant-based formulas to treat such viral diseases. Ethnobotanical surveys were carried out amongst three ethnic groups (Garo, Khasia and Santal) and five districts of Bangladesh to identify medicinal plants used for the treatment of the above diseases. It was observed that six plants Nyctanthes arbortristis, Swer...
Arafa, A ; El-Kanawaty, Z; Hassan, M.K; Anwar, H.K  and  Mona M.Aly 
 
...ultry sectors as well as rural and backyard level in Egypt. This outbreak also was extended to include the zoo birds In Giza zoo. This study records the isolation and characterization of H5Nl virus from different species of the zoo birds and also studies the immune states of the vaccinated birds after application of H5Nl vaccine for the first time one month after the introduction of early outbreaks of 2006. Viral diagnosis was based on direct detection of vira...

Madbouly, H.M; Orkhan, M.H**; Nagwa El-khoty

... parents l) and those of rural birds was 129 (home birds 1 19, wild birds 5, abattoir 3, shops sales live birds l, migratory bird l) from February to June 2006. The clinical picture of the disease were observed in infected birds that reared in farms and those of backyards (most of domestic birds) , or sold in shops (sells broilers or parrots The number of dead and culled birds in this outbreak was 34.4 millions with economical losses 2-3 billion dollars.

...

Abdul Hassan1*, Shahnaz Akhtar1 and Muhammad Ishaq2

...ategies in the models of rural households type II and rural households type III. The empirical findings depicted that the more human capital, financial capital and social capital that are owned by agricultural households, probably more they have to select strategies of livelihood involving to be engaged in rural households type II and rural households ty...

Munifah Siti Amira Yusuf1, Norsida Man2*, Nur Bahiah Mohamed Haris1, Ismi Arif Ismail3, Siaw Shin Yee1 and Tengku Halimatun Sa’adiah T Abu Bakar1,4 

...performance of urban and rural agriculture in Malaysia. The Urban Agriculture Program was implemented by the Department of Agriculture (DOA), Malaysia in 2010. Such agricultural extension programs may significantly affect the effectiveness of adopting urban agriculture practices, which eventually help the participants with better living standards and productivity. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of urban agriculture programs. Primary data was col...

LAILA SHAHZAD*1, ARIFA TAHIR2 & FAIZA SHARIF3

...livelihood of vulnerable rural mountainous community due to prevailing poverty and more dependence on the natural resources of the surrounding areas. Aim of the study was to assess the local people’s perception of changing climate and to link it with meteorological data in the mid hills of Tehsil Balakot, KPK Pakistan. Using mix method approach of interviews and questionnaire, data was collected from 200 randomly selected households. Temperature data of ...
MAIMOONA KANWAL, MUBASHAR HUSSAIN*, ZAHEER ABBAS1, SHAKIL AHMAD KHAN2, FATIMA
ZAFAR & RIZWANKHURSHEED2
...ent parts of Pakistan by rural masses as a cottage industry. Silk seed improvement through importation is one of the key initiative towards popularising and ameliorating silk production in Pakistan. The performance of Bulgarian race of silkworm reared on local mulberry supplemented with vitamins(Band C) in addition to amino acids (Alanine and Glycine) was evaluated at24 - 28 ○C and 70± 5 % RH during early larval instars (1stand 2nd)and ...

Lendrawati*, Tinda Afriani, Eli Ratni

...t female Kacang goats in rural areas. The findings could help farmers in adult female Kacang goat breeding by estimating body weight from body measurements.
 
Keywords | Does, Morphometric, Regression model, Rural farm
...

Iqra Munir*, Farrah Iftikhar, Hira Fatima, Sunbal Khalil Chaudhari and Roha Ramash

...ys were conducted in the rural areas of Mandi Bahauddin, Phalia and Malikwal for collection of socioeconomic and ethnic information of different plant species. Plant specimens underwent pressing, drying, and mounting onto herbarium sheets. The identification process was conducted for all gathered samples. In this research study, documentation was carried out for 50 plant species distributed across 27 families. These species arranged with scientific names, comm...

