Sehrish Kanwal1, Ali Saeed1*, Muhammad Munir2, Memoona Arshad1
Life Sciences International Journal Issue 7 Volume 1
...ustered into PanAsian II lineage of FMD O serotype along with previously characterized strains of Pakistan. The network analysis of complete VP1 gene nucleotide sequence with other sixty PanAsian II isolates demonstrated central node with Nepal-2003, Bhutan-2004, Pakistani, Afghani and Iranian isolates. The O/PAK Lahore vaccine was at two mutations from central node, while HE647819 and HE647820 were clustered into a separate single taxon at eightieth (80) muta...
Sehrish Kanwal, Ali Saeed, Muhammad Munir, Memoona Arshad
British Journal of Virology
...ustered into PanAsian II lineage of FMD O serotype along with previously characterized strains of Pakistan. The network analysis of complete VP1 gene nucleotide sequence with other sixty PanAsian II isolates demonstrated central node with Nepal-2003, Bhutan-2004, Pakistani, Afghani and Iranian isolates. The O/PAK Lahore vaccine was at two mutations from central node, while HE647819 and HE647820 were clustered into a separate single taxon at eightieth (80) muta...
Sehrish Kanwal1, Ali Saeed1*, Muhammad Munir2, Memoona Arshad1
British Journal of Virology
...ustered into PanAsian II lineage of FMD O serotype along with previously characterized strains of Pakistan. The network analysis of complete VP1 gene nucleotide sequence with other sixty PanAsian II isolates demonstrated central node with Nepal-2003, Bhutan-2004, Pakistani, Afghani and Iranian isolates. The O/PAK Lahore vaccine was at two mutations from central node, while HE647819 and HE647820 were clustered into a separate single taxon at eightieth (80) muta...
Yanina Panzera1*, Nicolas Sarute1, Lucia Carrau1, Jaime Aldaz2, Ruben Perez1
...presence of four genetic lineages in South America, being the continent with more lineages described to date, underscoring the high genetic diversity of the circulating strains....
Gerald Misinzo1,*, Tebogo Kgotlele1, Epaphras A. Muse1, Jan Van Doorsselaere2, Mikael Berg3, and Muhammad Munir4
...een classified into four lineages. Serological investigations in Tanzania indicate that peste des petits ruminants (PPR) was introduced in 2004 in Ngorongoro district bordering Ken- ya before official confirmation of the disease in most districts of Northern Tanzania in 2008. In 2011, the presence of PPRV in goats of southern Tanzania district of Tandahimba bordering Mozambique was reported. The aim of this study was to perform molecular typing of PPRV strains...
Temitope Oluwasegun Cephas Faleye1, Johnson Adekunle Adeniji1, 2 *
...on of some of the cVDPV2 lineages described in Nigeria between 2005 and 2011 originated from NPEV-Cs circulating in Northern Nigeria. Here, we further investigate whether NPEV-Cs circulating in south-western Nigeria (SWN) contributed to the emergence of these lineages. In 2013 sewage contaminated water samples were collected from two sites in Lagos, Nigeria. Samples were concentrated and inoculated into MCF-7 and RD cell lin...
Moustafa Kardjadj
... and 06 lineage are circulating in the North Africa, of which serotype O is responsible for most of the outbreaks. However, the rapid spread of SAT2 and other exotic FMDV lineages in Libya and Egypt demonstrated the need for a robust surveillance system to detect and respond effectively to exotic infections. Emergence and re-emergence of FMD virus genotypes/
Vinayagamurthy Balamurugan*, Gurrappa Naidu Govindaraj and Habibur Rahman
... circulation of a single lineage virus and most importantly effective planning and implementation of the vaccination programme. Sharing the experiences on the PPR control strategies adopted by some of the states in India may motivate other Indian states or other countries of similar socio-economic and small ruminant rearing pattern to vaccinate and control PPR....
Mohammad Mushfiqur Rahman1, Rokshana Parvin1, Ataur Rahman Bhuiyan1, Mohammad Giasuddin2, Shah Md. Ziqrul Haq Chowdhury3, Mohammad Rafiqul Islam1, Emdadul Haque Chowdhury1*
Muhammad Abubakar1*, Shumaila Manzoor2, Jonas Johansson Wensman3, Emeli Torsson3, Qurban Ali1 and Muhammad Munir4
...ering of the PPRV within lineage IV with significant substitutions in the nucleoprotein (NP) gene. Genetic variations within NP gene, and possibly in other proteins which are essentially mediating protective immunity, may explain the extreme infectious nature of the virus and its host-specific pathogenesis. Moreover, understanding the nature of such circulating field viruses is essential to underpin the endemic potential of PPRV and its possible spread to the ...
