Muhammad Zahid1*, Muhammad Salman2, Shah Alam Khan2, Alamzeb1, Inamullah Khan1
...-align: justify; ">Peach flat-headed borer, Sphenoptera dadkhani (Oben.) is the major insect-pest of stone fruit orchards. Survey of three districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa revealed the highest mean infestation in plum orchards of district Peshawar (89.60%), followed by Nowshera (75.79%) and Swat (45.42%). In peach orchards, highest mean infestation was recorded in Peshawar (88.33%), followed by Nowshera (72.77%) and Swat (53.72%). The mean infestation ...
Haq Aman Ullah1*, Aneela Zameer Durrani2, Muhammad Ijaz2 and Aqeel Javeed3
...ify;">Abstract | Aflatoxins are the secondary metabolites produced by molds particularly by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Aflatoxin B1 is the most common metabolite highly toxic for humans and animals. In the present study contamination status of aflatoxin B1 in cotton seed cake, wanda, wheat bran and homemade concentrate mixture of dairy goats w...
Ghani Akbar, Muhammad Munir Ahmad, Muhammad Asif, Iqbal Hassan, Qurban Hussain3 and Greg Hamilton
...nal intensive cultivated flat basin (FB) for evaluating impacts on soil, crop and water productivity. The results showed reduced bulk density by 7%, 6% and 5% and increased hydraulic conductivity by 90%, 106% and 72% for WB, MB and NB respectively, when compared with FB. The irrigation water saving was 36%, 40% on WB, 34%, 31% on MB and 7%, 8% on NB, for wheat and maize crops respectively, when compared with FB. The crop yields were higher by 14%, 25% on WB, 1...
Dilawar Hussain* and Abdul Mateen
...signed to alleviate the aflatoxin-B1 toxicity by the use of 0.5% calcium bentonite clay and to evaluate its effect on the growth performance of Nile tilapia over a period of 10 weeks. Inclusion of AFB1 at both 2 and 4 ppm levels significantly (p<0.05) decreased specific growth rate (SGR), net weight gain (NWG), average daily gain (ADG), survival, feed intake, feed efficiency ratio (FER) and protein efficiency ratio (PRE), irrespective the addition of the 4T...
Nighat Sultana1,2,*, Shazia Iftikhar1, Nafeesa Qudsia Hanif2 and Iffat Tahira2
...led maize fodder. Total aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2) and ochratoxin A (OTA) analysis showed that AFB1was present with high frequency in fresh (37.5%) and ensiled (41.66%) fodder, with an average concentration of 9.49 and 8.36ng/g respectively. Aflatoxin B2 was detected in only two samples (16%) (1.2 and 1.3ng/g), aflatoxin G1 and G2 were not found. Ochratoxin A was found more fre...
Sadaf Ijaz Malik1, Kiran Afshan2* and Mazhar Qayyum1
...ements. Amphistomes were flattened and stained in Borax carmine, some were sectioned in the median sagittal plane and histological slides of the worms were prepared for detailed morphological studies. Bile tissues, aspirates and blood samples of the same animals were analysed. The infection was found prevalent throughout the year but during post monsoon season it was relatively high. Morphological identification of G. expalanatum was carried out on the ...
Nadeem Rashid1,*, Masroor Ahmad Bajwa1, Mohammad Masood Tariq1, Tanvir Ahmad2, Majed Rafeeq1, Zafar Ahmad1, Mohammad Arif Awan1, Mohammad Ali1, Muhammad Zahid Mustafa1, Muhammad Shafee1, Asad Ulah1 and Amanullah Khan3
...ing capacity to produce aflatoxin was investigated in this study. Finished commercial broiler feed samples (n=96) were collected from broiler chicken farms in and around Quetta district. Physical properties i.e. moisture and pH were determined by oven drying and pH meter, respectively. Viable fungal count of the feed samples was estimated by using spread plate technique. Identification of fungal isolates was carried out on the basis of cultural and morp...
Abdus-Subhan1, Qudratullah Khan1, Muhammad Mansoor2, Muhammad Jamil Khan1, Ammanullah2, Matiullah Khan3
Niamat Ullah Khan1*, Abdul Aziz Khakwani2, Sami Ullah2, Najeeb Ullah2, Abdur Rauf3 and Inam Ullah2
... [ridge tillage (RT) and flat tillage (FT)] and 5 nitrogen levels (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 kgN.ha-1) on cotton lint yields, quality and earliness. Experiment was laid out in a RCB design with split plot arrangements replicated thrice. Tillage methods were allotted to main plots while nitrogen levels were kept in sub plots. Results showed that RT produced higher bolls per plant, weight per bolls, lint yields, earliness % and benefit cost ratio (BCR) than FT. Ridge...
Munir Ahmad* and Asif Ali Mirani**
HEATED AIR DRYING OF GROUNDNUT
...e chance for developing aflatoxins in it is high. To solve this problem of the groundnut growers, a low cost mobile flat-bed dryer designed and developed at Agricultural and Biological Engineering Institute (ABEI), National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad was evaluated for drying groundnut. The dryer had been found capable to dry about 1818 kg groundnut from 23.3% moisture content to 14% within 2.4h. On average the g...
