Haq Aman Ullah1*, Aneela Zameer Durrani2, Muhammad Ijaz2 and Aqeel Javeed3
...;">Abstract | Aflatoxins are the secondary metabolites produced by molds particularly by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Aflatoxin B1 is the most common metabolite highly toxic for humans and animals. In the present study contamination status of aflatoxin B1 in cotton seed cake, wanda, wheat bran and homemade concentrate mixture of dairy goats was investigated in district Lahore of Pakistan. A total of Twenty 20 goat f...
Nighat Sultana1,2,*, Shazia Iftikhar1, Nafeesa Qudsia Hanif2 and Iffat Tahira2
...rgillus (A) spp. and mycotoxins in fresh and ensiled maize fodder using a model fermentation system and raw materials from different areas of Punjab, Pakistan. A. niger, A. flavus and A. fumigatus were the most dominant followed by A. terrus and A. ochraceous in fresh and ensiled maize fodder. Total fungal counts ranged from 1×103 to 4×103cfu/ml for all species in both fresh and ensiled maize fodder. Total aflatoxins...
Sitansu Pan and Someshwar Bhagat
Biological control of plant diseases
...t, production of certain toxins and secondary metabolites, solublization and sequestration of immobilized plant nutrients, plant growth prowth promoting properties and induced resistance. Multiple interactions between bacteria-fungi-actinomycete, may exist in nature and that is why consortium of microorganisms is needed for tackling several plant pathogens simultaneously instead of only one biocontrol agent-one pathogen,which is the most common and established...
Hailong Dong1, Hui Zhang2, Kun Li2, Khalid Mehmood2,3, Mujeeb Ur Rehman2, Fazul Nabi2, Yajing Wang2, Zhenyu Chang1,2, Qingxia Wu1,* and Jiakui Li1,2,*
...K88, CS31A, afaE-8), toxins (estA, estB, Stxl, Stx2, EAST1), pathogenicity island (eaeA, irp2, ETT2) and outer membrane protein (ompA). Moreover O-antigen serotype was tested by slide agglutination test and a mouse model was built to assess the lethality of the E.coli isolates through subcutaneous-infection. Out of 81 E.coli isolates, the most prevalent gene detected was ompA (90.12%), followed by ETT2
Munir Ahmad* and Asif Ali Mirani**
HEATED AIR DRYING OF GROUNDNUT
...hance for developing aflatoxins in it is high. To solve this problem of the groundnut growers, a low cost mobile flat-bed dryer designed and developed at Agricultural and Biological Engineering Institute (ABEI), National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad was evaluated for drying groundnut. The dryer had been found capable to dry about 1818 kg groundnut from 23.3% moisture content to 14% within 2.4h. On average the groundnut drying rate was 3.9% per hour,...
Hazrat Nabi1, Irshad Hussain2, Muhammad Adil3, Amar Nasir3,*, Arbab Sikandar3, Saeed Khan1 and Nasrullah Khan3
...day 14th. Aflatoxins derived from Aspergillus parasiticus were mixed in the feed measuring 150 ppb and fed to various broiler groups. Mycotoxin binders were also added into the feed and offered to group E and F from 14th-42nd day of age. The impact of mycotoxin binders on antibody titer against New Castle disease virus, feed consumption, weight gain, relative weights of lymphoid organs and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of ...
Mumtaz Ali Khan1, Aneela Zameer Durrani1, Sher Bahadar Khan2, Shehla Gul Bokhari1, Ikramul Haq1,*, Imdad Ullah Khan3, Naimat Ullah4, Naimat Ullah Khan4, Kashif Hussain1 and Azmat Ullah Khan2
Md. Abu Affan1,*, Abdulmohsin Al-Sofyani1, Adnan Jaman Turki2 and Mohammed S.B. Hariri3
..., turbidity, pesticides, toxins, and diseases. The study was carried out to find out the reasons of sudden fish killing. Therefore, physico-chemical and biological parameters, and postmortem, especially the gills and gut content of dead fishes were studied. The dead Tilapia tilapia (Tilapia), Chanos chano (Milkfish) and Parapriacanthus ransonneti (Glassfish) were found with wide mouth opened, skin with huge mucous and a bent back head, fla...
Arifa Mehreen1, Iram Liaqat2,Muhammad Arshad3, Muzzamil Waheed4 and Najma Arshad1,*
...oxin genes, enterotoxins (SEs) were most frequently detected followed by enterotoxin (ETs) (24.09 %) and toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1) (15 %). More than one toxin genes were present in 32.5% isolates. In addition, cluster analysis indicated that host immune evasion and toxin genes were not associated with each other suggesting the presence of diverse lineage specific strains in sore throat patients. However, the intraspecific ...