Tianzhu Chao, Huiqiang Cai, Yuxun Zhou, Kai Li* and Junhua Xiao
...med previous internal sublineage differentiation of this subspecies. Of the three clades, only CAS1 was detected in all the samples from mainland China. M. m. musculus exhibited no broadly distributed clade, which might be explained by frequent human-assisted movements. Our study offers a newly detailed perspective on the subspecies distribution of M. musculus and its history of migration to eastern China.
...
Jun Gao1,2, Liang-Liang Yue3, Xianhuan Jiang1, Liju Ni4, Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf5, Yuxun Zhou,1 Kai Li1,* and Junhua Xiao1,*
...ng into one monophyletic lineage. Three main clades are recovered within M. fortis: (1) North group; (2) South group; and (3) GX group. The North Group distributed on the north side of Qinling Mountains-Huaihe river line as well as the South Group was on the south. It suggests this geographic barrier played an important role in differentiation of M. fortis in China. Furthermore, the samples all from Southwest China in the GX group may be an examp...
Muhammad Abid1*, Tahir Yaqub2, Arslan Mehboob3 and Muhammad Zubair Shabbir4
...lates belonged to the G- lineage. Amino acid analysis of NA stalk regions of these isolates illustrated no insertion, deletion and substitutions compared to A/DK/HK/Y280/97 lineage and human isolates (A/HK/1073/99 and A/HK/1074/99). Several amino acid substitutions at various regions of the NA protein were determined with unknown functions and consequences. These findings warrant future studies for analysis of whole genome s...
Muhammad Abubakar,1,2,* Aamer Bin Zahur,1,3 Khalid Naeem1,3, Muhammad Azeem Khan1,3 and Subhan Qureshi4
...her F or N, clustered in lineage IV which is the most prominent and prevalent lineage of Asia. The distribution of Pakistani strains of PPRV was more dispersed as the isolate collected from Taxilla was clustered slightly distinct compared to rest of the isolates collected from Pakistan. Our findings are indicative of PPR endemic state of the country.
...
Saba Rafique1,2,*, Khalid Naeem1, Naila Siddique1, Muhammad Athar Abbas1, Aamer Ali Shah2, Akbar Ali1, Abdul Rahim1 and Farooq Rashid1
...t related to rest of IBV lineages compared in this study. It is concluded that Pak-786 isolate belongs to GI-13 lineage that include both the vaccine and virulent field strains, previously assigned to the 793B like. The study supports the concept that due to mass usage of live IBV vaccinal strains of diverse origin, variety of variants originate through random spontaneous mutation and genetic recombination which could lead t...
Sana Zahra
...tions reveals widespread lineage diversity and mutational specificity of a population. This study reports p.Y556C mutation as a recurring mutation in Punjabi population of Pakistan. A detailed genetic evaluation of four unrelated but ethnically similar families from Punjab province was performed.Linkage to SLC26A4 locus was confirmed through linkage analysis using Short Tandem Repeat Markers (D7S2420, D7S2459 and D7S2456). p.Y556C was identified as caus...
Mingming Ning1,2, Yanjie Zheng1, Yuanyuan Dun1, Weijun Guan2 and Xiuxia Li1,*
Munir Ahmad1, Aisha Hameed2*, Saba Khaliq3, Hamid Saeed Malik4 and Shahida Mohsin5
Ahmed Zein Elabdeen Mahmoud1, Muaz Magzob Abdellatif2* and Mohamed Abdelsalam Abdalla3
...r separate groups within lineage IV indicating genetic divergence based on N gene. These findings further support the continuous characterization of PPRV strains in small ruminants to support the global eradication plan in 2030. ...
Ai Guo1,2,3, Jiaguang Xiao4, Binbin Shan4, Tianxiang Gao5 and Yongdong Zhou3,*
...chondrial genomes of two lineages in Coilia mystus were compared. They were all typical circular double stranded DNA molecule with 17075 bp in C. mystus N and 16964 bp in C. mystus S, respectively, containing the standard metazoan set of 22 transfer RNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes and non-coding regions. The mitogenomes of C. mystus N and C. mystus S shared the identical structural organization and g...