Abdul Razaq*, Muhammad Jamal Khan*, Tahir Sarwar* and Mohammad Jamal Khan**
EFFECT OF DEFICIT IRRIGATION, SOWING METHODS AND MULCHING ON WHEAT YIELD AND NITROGEN UPTAKE
...pared to the traditional flat bed. Similarly, mulch plots resulted in higher tillers m (404) wheat grain yield (4.94 t ha ), biological yield (11.94 t ha ) and total nitrogen uptake (137.6 kg ha ) than flat bed. In deficit irrigation, maximum tillers m (412), wheat yield (5.20 t ha ), biological yield (11.98 t ha ) and total nitrogen uptake (144.7 kg ha ) was recorded at full irrigation application followed by 20% deficit. N...
Ehsanullah*, Muhammad Amjad Shahzad*, Shakeel Ahmad Anjum*, Ali Zohaib*, Muhammad Ishfaq* and Ejaz Ahmad Warraich*
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SOWING METHODS AND PLANTING DENSITIES ON GROWTH, YIELD, FIBER QUALITY AND ECONOMIC EFFICACY OF COTTON
... kg ha ) was obtained by flat sowing on 25 cm apart rows owing to highest planting density per unit area. Maximum ginning out turn (GOT) (41.6%) was noticed in pit planting of cotton, while, fiber quality was not affected significantly by sowing methods. Economic analysis showed that economic returns and benefit cost ratio (BCR) (1.52) was elevated by flat sowing on 25 cm apart rows. In conclusion, maximum seed cotton yield ...
Hazrat Nabi1, Irshad Hussain2, Muhammad Adil3, Amar Nasir3,*, Arbab Sikandar3, Saeed Khan1 and Nasrullah Khan3
...on day 14th. Aflatoxins derived from Aspergillus parasiticus were mixed in the feed measuring 150 ppb and fed to various broiler groups. Mycotoxin binders were also added into the feed and offered to group E and F from 14th-42nd day of age. The impact of mycotoxin binders on antibody titer against New Castle disease virus, feed consumption, weight gain, relative weights of lymphoid organs and feed conversion ratio (FCR) ...
Ansaar Ahmed1, Imtiaz Hussain2*, Ibni Amin Khalil3, Subhanulla3, Gulzar Ahmed3, Imtiaz Ahmad3 and Muhammad Imtiaz2
...ual planting of maize on flat surface coupled with flood irrigation are used in irrigated maize–wheat system of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province that requires skilled labor, intensive tillage and more water for irrigation. In this study, zero tillage and bed planting effect in comparison with farmer practice on maize-wheat system productivity was evaluated at five sites in district of Nowshera, KP province during 2014-2016. Maize grain yield with bed pla...
Muhammad Javed Iqbal and Muhammad Naeem*
...lt;0.01). The variance inflation factor (VIF) was observed as: 17.86 (T1), 12.50 (T2), 01.79 (T3), 10.75 (T4) and 10.20 (T0); expressing multi-collinearity among morphometric variants and LWRs with change in diet compositions. Diets with decreased fish meal percentage and maximum plant origin sources showed an increment in length-weight variants. Present findings indicate that fish dislike the fish meal diet and preferred the plant origin sources ...
Pingping Cang1, Mingming Zhang1, Guo Qiao1,Qirui Sun1, Dehai Xu3, Qiang Li1, Xinghua Yuan4 and Wenbin Liu2,*
...��), a representative mudflat aquaculture species, was used to evaluate the effects of biofloc technology (BFT) on growth, nutrition and economic profitability in mudflat fish aquaculture. A 60-d experiment was conducted in zero-water exchange BFT system. The results demonstrated that weight gain (WG), specific growth (SG) and survival in BFT group were 133.94%, 1.20% day-1 and 90.0%, respectively. In control grou...
Shakeel Ahmad Anjum1, Muhammad Mohsin Raza2, Sami Ullah1, 3*, Malik Muhammad Yousaf2, Ahmad Mujtaba1, Mumtaz Hussain2, Muhammad Jahangir Shah2, Bashir Ahmad2 and Ijaz Ahmad4
...lage, simple cultivation flat sowing, simple cultivation ridge sowing, zero tillage dibbling and zero tillage drill were performed as the experimental treatments. Results showed that maize hybrid sown under deep tillage gave the maximum grain yield (7.2 t ha-1), number of grains cob-1 (528), 1000-grain weight (265 g), plant height (205 cm), plant population (7.2 plants m-2) and stem diameter (1.58 cm), cob length (19.1 cm), biological yield (19.5 t ha-1) and h...
Sakhra Mahmood1, M. Younus1, A. Aslam1, A.A. Anjum2, S. Umar3, Aamerzish Mushtaq3 and M.L. Sohail4,*
...ng countries.
...
Muhammad Shahid1*, Mehmood Shah2, Adiqa Kiani3 and Farhat Parveen4
...ovt. fixed capital and inflation are insignificant. This comprehensive research will support the govt. in formulating policies on livestock to labour productivity of the economy. ...