Xiaojie Ding, Xiling Sun, Zuien Wang, Qiusheng Zheng, Xiaofei Yu, Wenjin Hao, Kejun Wang, Wenjuan Xu and Zhengping Dong*
...ulation of bacterial endotoxins; (3) Wumei Pill could reduce the transcriptional level of TLR4/9mRNA, to decrease TLR4/9 protein synthesis and expression. So we concluded that Wumei Pill probably reduce the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the bacterial endotoxins by blocking the transmission of TLR4/9-NF-kB signaling pathway so that Wumei Pill has a significant therapeutic effect on IBS-D.
...
Rehmat Ullah* and Khalid Nawab
... the most harmful set of toxins to the ecosystem and human health. To find out their toxic effects on human health and environment, the present study was carried out in the four districts (Dera Ismail Khan, Swat, Charsadda and Mansehra) of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa selected through multi-stage sampling technique. Furthermore, four union council viz. Band Kurai, Baidara, Khanmai and Baffa from the sampled districts were selected. A total of 384 respondents were select...
Saleha Gul1,2, Muhammad Khisroon2, Ajmal Khan2, Attaullah1, Saira Gul3 and Gul Nabi Khan1,4,*
... tissue exposed to smoke toxins....
Fazle Akbar and Sahib Alam*
... Fusarium counts and mycotoxins zearalenone (ZON), trichothecenes type-A (i.e. T-2 and HT-2) and trichothecenes type-B (i.e. DON, 3-ac DON, 15-ac DON) production in maize grains. Water activity of the grains was adjusted to 0.85, 0.90 and 0.95 aw and the samples were stored at 25°C for 45 days. The control samples were kept without any aw modification. At 15 days interval, the samples were analyzed for the aforesaid parameters. The data showed that aw and ...
Amna Shoaib*, Zoia Arshad Awan and Naureen Akhtar
...olds produce noxious mycotoxins and cause more than 30% yield losses. The aflatoxins producer Aspergillus minisclerotigenes and Aspergillus flavus are morphologically similar species that belong to the Aspergillus section Flavi. A. minisclerotigenes and A. flavus were isolated from soybean and okra seeds, respectively. The isolated species were first identified morphologically. ITS1&...
Jing Zhang1,2, Xin Wang2, Yun Zhao2, Yongcheng Jin2, Yongfeng Zhou2, Junmei Wang2, Yurong Fu2, Rui Wang2, Ruihua Li2, Hengtong Fang2 and Hao Yu2,*
...dence has shown that mycotoxins can cause intestinal dysfunction and mucosal immune disorders, the effect of zearalenone (ZEA) on intestinal mucosal function remains controversial. We aimed to explore the effects of short-term ZEA exposure on the mucosal barrier function in the colon. We found that the morphology of colonic mucosa in mice was normal after ZEA was administered by gavage for one week, the mRNA expression levels of mucosal Mucin-1, Mucin-2, regen...
Saba Shabeer1, Riffat Tahira2 and Atif Jamal3*
...mmonly known as mycotoxins. Some of the important toxins produced by different species of Fusarium are fumonisins and trichothecenes.Fusarium species are present around the world and have a very wide host range including many economically important species of crops and plants. Most of the plant diseases are caused by F. solani, F. oxysporum and F. graminearum. Fusarium species can i...
Iftikhar Jan* and Sahib Alam
...ntion of pre-harvest aflatoxins production in different crops....
Hasnain Raza1*, Maryam Maqsood2, Muhammad Muzamil Nazir1, Iqra Tariq1, Kaynat Ahmed1, Qurat-ul-Ain1, Ali Raza2, Huda Bilal3, Muhammad Bilal Shoukat1, Attiq ur Rehman1, Awais Rasheed1 and Muhammad Zeshan Gulzar1
...exposure to a variety of toxins must be evaluated against the advantages to food security and livelihoods. By irrigating treated wastewater, the danger of human exposure to heavy metal contamination can be considerably minimized. Innovative solutions to this universal problem are being provided through eco-technologies, such as constructed wetlands (CWs). CWs are among the most widely used natural water management options. CWs can be used for phytoremediation,...