Arifa Mehreen1, Iram Liaqat2,Muhammad Arshad3, Muzzamil Waheed4 and Najma Arshad1,*
... the presence of diverse lineage specific strains in sore throat patients. However, the intraspecific association was noticed among these genes. Coa and spa polymorphism and association analysis indicated that spa negative isolates possess Coa of 1200 and 900bp, whereas spa positive isolates contain Coa of 650bp and 750bp. The most prevalent genes, spa, CPs8 and sea may be considered as molecular t...
Yuan Li1, Liyan Zhang2, Karhoe Loh3, Ji Feng1, Xinqing Zheng1, Puqing Song1 and Longshan Lin1,*
... and two major haplotype lineages were detected that were differentiated approximately 0.3 million years ago. These two haplotype lineages differed significantly in frequency distribution of Chinese and Malaysian populations, showing an imperfect geographical pedigree structure. Results of AMOVA also showed that the genetic differentiation was mainly among populations. According to the distribution of the haplotypes, an ance...
Waqas Ali* and Mudasser Habib
... likelihood) showed that lineages Pan Asia II, An Iran-05, and Group VII within serotype O, A and Asia 1 are causing majority of the outbreaks in the Pakistan during recent years. Moreover, only one residue of VP1 region was under positive selection pressure for serotype A (position 141) located in known critical antigenic region but as a whole protein was under negative selection pressure for serotype O, A and Asia 1. Therefore, under mass vaccination campaig...
Faiz Muhammad1,2, Canfeng Dou1, Zhen-ming Lü1,*, Li Gong1, Xun Du1 and Muhammad Shafi3
... analysis revealed three lineages. The Dongshan population distinctly has shown separate lineage. The haplotype networking has shown that Hap1 contributed 48.051% and appeared in six populations whereas, Hap6, Hap11, Hap 16 and Hap17 were also shared by some populations, rest of the haplotypes were unique. This study solely provide species specific information on its genetic structure and population variability in Chinese wa...
Mubashir Ahmad Khan*, Nazakat Nawaz, Muhammad Arshad, Muhammad Ayub Khan, Tahira, Doulat Baig, Ihsan Ullah Khan and Shamim ul Sibtain Shah
...sesame genotypes in to 6 lineages and 29 clusters. Cluster 25 had the maximum number of genotypes i.e. 18 followed by Cluster 23 (14 genotypes), 19 (12 genotypes) and 9 (9 genotypes). There was a wide range of genetic diversity in this set of sesame germplasm which could be utilized for crop improvement. It is further recommended that for making improvement in sesame crop, identified superior sesame lines viz. SG-115, SG-103, SG-78, SG-79, SG-31, SG-117, SG-10...
Zhaochao Deng1, Na Song2, Yongzhen Li3, Tianxiang Gao1 and Zhiqiang Han1,*
...he NJ tree, two distinct lineages were detected, with strong frequency differences in the geographical distribution. Both lineages were found in Xisha and Zhongsha archipelagos, but only one lineage (lineage B) was detected in Nansha archipelago. Contrary to homogenization expectation, AMOVA and pairwise FST values showed that the genet...
Khan Sher1*, Muhammad Nisar2 and Muhammad Subhan1
...lusters. On the same way lineage II split into two clusters at 19 % similarity index. The Genetic similarity (GS) based on SSR markers between pair of common bean lines showed high degree of dissimilarity in the genetic makeup ranging from 0.91 to 0.11. All the landraces of common bean collected from Malakand divisions KP, Pakistan, showed significant variations. ...
Jingchen Chen, Zhaochao Deng and Zhiqiang Han*
...samples belonging to two lineages of A. personatus mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were used in the study. Based on the complete mtDNA sequence, the genetic distance between the two lineages is 0.064. Results show that the total sequence lengths of the three samples of A. personatus mitochondrial genome are 16,537 bp (AP1), 16,536 bp (AP2) and 16,537 bp (AP3), where the base composition has biases of high A+T and low...
Irfan Irshad1, Asim Aslam1,*, Muhammad Yasin Tipu1, Kamran Ashraf2, Beenish Zahid3 and Abdul Wajid4
... Mideast group-B and sub-lineage B2. The two strains classified as LPAIV in poultry based on amino acid sequence at the proteolytic cleavage-site of the HA gene with PAKSSR/G. Our findings highlight the potential risk of ND and AI in poultry and continued active surveillance is needed to monitor the transmission of these viruses.