NaseemZahra1,2,*, Nadia Jamil1, Sajid Rashid Ahmad1, Imran Kalim2, MuhammadKhalid Saeed2, Ijaz Ahmed2, Qurat-ul-ain Syed2 and Soniya Munir1
...mples were analyzed for Aflatoxin M1 using competitive ELISA kit method. Branded samples (n=40) were collected from different shops in Lahore city of Punjab Province while non-branded samples (n=40) collected from four selected towns of Lahore. Overall 58% and 100% of aflatoxin contamination in branded and non-branded milk samples were found, respectively. The quantities of AFM1 in 58% of branded milk samples and 95% of non-...
Fizza Anwar1, Muddassar Zafar1*, Zahid Anwar1, Raja Tahir Mehmood2
...al metabolites included Aflatrem, Monacolin K, Fusarubin and Tautomycetin. Different fermentation parameters were optimized to produce antimicrobial agents using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and best results were obtained at 45°C temperature, 5.5 pH, 5 mL inoculum concentration, 1.5 mL banana peel as substrate and 20 days incubation time. The antimicrobial activity of secondary metabolites was tested against Streptococcus aglactaie, Str...
Haq Aman Ullah1,*, Aneela Zameer Durrani2, Muhammad Ijaz2, Aqeel Javeed3, Muqadder Shah1 and Ikramul Haq1
...carcinogenic metabolite aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk and to investigate the effects of low doses of dietary aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on physiological biomarkers with special reference to udder health and serum parameters of lactating goats. Thirty two lactating Beetal goats of 3-4 y age, weighing 40.91±0.285, were randomly selected, and equally divided into four groups. Group A was kept as control while animals of groups B,...
Manzoor1*, Ahmad Khan1, Amir Sohail2, Shahzad Ali1, Fawad Ali Shah3, Junaid Iqbal3, Muhammad Owais Khan4 and Sultan Nawaz4
Muhammad Akbar Ali Shah1, Gamze Özel2, Christophe Chesneau3, Muhammad Mohsin4, Farrukh Jamal5* and Muhammad Faheem Bhatti6
...esiduals and variation inflation factor (VIF) is also applied to test the multicollinearity. The VIF values of independent variables in Model I indicate the presence of multicollinearity and Durbin-Watson test shows autocorrelation in Model I whereas Model II is recommended due to the better value of R² with Durbin-Watson test and found no pattern of multicollinearity. The three most important factors that affect the yield per acre in mounds (1 mound= 40 ...
Iqbal Javed1, Abdur Rehman2*, Farhana Khaliq1, Amar Razzaq3, Mudassar Yasin4, Ghulam Mustafa5, Allah Bakhsh6 and Raheel Saqib7
...smati competitiveness, inflation has negative and significant effect on export competitiveness of Pakistani basmati. Inflation in trading partner has positive and significant effect on basmati export competitiveness of Pakistan. Exchange rate of Pakistan is negatively affecting the basmati export but exchange rate of trading countries is positively affecting the basmati export of Pakistan. Dummy for Muslims and joint boarder...
Amna Shoaib*, Zoia Arshad Awan and Naureen Akhtar
...n 30% yield losses. The aflatoxins producer Aspergillus minisclerotigenes and Aspergillus flavus are morphologically similar species that belong to the Aspergillus section Flavi. A. minisclerotigenes and A. flavus were isolated from soybean and okra seeds, respectively. The isolated species were first identified morphologically. ITS1–5.8S–ITS4 primers sequence and amplification of ISSR nucleotide sequences ...
Waqas Ahmad Shams1*, Gauhar Rehman1, Khurshaid Khan1, Ibrar Ahmad1, Saima Bibi1, Saif Ul Islam2, Dawood Safi1, Saba Gul Ayaz1
...rtion of mesio laterally flattened. They have a cephalic sub distal portion which is concave. There is a narrow marginal process with an almost straight distal end and a sharp tip lateral part with an apex. Periodic and corporal aspects inclined the abundance of Allacanthos. The dominant species was Allacanthos yawi (62.9%). The abundance was variable according to habitat type. Allacanthos yawi had abundance in Pir Baba and Budal localities. The season was als...
Iqbal Javed1, Abdur Rehman2*, Iftikhar Nabi3, Amar Razzaq4, Raheel Saqib5, Allah Bakhsh6, Muhammad Mohibullah7 and Muhammad Luqman8
...es of trading partner, inflation in Pakistan, inflation in trading partner and dummy variables joint border and religion by application of Park’s Feasible Generalized Least Square (FGLS). Result of this study showed that exchange rate of Pakistan has negative and significant effect on basmati export but exchange rate of trading partner has positive and significant effect on basmati export of Pakistan to its trading par...
Ghani Akbar*, Muhammad Asif, Zafar Islam and Shahid Hameed
...ices on farms. Flooding, flat basin and irregular and unlevelled border irrigation methods are the norms on majority of Pakistani farms, which is inherently inefficient. Sprinkler and drip irrigation are costly and require more technical knowledge, thus negligibly adopted and are generally considered as late time solutions. Although furrow bed irrigation, a relatively more efficient irrigation method, has been adopted, especially for row crops but decision sup...