Viranga Kumudini Jayasundara¹*, Ali Khatibi², Jacqueline Tham²

...sible in urban areas and rural areas of the country as well. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate dog owners’ dog-keeping practices, and behaviours for dogs’ undesirable behaviours, and veterinary services (VS) to determine whether those affect free-roaming dog (SDP) population management. Simple random sampling was employed to select participants. The data was collected through in-person interviews adapting a closed-ended, structured questio...
Afra Siab1, Saif Ullah Khan1, Anwar Ali1, Nowsherwan Zarif1, Basheer Ahmad1, Salman Ahmad1
...es be established in the rural area to make the efficient use of wood grown on farmlands....
Kaleem Mehmood1, Sultan Muhammad2 and Altaf Hussain3
...to address the menace of rural poverty besides increasing the forest cover in the area. Two-stage Random sampling was adopted for the selection of respondents. The sampling intensity was kept as 12.5%. Major source of income in the area is farming. The plantation in the study area increases fodder production to fold for livestock for fulfilling their daily needs. Firewood is the main source of fuel. Average fire wood consumption per day per household is procur...
Syed Fazal Baqi Kakakhel
...o economic status of the rural community of Utror valley, Kalam District Swat, Utror valley supports five species of Morels including Morchella hybrida, Morchella angusticeps, Morchella esculanta, Morchella delicosa, and Morchella conica'. Morels are collected, dried, packed and marketed for its economic incentives, medicinal value and use for food. The locals of the valley use their endogenous knowledge for collection, drying, packing and ma...
Mamoona Wali Muhammad1, Syed Ajmal Rahim2, Junaid Mumtaz3 and Syed Akmal Rahim4
...o economic uplift of the rural communities. A random sampling procedure was adopted to select the five villages per division to collect the relevant data from 50 respondents, according to the pre tested structured questionnaire.

The average household size in the study area was 6 persons with 1-2 earning members per household. 60% were literate including 2% with religious education. The study revealed that 30% of the respondents have agriculture as a ...

Muhammad Imran, Muhammad Anwar Panezai and Ashif Sajjad
...erani District is mainly rural area i.e. Poverty is prevalent on larger scale. Although many people have migrated and are working in urban areas like moving toward Dubai and Arab Emirate for their livelihood. In the light of different observations it is crystal clear that Government with very low resources has not done any progress in the development of the District. They have no specified policy for the conservation of Sherani District forest. The residents o...
Syed Fazal Baqi Kakakhel
...o economic status of the rural community of Utror valley. Kalam District Swat, Utror valley supports five species of Morels including Morchella hybrida, Morchella angusticeps, Morchellu escuhmta, Morchella delicosa and Morchella conica. 10 sites plots 20mx20m quadrate size) were taken covering slopes, and altitudes, through transact walk with in the study area at approximately 200m (400 steps) distance. Soil samples were collected from the study ...
Saif-ur-Rehman Saif Abbasi & Saeed Akbar
...ihoods of the associated rural communities especially in hilly areas where agricultural land is hardly available due to difficult terrain besides poor business and employment opportunities. Current study explores the social impacts of forests on the local communities of Margalla Hills in terms of services and goods, thereby reducing their expenditures. Results showed that respondents mostly depended on forest vegetation in shape of medicinal plants, wood for m...
Madiha Batool, Tariq Khan, Mazhar Iqbal and Anwar Ali
... economic impacts on the rural dwellers. The results of the study are encouraging as the technology adoption has significantly reduced the fuelwood consumption and hence pressure on the forests. Similarly, the technology has contributed significantly in improving the socio-economic condition of the households using this technology.

Key Words: Solar Water Heaters, Forest Conservations, Social and economic impacts, Fuel Wood