... 
Khaled Kaboudi*
...Africa were among the G1-lineage group. The presence of mammalian and human genetic markers were reported in several H9N2 strains, indicating possible risk for public health. Control of LPAI H9N2 subtype infection is currently based on biosecurity and the implementation of vaccination in some countries. Regional control strategy needs to be performed. Creation of regional surveillance network is highly recommended. ...
Naglaa M. Hagag1*, Mervat E. Hamdy1, Mary A. Sargious1, Sara M. Elnomrosy1, Nahed A. Ahmed1, Ayman A. Hamed1, Ahmed R. Habashi1, Essam I. Ibrahiem1, Mahmoud A. Abdel-Hakim2 and Momtaz A. Shahein1
...a in 2012 (Topotype VII, lineage 3), with 92–93% amino acid identity, and were clearly separated from SAT2/GVII/Gharbia/Egy/2012 and SAT2/GVII/Alex/Egy/2012 (Topotype VII, lineage 2), indicating a new introduction of FMDV serotypeSAT2 in Egypt. Moreover, the high antigenic variation in FMDV is recognized as a major problem in vaccination. Because the vaccine strains should match those strains circulating in the field, ...
Yanyan Yu1,2,3, Yizhong Hu1, Qipeng Zhang1, Rongquan Zheng1,4,*, Bing Shen1, Shenshen Kong1 and Ke Li1
...the calls from different lineages. In this work, we used a single-stimulus design to analyse phonotactic response to stimulus and subsequently estimated the values of female preference functions for call duration and call rate, and recorded and analysed the properties of 756 advertisement calls from 40 males at five reproductive stages and conducted single-stimulus phonotaxis experiments to estimate female preference for different acoustic parameters. Our stud...
Hafiz Muhammad Imran Javed* and Mushtaq Ahmed
...es were clustered within lineage IV (Asian Lineage) closer to Indian isolates. On the other hand, a number of substitutions were observed at sites considered important for the structural and functional integrity of the N and F protein. All of the conserved regions were same regardless of the gene while the substitutions were seen at different residues other than the conserved domains. However, the analysis based upon the thr...
Khan Sher1*, Muhammad Subhan1, Muhammad Nisar2, Ali Hazrat2, Zahid Fazal1, Gul Rahim2, Imran Ahmad1, Riaz ul Haq1 and Shamia Bibi1
Genetic Diversity in Common Beans (Phaseolus vulgarus L.) Collected from Different Ecological Zones of Malakand Division (A Part of the Sino Japanese Region of Pakistan)
...tributed 55 lines into 2 lineages (I and II). The former was comprised of 24% bean landraces, while the latter was comprised of 76% landraces. In correlation coefficients 45 combinations were identified having strong positive correlation. The strongest correlations (above 50%) were computed 67% of all the combinations. The principal component analysis (PCA) identified quantitative variability of 55 common bean landraces. The eigenvalues of more than 60.8% acco...
Muhammad Umer Khan1,2*, Muhammad Farooq Sabar1, Atif Amin Baig3, Arif-un-Nisa Naqvi4 and Muhammad Usman Ghani1
...minance of West Eurasian lineages in the Shin population (59.49%), followed by South Asian lineages (25.32%) and then East and Southeast Asian lineages (15.19%). Shin population presented a high genetic diversity of 0.9996 and a low random match probability of 0.0129. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of mtDNA profiles of the Shin population, providing a complementing ...
Muhammad Zubair1, Habib Ahmad2*, Brian E. Hemphill3, Muhammad Tariq4 and Muzafar Shah5
Dina A. Abdulrahman1, Ayman H. EL-Deeb2, Momtaz A. Shaheen1 & Hussein A. Hussein2
...s study belonged to EA-3 lineage while serotype A clustered with G-IV African strains and serotype
SAT2 virus was related to the previously-reported Egyptian strains of Ghb-12 lineage of G-VII.
Conclusion: This study reports the co-circulation of serotypes O, A and SAT2 FMDVs in Egypt
indicating the breach in the prevention and control measures. It also proves the competence of real
...