Rafiullah Khan1, Waseem ur Rahman1, Misbah Ullah2, Kamran Afaq3, Muhammad Amjad1, Sakhi jan1
AGE EFFECT ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HIP JOINT BONE: AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
...le strength, rectangular flat specimens were
used. The test procedures were similar to ASTM (American standard for testing and measurements) techniques. The
test result revealed reduction in mechanical properties of hip joint bone with the age. ...
used. The test procedures were similar to ASTM (American standard for testing and measurements) techniques. The
test result revealed reduction in mechanical properties of hip joint bone with the age. ...
Muhammad Shahid1, Adiqa Kiani2* and Mahmood Shah3
Livestock Tackles the Major Sector Fluctuations in Agrarian Sector and Raises Economic Performance: A Study of Pakistan
...omic performance while inflation effect on economic performance is insignificant. I have reviewed a lot of economic literature but not found single one study of this nature. This comprehensive research will assist the govt. in making policies on livestock to revive the economic performance of the country....
Muhammad Shahid1, Adiqa Kiani2* and Mahmood Shah3
Livestock Tackles the Major Sector Fluctuations in Agrarian Sector and Raises Economic Performance: A Study of Pakistan
...omic performance while inflation effect on economic performance is insignificant. I have reviewed a lot of economic literature but not found single one study of this nature. This comprehensive research will assist the govt. in making policies on livestock to revive the economic performance of the country....
Azra1*, Muhammad Afzal2 and Dilawar Khan1
Factors Influencing Inflation and Economic Growth in Pakistan: An Econometric Analysis
...etric investigation of inflation and economic growth in Pakistan for the period 1990-2017. Money supply, imports, exchange rate and budget deficit were the major causes of inflation. Growth in GDP is expected to lead to a reduction in inflation. To combat inflation, unwarranted growth of money supply is checked and the exchange is stabilized. It is less ...
Fanrong Xiao, Jichao Wang and Haitao Shi*
... Keeled box turtle has a flatter shell, larger head, longer toes, better clinging ability, and better self-righting ability, whereas the Flowerback box turtle has a more domed shell, smaller head, shorter toes, decreased clinging ability, and decreased self-righting ability. Together, these results provide evidence that these two species are specialized to use different microhabitats. These differences likely allow the two species to exist in sympatry by reduc...
Mohammad Adil1*, Muhammad A. Khan2, Naveed Ahmed1, Edward Bromhead3, Muhammad A. Arshad1, Muhammad Fahad1, Shahid Ullah1 and Khan Shahzada1
Numerical Investigation of the Effect of Column Staggering in Flat Slabs Systems
...tioning is achievable in flat slabs, it is difficult to practice because of non-availability of design guidelines taking care of haphazardly placed columns or staggered column arrangement. Providing staggered columns under flat slab may reduce the labor as well as the material cost of the structure without affecting the structural performance of the slabs as well as columns. Wide parking and halls could be constructed and ar...
Alam Zeb* and Amanullah Jan
...y. Three sowing methods (flat, ridges and raised bed) were kept as main plot factor, whereas four nitrogen levels (00, 60, 120, and 180 kg ha-1) and four treatments of sulphur (00, 20, 30 and 40 kg ha-1), were kept as sub plot factors, which were replicated four time for each experiment. Urea and ammonium sulphate fertilizers were used as a source of nitrogen and sulfur nutrients. Results showed that all quantitative and qualitative param...
Ahmad Abrar Khan* and Muhammad Idrees
... cases aphids, scale and flat-headed borer insect/pest attacks were reported on the apricot crop. Besides scab, brown rot and shot hole were reported by more than 60%, apricot growers.Regarding dormant practices, 65.2% apricot growers pruned their trees, 67.4% applied winter oil and 69.7% Bordeaux mixture while unfortunately,60.6% of the respondents were not doing hoeing practice. The Regression analysis results reported application of chemical fertilizers, FY...
Manzoor Hussain Memon1, Khalid Khan2, Anjum Parvez3, Sarfaraz Ahmed Shaikh4, Khan Mir Khan2, Guo Xiangyu5*, Mohammad Nasrullah6 and Saima Liaqat7
...rofit which results in inflated consumer prices. At the same time none of the profit get invested back in the industry as producer keep struggling to meet financing requirements. Henceforth, to improve nutrient consumption of consumers steps are required to be taken to provide level playing field to all the agents involved and to provide easy market access to producers....
Iftikhar Jan* and Sahib Alam
...olates in search for nonaflatoxigenic strains for use as biocontrol agent. A total of 434 isolates of A. flavus were isolated from soil and stored maize grain samples collected from four agroecological zones (AEZ) i.e., AEZ-A, AEZ-B, AEZ-C and AEZ-D of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province of Pakistan. The mycological analysis of the samples demonstrated that the highest population of Aspergillus section Flavi was existed in soil (n = 236) than in maize grain sampl...