...
Ch. Muhammad Muslim and Sohail Sikander
...e population residing in rural and remote hilly areas rely on plant-lore and traditional system of medicine for their primary health care....
Muhammad Yousaf Khan, Ayaz Khan and Syed Zakir Hussain Shah
Muhammad Shabir Mughal and Muhammad Muslim
...eneration activities for rural communities. The area falls under scrub forests and subtropical Chir pine forests. Inhabitants are holding small land and cultivating maize and millet crops. In Mirpur district visited Jaricus, Subchack, Nagi playan, Khari-sharif and Chachian-Chohan (grave yard) near Khari-sharif. These areas were dominated by Prosopis juliflora, and scattered plants of Zizyphus mauritiana, Acacia nilotica, Capparis aphylla, Saccharum m...
Babar Khan1, Muhammad Zafar Khan2 and Garee Khan2
...f fuelwood and timber of rural communities in the arid and semi arid mountainous areas. We have evaluated the extent of agro forestry and its impacts on protection of natural forests in Bunji, a small village in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. On average, land fragmentation has resulted into a loss of 1.3 ha per capita during the past fifteen years. However, compared to farm land (46%) only 7% loss in land under farm forestry was observed. A remarkable change had ...
Anwar Ali and Hakim Shah
...e and improvement of the rural livelihood of the area....
Shams-ur-Rehman, Altaf Hussain and Riaz A. Khattak
...water for the welfare of rural poor. Undoubtedly, few solutions e.g., reduction in human population, enhancement of agricultural productivity, development of industrial sector and creation of employment opportunities etc. are the common parameters in many countries to free the masses out of clutches of poverty but nevertheless large tracts of land are still lying barren and unutilized which could be made productive to raise the living standard of the people in...
M. Saqib, Mushtaq Ahmad, Mir Ajab Khan and R. M. Zarif
...nd supply pattern in the rural area of district Attack was studied by sample survey of randomly selected villages. Data from sample households were collected with the help of structured and pretested questionnaire. In all 90 respondents were randomly selected and interviewed. Analysis revealed that fuelwood was the major source of household energy in the area. About 83% of the household use fuelwood as well as other cheaper fuels. Only 17% were found using eff...
Abdul Qayyum Khan, Bashir Ahmad Wani, Hakim Shah and S. Irfanullah
...and productive purposes (rural cottage industry, agriculture). Questionnaire, interview and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools were used to carry out this survey. According to the survey results, firewood emerged as the largest source of energy used for cooking and heating. The consumption of firewood was 2.35 maunds/household/week. Annually each person consumes 1.13 tons of firewood for cooking and heating. Among the...
Ghulam Mustafa Nasir and Iqbal Mahmood
...ts, crates, handicrafts, rural house construction, posts and poles etc....
Muhammad Afzal and Malik Muhammad Khan
...of people, especially in rural areas depends upon it. Pakistan's population has expanded with one of the highest rates of growth in the world, while the forest production for the last many years remained almost constant. Wood production can be increased either by increasing the area under forest or by introducing agroforestry on farmlands and improving the productivity of agroforestry practices. This paper highlights the possibility of increasing forest produ...
Muhammad Rafique Sardar
... must be integrated with rural development. It further suggests that the importance of Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation (PME) of forestry projects must be recognized and evaluation must be made an integral part of the plans....
K. M. Siddiqui and Mohammad Amjad
...ost Asian countries, the rural population mainly depends upon non-commercial fuels to meet its domestic energy needs. They do not purchase any fuel from the market as fuelwood is a non-tradeable commodity in rural areas. The land owners obtain its supplies from their farmlands and other people collect it as a free good from the waste lands and public forests. But the situation in urban areas is altogether different...
K. M. Siddiqui and Fazli Subhan Khan
...total land area. 76% of rural and 55% of urban population mainly depends on wood for their energy needs, fodder, food and wood based industries. This has necessitated growing of trees not only on marginal lands but farmlands as well....
K. M. Siddiqui
...ation especially in the rural areas depends upon it. The estimates of annual demand are very high and most of it is met from tree grown on farmlands and wastelands; government forests contributing only a small proportion of wood energy. The price of fuel wood has risen continuously over the years due to acute scarcity of the resources. This situation is expected to continue in near future. In order to plan for future fuel wood supplies, data base shoul...
K. M. Siddiqui
... and improve the lot of rural poor in third world countries. In the latter case, the efforts made little impact on existing enegry situation due to a number of reasons. The finanical inputs were rather small and that too scattered over large tracts of land. The requisite technical experience in developing woodfuel resources in rural areas on the farmers' land was also lacking on the part of foresters to counteract mo...
Mir Baz Khan
... cottage industry in the rural areas. It involves small investment on the part of farmers but offers them high economic returns in a short period of 30 to 35 days during spring when they do not have much work on their farms. It also provides jobs to the farming families particularly to women, old persons and children who cannot work else-where on the farms.

Large areas of NWFP potential wealth of mulberry trees, the only food of silkworms. Climatic...

Mian Muhammad Muslim
...e socio-economic of the rural masses. The export of silk can also be an excellent source of foreign exchange earning due to its enormous demand world over.

Sericulture was introduced in Taxila locality of Punjab immediately after independence in 1947. Subsequently, it was introduced in and around the irrigated forest plantation where mulberry was available in abundance to support the silkworm rearing programme. Since then it made a slow but steady pr...