Rehman Shahzad1, Saba Irshad1* and Faisal Amin2
...sis revealed that B2 sub-lineage is endemic in the country as all isolated H9N2 strains belongs to this clade of G-1 lineage. Two isolated H9N2 strains A/Chick/Pak/303/2018 and A/Chick/Pak/436/2019 contain six glycosylation sites instead of seven as found in their ancestral strains. A comparative analysis of neuraminidase amino-acids sequences of B2 sub-lineage with Y- 280
Javed Khan1, Abdul Majid1, Mohammad Nisar2*, Ali Hazrat2, Nausheen Nazir3, Muhammad Zahoor3, Mohammad Ihsan2, Azhar Hussain Shah1, Muhamad Ajmal Khan4 and Muhammad Yahya1
...re divided into two main lineages; lineage A which is further divided into 3 clusters (C1, C2, and C3), and lineage B, further divided into 2 clusters (C4 and C5). The principal component analysis estimated the total variations in the range of 51.43 to 100% with an Eigenvalue of 0.25. It was concluded from the results that Alnus nitida L. genotypes available in Pakistan have come from a na...
Riffat Sultana1*, Samiullah Soomro1 and Chuan Ma2
...1914 respectively. Their lineages indicating negligible genetic divergence and very close resemblance with 99.85% identity between C. (Chrotogonus) h. homalodemus (SWF and LWF) against RID-MMV2XTNY114 and 99.85% identity between C. (Chrotogonus) t. robertsi (SWF and LWF) against RID-MMVW0MTF114. Finally, we discuss the possible taxonomic implication of our DNA sequencing results and point out future research directions....
Mohamed. E. Taha1, Mohamed S. Ahmed2, Ahmed I. Ahmed2, Amany Adel3, Salama Rehab4,5*, Nabila Osman2**
...Egyptian H9N2 viruses G1 lineage in the group B and the Israeli strains. Although the strains are low pathogenic, the presence of mammalian binding amino acid markers indicated their public health concern. Overall conclusion indicated that AIV (H9N2) still circulates among poultry farms in the Southern Egypt. Furthermore, isolated strains were closely related to strains of Israel, Middle East and Asia.
Keywords | Avian Influenza, H9N2, Broiler chickens...
Ngoc Tan Nguyen1*, Minh Thanh Tram1, Thi Thu Pham1, Tan Loi Le1, Thi Khanh Ly Nguyen1, Tuan Thanh Hoang2, Cong Thieu Pham3, Nguyen Khang Duong4
...s), separated into a sub-lineage from maternal lineage B. Further insights regarding the genetic diversity of Vietnamese local goats require detailed in-depth studies.
Keywords | Local goat, D-loop, Mitochondrial DNA, Genetic divergence, Phylogeny
...
Gawhara Ahmed-Abdelmonem1*, Zeinab Aboezz2, Ahmed Habashi1, Saad Sharawi2
...duction of new topotypes/lineages of the existing FMD viruses represents a constant risk for cattle production. Serotype A is one of FMDV that is already existing and incriminated lastly in serval problems in cattle population. So, this study aimed at molecular characterization of serotype A FMDV that has been involved in the latest FMD outbreaks in Egypt. Thirty-six samples (26 blood and 10 oral epithelial tissue samples) were obtained from suspected cattle i...
Zheng-Yong Wen1, 2*, Chuan-Jie Qin1,2, Bin Li1,2, Rui Li1,2 and Xiao-Tao Shi3*
...nalysis showed that fish lineage contained two clades of leptinA and leptinB, and the pvleptin was grouped into leptinA clade and shared a close relationship with its counterpart in P. fulvidraco. Tissue distribution analysis showed that pvleptin was widely distributed with the highest mRNA expression level in liver. Two-week fasting significantly decreased the transcription level while refeeding elevated the mRNA expression level of pvleptin in liver, suggest...
Sumreen Begum, Atta-ur-Rahman and Asmat Salim*
... with respect to nephron lineage and pluripotency during postnatal renal development and at adult stage of rat kidney. In the current study, the mRNA levels of nephron genes were analyzed by reverse transcriptase PCR in neonatal and adult rat kidney tissues. These genes were divided into three categories. Group 1: renal multipotent progenitor genes; Group 2: self-renewal and pluripotency genes; Group 3 pluripotent state regulator genes. In neonates, renal prog...