Nadeem Anwar1, Muhammad Luqman2*, Shaoib Nasir3, Moazzam Sabir1, Hafiz Bashir Ahmad4 and Saleem Ashraf5
...heir concern on rising inflation in the country. They reported that the increase in cost of production negatively effects the profit earned especially by the small farmers. The results of inter-correlation analysis of variables, which are considered to be a constraining factor in citrus production confirms that most of the variables are interrelated and by resolving one, may lead to the resolution of other accompanying factors. ...
Essam H. Ibrahim1,2,3, Attalla F. El-kott1,4, Ali Alshehri1, Mona Kilany2,5, Reza Yavari6, Salahud Din7* and Diaa Massoud8,9
...l papillae represented a flat pyramidal shape with several slender accessory processes. The tongue was covered by a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. A dense connective tissue composed the lamina propria and thick masses of striated muscles constituted the bulk of the tongue. The lamina propria didn’t penetrate completely into the filiform papillae of the lateral margin. Numerous forms of lingual salivary glands with seromucous secrations were ...
Ameliorative Effect of GSPE Against AFB1 Induced Immunotoxicity and Hepatotoxicity in Japanese Quail
Maha Khalil1, Gamal Shams2, Hosny Abdel Fadil2, Nagah Edrees2, Mostafa Abonorag1, Nasser El-Sabbagh3, Eman A. Ahmed4*
...al effects triggered by aflatoxin B1 in Japanese quail. Four groups of Japanese quail birds were fed either a basal diet (control), basal + 1mg/kg AFB1 (AFB1 diet), basal+ 500 mg/kg GSPE (GSPE diet), or basal+ 1mg/kg AFB1+ 500 mg/kg GSPE (AFB1+GSPE diet) for 5 weeks. Biochemical parameters, lipid peroxidation, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and histopathological investigations were assessed. GSPE supplementation alleviated AFB1-induced hepatotoxicity as reflected...
Tiyyabah Khan1, Hafiz Azhar Ali Khan1*, Muhammad Rizwan Khan1, Muhammad Umer1, Adnan Akhter1 and Waseem Akram2
Xiuli Wang1, Cuilan Hu2 and Sen Ye3*
...le brain waves tended to flatten. RT-PCR results showed that the infarction group, 4.5h thrombolysis group and 6h thrombolysis group had higher GCSF in brain tissue than the normal group, and both reached the lowest peak on 3d and increased on 7d to a level higher than 1d. At the same time, 6h thrombolysis group had lower mRNA expression of GCSF in the brain tissue than 4.5h thrombolysis group on 1d, 3d and 7d. Extended time window thrombectomy on acute cerebr...
Tabassum Ara Khanum, Nasir Mehmood* and Shahina Fayyaz
...curved, boat shaped with flat distal end eight pairs of bursal papillae were present. Tail (46-68) µm long conical with fine tip, leptoderan bursa. Female 1223-1742 µm long, anterior to middle vulva 48.7 (37-55) % tail filiform 156-206 µm long, 7-18.7 times as anal body width long. Detailed taxonomical studies of new species are given with measurements, descriptions, illustrations and photomicrophotographs along with brief description, ...
Samia Azad1, Iram Liaqat1*, Riffat Iqbal1 and Uzma Rafi2
...mucosal tissue, enlarged flattened villi, increased apoptosis and degenerated nuclei alongwith missing cytoplasmic boundaries were observed at high concentration of exposure (0.4-1.0 ppm). Likewise, CdCl2 at high concentrations (0.6-1.0 ppm) had toxic effects kidneys and severe pyknosis, degenerated renal tubule, loss of cell integrity in complete tissue were observed. Pronounced degeneration of liver tissues, severe vacuolization, remarkable cirrhosis, necros...
Junaid Ali1, Muhammad Nawaz2, Muhammad Ilyas3, Muhammad Umer Chattha1, Imran Khan1, Muhammad Bilal Chattha4*, Muhammad Arshad5, Muhammad Akram6, Mina Kharal7, Ehsan Ullah1, Muhammad Talha Aslam1, Fareeha Athar1, Ayesha Mustafa1 and Muhammad Umair Hassan1
...by three sowing methods; flat, bed and ridge and with four different irrigations levels; I1: one irrigation, 60 days after sowing (DAS), I2: two irrigations 30 and 60 DAS, I3: three irrigations 30, 60 and 90 DAS and I4: four irrigations 30, 40, 60 and 80 DAS. The variable irrigation levels and sowing methods significantly affected growth and yield of lentil crop. The maximum plant height (47.66 cm), branches per plant (11.66), pods/plant (85.33), biological yi...
Deepesh Kumar Bhuptani1, Atta Hussain Shah1*, Gul Bahar Khaskheli1, Zubair Ahmed Laghari2, Ghulam Shabir Bahram1, Muneer Ahmed Jamali1, Tarique Ahmed Khokhar1
...re are various forms of aflatoxin (AF) occurring in foods of plant origin (B1, B2, G1, and G2) and animal origin (M1 and M2). Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a geno-toxic carcinogen and is less lethal but it is still cytotoxic. The present study was conducted on prevalence and quantification of AFM1 in raw buffalo milk in Sindh province. A total of three hundred and fifteen raw milk samples (n=315) from dairy farms of three regions i...