K. M. Siddiqui
...me by a large number of rural people. It has, however, not gone beyond a minor cottage industry due to lack of knowledge of modern and scientific techniques for production of commercial silk seed, absence of adequate mulberry plantations, non-existence of local training facilities and constraints in processing and marketing of silk cocoons and raw silk. The prices of cocoons also fluctuate considerably from year to year, thus adversely affecting econom...
M.I. Sheikh, R. W. Hussain and Saliheen Khan
... annum. This was 1.5% in rural areas and 3.2% in urban areas. The total number of houses in Peshawar division in 1986 is estimated as 377,000. Out of these only 162 households were interviewed to conduct this study. Average family size varies between 7 and 10 persons for both rural and urban population. Mean monthly income per sample household comes to Rs.2610/- and Rs.3390 for rural and...
M. Kamaluddin and M. K. Bhuiyan
... raised on the blanks of rural ponds with a spacing of 1,6X 1,6 m to assess the growth and fuel wood yield under rural site condition. The survival of plants was 96%. At the age of 5 years the plants attained an average height of 11,54 m with an average diameter (dbh) of 11.64 cm. The yield of fuel wood including bark and branches was 139,1 t/ha 12% moisture content. The results show a good prospect in raising fuel wood plan...
G. M. Khattak, Mahmood Iqbal Sheikh and Abdul Khaliq
...y of firewood forces the rural people to use anything combustible as fuel - animal dung, agricultural waste, leaves and twigs. And in towns, firewood prices are generally out of the reach of the common man. This scarcity is likely to be exacerbated as gas reserves dwindle and oil generated thermal power becomes more expensive....
T. J. Roberts
... a major portion of the rural population appears to have retained these nomadic habits. In the main valleys a limited settlement with crop cultivation under irrigation appears to have been in existence for several hundred years. Such cultivation depended mainly upon the indigenous construction of subterranean percolation trenches or tunnels which are known locally as Kharezes. This was supplemented with a few open wells. Eve...

Iffat Ara Mahzabin, Mohammad Maruf Hasan*, Saifur Rahman, Md. Asaduzzaman Sarker and Md. Yeakub Ali

Mukondwa Olivia1, Rugare Joyful Tatenda1, Mabasa Stanford1 and Mandumbu Ronald2*

... weed management for the rural farmers in Zimbabwe.

...

Shah Fahad* and Akhtar Ali 

...duction was conducted in rural areas of District Peshawar. The major focus of the study was to investigate the adverse effects of urban sprawl on agricultural production. Four villages were randomly selected such as Qazi Killi, Tarnab, Mughdar Zai and Musa Zai. The total households’ number was 10496. A sample size of 385 was drawn out of total households through Yamani formula. Proportional allocation method was used for equal representation of the respo...

Abdul Ghaffar1*, Ayesha Maqsood1, Riaz Hussain2, Ghulam Abbas3, Rabia Tahir4, Habiba Jamil1, Fozia Afzal5, Ahrar Khan6,7, Muhammad Ahmad Chishti1, Shahnaz Rashid3, Aliya Noreen8, Kashfa Akram1 and Maria Niaz1

...d genotoxic potential in rural inhabitants exposed to pesticides. Samples were collected across different age groups and compared with those from 100 unexposed individuals. Demographic characteristics of the pesticide-exposed workers in the district were also observed. Hematological and biochemical parameters, including WBCs, RBCs, hemoglobin, HCT, MCHC, MCH, lymphocytes, MCV, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, potassium, sodium, calcium, and phosphorus, as ...
Rehana Yasmin1,2, Rashda Abbasi2*, Tariq Saeed2, Madiha Sadiq2, Nuzhat Yasmeen3, Muhammad Iqbal4, A. Khuzaim Alzahrani5, Nadeem Kizilbash5, Ugur Bilge6, Nafees Ahmad2 and Sajid Malik1*
...=4.24; 95%CI=2.18-8.26), rural residential setup (OR=2.93; 95%CI=2.10-4.10), drinking of groundwater (OR=2.25; 95%CI=1.6479-3.0964), wooden fuel (OR= 3.97; 95%CI=3.14-5.01), carbonated drinks (OR=1.25, 95%CI=1.00-1.57) and tobacco usage (OR=1.57, 95%CI=1.24-1.98) as significant risk factors for leukemia. However, odds ratios were significantly lower for patients using microwave oven (OR=0.25; 95%CI=0.18-0.35), and perfumes (OR=0.42; 95%CI=0.33-0.53). Males exh...

Pakistan Journal of Zoology

October

Pakistan J. Zool., Vol. 56, Iss. 5, pp. 2001-2500

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