Gulzhan Kalenovna Mussayeva1*, Alikhan Meldebekovich Meldebekov2, Nurgul Alikhanovna Meldebekova2, Gulshat Imanzhankyzy Shaykamal1, Batyrkhan Azimkhanovich Buralkhiyev2, Nurkuisa Mirzabekovich Rametov3 and Kanat Zhumanov4
...notypic factor as ‘lineage’ on the productive longevity of Holstein cows. The most longevity and highly productive were the cows of line Wis Burke Ideal. The results obtained during the researches testify to the influence of such genotypical factor as “lineage” on the productive longevity of Holstein cows. The most long-lived and highly productive cows were those of the Wis Burke Ideal line. The prosp...
Muhammad Salman Ikram1, Tahir Mehmood1,2*, Sehrish Firyal3, Huma Sattar4, Shagufta Saeed3, Fareeha Nadeem3 and Muhammad Imran Mahmood Khan5
...lation, role of paternal lineages identification which helps to determine the mutation rate of Y-STR and its relationship with paternal lineages determination. When familial searching is coupled with genealogy inquiry, the review article will help us comprehend the combined use of Y-chromosome information and family information and understand the cases on the basis of specific forensic instances....
Amthal Ahmed Fouad1, Basem Mohamed Ahmed2, Momtaz Abdelhady Shahein1, Hussein Aly Hussein2*
...lustered within a unique lineage (Africa-4 lineage of the cosmopolitan clade), no report provided detailed description of this lineage genome and the last published whole genome dates back to 2009. In this context, a complete RABV genome (5EG-QH19) was obtained from a stray dog, analyzed, and compared to other RABV sequences to update the present knowledge. Methods: Rapid immune-chromatogr...
Nasir Ali1,2,6, Muhammad Ilyas2,3, Nazia Akbar1,2*, Gohar Rahman2, Shakirullah Khan4, Mujaddad Ur Rehman6, Abdul Samad5, Habib Ahmad1,2 and Bibi Nazia Murtaza7*
...e continuity in maternal lineage between ancient and modern people of the north-western province, polymorphisms in the HVSI region of mitochondrial DNA sequences of 56 ancient samples (1000-3000 old) and 303 modern samples from three different regions (Chitral, Swat and Hazara) were analyzed for hyper variable sequences of mitochondrial DNA for the determination of their maternal affinities. Our results revealed 25% unique haplotypes in ancient samples whereas...
Sharawil , S.S.A. and Abd El-Rahim2, I.H.A.•
...logenetically belongs to lineage IV. To the author knowledge, this is the first report describing the fusion protein (F) gene sequence, phylogenic analysis and -lineage typing of Egyptian isolates of PPRVs....
Madbouly, H.M; Orkhan, M.H**; Nagwa El-khoty
...n Euro•Asio-African lineage which contains Al H5Nl strains from Egypt, Turkey, Romania, Iraq, Mongolia, Iran, Korea and Nigeria and differed from those strains isolated in South-Eastern of Asia which contains Cambodia, Thailand, and Viet Nam Al H5Nl strains. The phylogenetic analysis of HA, NA, and Matrix (M) genes of Egyptian isolates of January 2007 from the same locality showed minor antigenic variation from those of 2006 and have been located in...
Zeynep Karapinar1* and Mehmet Özkan Timurkan2
Shahid Iqbal1, Arshad Khan, Ali Hazrat1*, Gul Rahim, Mohammad Ihsan1, Umar Zad Gul1, Maryam Bibi1, Khadija Bibi1 and Muhammad Mukhtiar2
...were divided into 2 main lineages and further subdivided into 6 clusters where the genotypes A1 and A9 were found the most diverse and were found at the extreme of the Dendrogram. For total seed, storage proteins all the genotypes were subjected to SDS-PAGE analysis using 12.5% acrylamide gel, where a total of 14 polymorphic bands were observed. In Band 1 the highest degree of variation (0.83%), followed by Band 2 and Band 3 with a value of 0.75% variation, wh...
Abdel Satar Arafa
...ast. In addition to Y439 lineage recorded in South Africa farmed ostriches. The infection with H9N2 is frequently displaying moderate-to-high morbidity and mortality in the field especially when comes associated with bacterial or viral infections or with many other factors such as poor biosecurity, mal-nutrition and managemental problems. LPAIVs H9N2 in chickens tend to show more respiratory tropism with some strains also show gastrointestinal tropism. The ide...