Shomaila Sikandar1*, Imran Afzal1 and Sadaf Sarfraz2
...been identified, while, aflatoxins, fuminisons, ochratoxins, trichothecenes and zearalenone are the major mycotoxins infecting food and feed crops. Consumption of food contaminated with these mycotoxins can cause severe toxicity in human and animals. Members of these fungal genera Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp., and Aspergillus spp., are major mycotoxins producers in food and feed crops. Mycotoxins thrive in high-temperature, humid environments, and they can ...
Hafiz Qaisar Yasin1*, Dora Marinova2 and Muhammad Naveed Tahir3
... higher than the current flat-rate canal irrigation water charging rates in Punjab. The research further indicated the need to enhance canal water charging rates to ensure its efficient use and sustainable management. The study also observed that any increase in irrigation water charge rate by the government has to be linked with farmers’ overall economic returns from crop production along with ensured irrigation supply and reliable service delivery....
Maize Yield Performance Under Planting Patterns and Row Spacing in Semi-Arid Zone of Pakistan-Mardan
Shakir Ali1, Zia Ul Haq1, Abdul Malik1, Tariq Mahmood Khalil1,2* and Ijaz Ahmad Khan3
...ta, it was observed that flat pattern P1 produced significantly (P<0.05) higher grain (7568.7 kg ha-1) and biomass (17571.2 kg ha-1) yield as compared to P5 that produced 6160.85 kg ha-1 grain and 11340.65 kg ha-1 biomass. The planting pattern P2 is par with P1 produced 6944.5 kg ha-1 grain yield and 16500.7 kg ha-1 of biomass. No significant effect was found in yield among P2, P3 and P4. Similarly, no statistically significant difference was observed in da...
Ghani Akbar*, Zafar Islam, Muhammad Umar and Shahi Salam
...ows) and flood irrigated flat basin (FB) as control. The irrigation was scheduled at above field capacity (30kPa matric potential). The calibrated Aqua Crop FAO model was used for evaluating the root zone and atmospheric water balance and water productivity based on evapotranspiration (WPET). The field results indicated, comparable yield for the NB treatment but increased (2.4%) the water productivity based on irrigation input (WPi), saved (3%) irrigation wate...
Reda Hassan*, Bahaa Abou-shehema, Sherif Zayed, Micheal Gorgy, Shama Morsy, El-Sayed Abu El-Hassan, Mahmoud El-Gbaly, Hanaa Basuony, Ebtehal Hassan
...%) on the preclusion of aflatoxin-B1 (AFB1) toxicity in broiler chicken during 1 – 42 days of age. Eight hundred broiler chicks were arbitrarily assigned for 8 treatments of 5 replicates (each contained 20 chicks). On the other hand, chickens were offered the basal dietas Negative Control (NC, group 1); the other three groups 2, 3, and 4 were fed NC supplemented with 0.5% HSCAS, SC and HSCAS plus SC respectively, group 5 chicks were fed a basal diet cont...
Farah Naz1*, Asad Umair2 and Ghazala Noureen3
... in an attempt to “flatten the curve”-a term that refers slowing down the spread of the disease in order to prevent healthcare facilities from being overwhelmed by too many new patients. However, lockdowns and related strategies designed to minimize the spread of the pandemic, like early detection, isolation of confirmed cases, and social distancing, were build and implemented on the assumption that COVID-19 is simply a health emergency that demand...
Sajid Mehmood Shahzad
...d payments balance and inflation, unemployment, and program inconsistency. This is one area where the maritime sector has been a quarry for years. Contrary to the maritime transportation industry, fisheries are the only coastal resource used nowadays. The maritime sector of Pakistan’s economy is becoming less viable as rising maritime vulnerabilities lead to decreased commerce and taxes. Here we look at Pakistan’s maritime industry and see how it s...
Behari Lal Meghwar1*, Attaullah Khan1, Imran Ali Lakhiar1, Asif Ali Mirani2, Muhammad Siddique Daper1 and Muhammad Waseem Kalroo1
... T3. However, the total aflatoxin content of T1, T2, and T3 were 1.4, 3.0, and 2.7 ppb, respectively. The measured values were below the recommended values of the aflatoxin. Based on the experiment result, it was concluded that the T2 and T2 drying methods are a better alternative for open sun drying and ensure product quality. These methods are not subjected to the weather conditions like the rainy season....
Saad Zaghlou El-Damrawy1, Reda Ali Hassan2*, Ahmed Maher Bakhaty1, Adel M. Nasr2, El-Sayed A. Abu El-Hassan2
...oline chloride) against aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), as well as the impacts of AFB1 on the growth performance, liver weight, haematological, and serum biochemical responses of broiler chicks. Six nutritional treatment groups with equal numbers of birds each were created. In a randomized complete block design experiment, each group contained 100 birds in five repetitions and was assigned to one of the six feeding regimens. Experimental groups included: (1) Negative con...
Nadia Jabeen1, Abdul Mubeen Lodhi1*, Rehana Naz Syed1, Muhammad Ali Khanzada2 and Alia Gul3
...lawn soil and is a flattened convex whereas Marasmiellus scandens being pathogenic was found mostly on the trunk of trees and is a semicircle convex-shaped basidiocarp. The species were studied for morphological characteristics. For molecular characterization, DNA extraction was performed from the samples using a kit , and PCR amplification was done using ITS4 and ITS1F primers designed from the conserved regions as described in the previous ...
KHADIJA SUMMIA*1, ROHEELA YASMEEN*2, ALEEM UN NISA3, SAMIA DJEFFAL4 & TAHIRA JABEEN1
...cus that are famous for Aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, and G2. The present study was conducted to quantify the aflatoxins in bovine feed provided to cattle found in and around Lahore. Total 50 samples were collected from two different localities of Lahore and categorized in two groups: Group A (Raiwind, 30 samples), Group B (Bedian Road, 20 samples). All samples were analyzed for estimation of aflat
Al Salihi karima Akool1* , Almas. M. Al-Bayati2, Iman Mousa Khaleel3
...and few alveoli lined by flattened epithelium were seen in the SCN-PMG. In conclusion, this study showed the presence of large anatomical and histological variations in the she-camel’s udder reliant on the physiological state. ...
Muhammad Mansoor1, Shahid Hameed Khalil2,4*, Muhammad Arshad Khan3, Ghani Akbar2, Muhammad Shahzad Khan4, Rana Naveed Mustafa2 and Salah ud Din5
... raised beds compared to flatbed systems, indicating their positive influence on mung bean outcomes. The study highlighted that a three-day irrigation schedule positively affected growth and nodulation, while a six-day interval was optimal for maximizing seed yield. Balancing vegetative growth and seed yield is crucial for overall productivity in arid regions of Pakistan. This study underscores the importance of adopting appropriate irrigation schedules for mu...
M.A. Farag*, Abeer, E. Mansour* and s.M.
...us (BVDV) infection and Aflatoxine BI (AFBI) on the immune response of sheep vaccinated with bivalent Foot and mouth disease (FMD) vaccine were studied. Significant decrease in humoral immune response against the vaccine strains 01/3/93 and A/l/Egypt/2006 accompanied by protection percentage of 33% against challenged virus 01/3/93 with low values of AOD were recorded in sheep previously infected with BVDV one week before vaccination. Challenging the immunity o...
UROOJ SAEED1, SAJID RASHID AHMAD2, HAMMAD GILANI3*, RAB NAWAZ4, NAEEM SHAHZAD5, IRFAN ASHRAF6 & WAQAS AHMED QAZI3
... on previously barren mudflats. Even the canopy of sparse mangroves trees became enriched in various areas. In a small area of 372 km2 around the plantation sites, the study quantified 0.44 km2/year gross rate of afforestation using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values derived from 30 m spatial resolution Landsat satellite images (April 2010 and May 2015). Through coastal conservation practices, plantation campaigns provide livelihood support t...
SHEIKH AJAZ RASOOL1, MUHAMMAD SALMAN RASOOL2 & MUNAZZA AJAZ3
...load of these bugs has inflated over worldwide. Microbes evolve such phenomena involving mutational processes, hyper performance of pumping out systems, synthesis of secretory saccharides, bioaccumulation and directed flagella based shifting resulting out of hypo-doses of drug stimulation. Further, the prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae member strains has been witnessed producing Extended Spectrum β-Lactamases (ESBLs) and Carbapenemases. Drug resistance in ...
Samia S. Alkhalil1, Faisal Al-Sarraj2, Abeer S. Aloufi3, Zuhair M. Mohammedsaleh4, Mamdoh S. Moawadh4, Fayez M. Saleh5, Majid Al-Zahrani6, Waheeb Aggad7, Youssef S. Alghamdi8, Mutaib M. Mashraqi9, Saleh Alshamrani9 and
Mona H. Soliman10,11*
...="text-align: justify;">Aflatoxicosis is one of the major issues for the public health. Control of aflatoxins is necessary to avoid the health hazards in human and animals. Present study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of Bacillus licheniformis as a novel feed additive for control of aflatoxicosis. A total of 40 rats were equally divided into the four groups. The first group (BD) was...
Muhammad Shabbir Mughal
...ressed, light brown with flat cotyledons in P. juliflora....
M. Muhammad Rafi
...management. '"Pitting of flat land has proved to be useful. The provision of stock water and supplemental feed and protection from inclement weather and from predators such as wolves is important to make the programme a success. The recommendations for future management of similar grasslands have been given. ...
Muhammad Shabir Mughal
...eedle like and the other flat and
feather like or scale-like, closely pressed, with a
large oblong elliptic glands in the center of the
back. Flowers unisexual, the male at the tips of the
branches, the female terminating short side
branchlets. Flower appears between May and June
and fruit berries ripen between September and
October in the next year. Fruit 0.8 cm diameter,
globose, blue-black and very resinous. Each fruit
contains 2-5 seeds (Parker, 1...
Iqbal Mohammad and John Sessions Prof. Dr.
... is done mainly by 4 x 4 flat-bed
trucks (popularly known as Guttoos), mainly on low
quality dirt roads (generally known as Guttoo roads)
involving rehandling of logs at a transfer yard (transit
depot). An improved timber transportation method using
permanent forest rods and 2 x 4 turbo-charged (common
wooden-bodied) straight trucks with trailer is proposed.
The best combination of temporary and permanent roads is suggested as a fixed and variable cost ...
M. Iqbal Ahmad and I. A. Hafiz
...antations on agriculture flat land and 70 cm
to 170 cm height in irrigated forest plantations. The
best planting time for mulberry was 15th December to
31st January in Punjab and N.W.F.P....
Mahmood Iqbal Sheikh
...hout a trench,
pits and flat ground to serve as control.
The tree species tested included Acacia albida (Sudan). Acacia aneura (Australia), Amodesta, A. tortilis (Sudan), A. victoriae. (Australia), Parkisonia aculeate, Prosopis cineraria and Tecoma undulate. The results over a period of 7 year have indicated that trees can be successfully planted if some micro catchment is provided for harvesting extra quant...
Anwar Ahmad Khan and Shakeel Haider Zaidi
...s carminative to relieve flatulence and for the successive control of cholera. In
certain European countries the young leaves and shoots of the plant are used as garnish and for
flavouring salad. Pakistan is importing aniseed and essential oil from Iran to meet the local
requirements of food processing and allied pharmaceutical industries and the demand is on the
increase....
M. I. R. Khan
...ates. It occurs on muddy flats or fine textured soils along sheltered localities of the coastline and some islands. It is daily flushed by sea water several times. It can stand considerable amount of submersion under sea water and is characterised by the presence of numerous pneumatophores or the respiratory roots protruding all around the mangrove trees to considerable distances. Associated with the mangrove tree growth on relatively higher ground out-side th...
M. Ihsanur Rahman Khan
...the
Sabkha(salty flats) or extremely arid and moving sand dunes may have no worthwhile plant life but varied and specialized type of plant life does exist in some cases in small patches and in other cases in fairly extensive areas of the Emirate. In fact in the pre-oil period natural vegetation was a major source of livelihood of the nomadic tribal people who lead a pastoral life and their chief occupation then was rearing of livestock. It also provide...
Hanif Gul and M. Ismail Chaudhry
S. Maqsood Khan
....5 hectares each, one on flat land and the other on 50 degree slope, western exposure, were established in alpine grazing lands at Paya (Kaghan) during 1969 and 1971 respectively. The effect of closure was studied during September, 1976, seven and five years respectively after their establishment. Due to closure the forage production increased about three fold. The increase was due both to increase in grass and forbs. No appreciable difference was found in the...
Rafiullah1, Said Sajjad Ali Shah1*, Muhammad Ilyas Khan2, Anwar Ali3, Imtiaz Ali Shah1 and Sohaib ul Hassan4
...howed a higher level of Aflatoxin B1 in spoiled Gram and Berseem fed to camels. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that recent mortality in camels might be due to food poisoning due to Bacillus cereus intoxication (Haemorrhagic diathesis) and a higher level of Aflatoxin B1 in the feed. Dog mortality may be related to indospicine toxicity due to feeding of indigoferous plants by camels....
Abdul Basit1, Ayesha Zahid1, Syed Tanveer Shah1, Inayat Ullah2, Sana Ullah3*, Muhammad
Kashif Nawaz4, Muhammad Areeb Khalid1, Izhar Ullah5, Fawad Ali1, Shaukat Ali1
...wing methods (ridges and flat beds), and reduced to various number of
picking (3, 4, and 5 intervals). The results of the present study revealed that okra plants
sown on the ridges recorded maximum germination percentage (96.9%), fruit weight
(22.41g), pod length (14.44 cm), seed pod-1 (48), 100 seed weight (6.41 g), seed yield
(102.2 kg ha-1) and fresh yield (0.165 tons ha-1). Data regarding number of picking in...
Zahraa Ahmed Khlaf*, Alfred S. Karomy, Qutaiba Jassim Gheni
...n the concentrations of aflatoxin and ochratoxin compared to the other treatments. Additionally, all ozone gas treatments led to a significant reduction (P ≤ 0.05) in T-2 toxin concentration compared to the control. In terms of production traits, birds fed with T3 feed showed a significant improvement (P ≤ 0.05) in average live body weight and weight gain rate compared to the control group (T1). Moreover, a significant improvement (P ≤ 0.05) in feed c...
Ahmed Jamil Abid*, Ahlam Jaber Hamza
...mple squamous cells with flattened nuclei, and supported by irregular dense connective tissue and contain blood vessels and lymph vessels in subepithelial layer to the supply of heart muscle cells, subepithelial layer contain adipocytes in the atrium. ...
Roheela Yasmeen1*, Sadia Amjad1 and Naseem Zahra2
... industry attributed to aflatoxins (AFs), which also pose serious health risks. Various research efforts are underway to improve storage methods and reduce AF contamination. In this study, white and brown rice samples were analyzed for aflatoxin contamination and treated for detoxification. A total of 50 samples, 30 white rice and 20 brown rice were collected from different areas in and around Lahore, Pakistan. A
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