Noha M. El-Shabrawy1, Atef M. Kamel2, Aza S. Goda1, Gehad R. Donia1, Ahmed M. Salah-Eldein2*
...nsitive to environmental toxins and represents its accumulative effect. The aim of the present study is to determine the preferable tissue and bird that can be used as a bio-indicator for heavy metals pollution in El-Salam Canal which is considered as an important source of water for land irrigation and drinking of livestock in north Sinai, Egypt. A total of 58 wild birds belonging to 4 different species; Egyptian barn swallow (Hirundo rustica), house sparrow ...
Kanakuntla Sandhyarani*, Dhoppalapudi Madhuri, Yadala Ravikumar
...ate, Copper sulfate, mycotoxins in feed causes renal failure leads to gout. The managemental practices involves high brooding temperature thereby reducing the water intake and hence increasing chances of development of gout. In addition, products used on a routine basis and result into toxicity includes antibiotics, anticoccidials, manufactured chemicals, and pesticides can also induce gout in poultry. Clinical signs include decreased feed and water intake, le...
Mohammad Belal Shaker1, Waleed Rizk El-Ghareeb2,3*, Marwa Magdy Seliem4, Wageh Sobhy Darwish3, Bassam Abdulla Alhawas2, Ahmed E. Tharwat3
...ding genes for hemolytic toxins such as aerolysin (aerA) and haemolysin (ahhl) with multidrug resistance profiling.
Keywords | Crustaceans, Aeromonas hydrophila, Drug resistance, Virulence genes
... 
Deepesh Kumar Bhuptani1, Atta Hussain Shah1*, Gul Bahar Khaskheli1, Zubair Ahmed Laghari2, Ghulam Shabir Bahram1, Muneer Ahmed Jamali1, Tarique Ahmed Khokhar1
...eed contamination by mycotoxins are among key factors creating food insecurity. There are various forms of aflatoxin (AF) occurring in foods of plant origin (B1, B2, G1, and G2) and animal origin (M1 and M2). Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a geno-toxic carcinogen and is less lethal but it is still cytotoxic. The present study was conducted on prevalence and quantification of AFM1 in raw buffalo milk in Sindh province. A total of three hundred and fifteen raw milk samp...
Shomaila Sikandar1*, Imran Afzal1 and Sadaf Sarfraz2
...ext-align: justify;">Mycotoxins are the secondary metabolites produced by different filamentous fungi. The significance of these low molecular weight compounds lies in the fact that they are the contributors of severe health issues in livestock and humans. Every year mycotoxins infect different crops and animal feedstock by accumulating in the food and feed crops in the field and during transportation, which leads to the hug...
Reda Hassan*, Bahaa Abou-shehema, Sherif Zayed, Micheal Gorgy, Shama Morsy, El-Sayed Abu El-Hassan, Mahmoud El-Gbaly, Hanaa Basuony, Ebtehal Hassan
...ith ngative control. Aflatoxins supplementation significantly (P<0.05) increased malondialdehyde values in liver and significantly (P<0.05) diminished the reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione S- transferase (GST). In addition to, dissemination of aflatoxin residue in broilers liver was detected. Nevertheless, dietary addition of HSCAS and SC, in separate and combined forms, alleviated the above-mentioned alterations. The combination of HSCAS with SC wa...
Rahman Ullah1*, Muhammad Junaid2, Nabila Gulzar2, Rahat Ullah Khan3, Baseer Ahmad4, Ambrina Tariq5, Aamir Iqbal6, Mushtaq Ahmed7 and Mirwaise Khan8*
...The most occurring enterotoxins are ST-I and ST-II (40%) followed by LT-II and ST-II, 20% each, followed by ST-I (13.33%) and LT-I, LT-II (6.66%)....
Sofiane Tamendjari1,2*, Farida Bouzebda Afri1,2, Lina Chaib1, Hebib Aggad3, Zoubir Bouzebda1,2
... of food and can produce toxins where a real danger of food poisoning for the consumer. In addition, S. aureus are becoming increasingly resistant to antibiotics, leading to therapeutic failures. It is in this context that our study aims to have an idea on the degree of hygiene of meats produced and consumed in the wilaya of Souk Ahras with respect to these strains, and to evaluate their degrees of resistance to certain antibiotics used in human and veterinary...
Syed Nouman Shah1, Anees Ur Rahman1, Abdul Kabir1,2*, Midrar Ullah3, Shahab Ahmad Nawaz1, Muhammad Said1, Abdul Hafeez Bukero1, Maaz Ahmad1 and Muhammad Sadiq1
...ext-align: justify;">Mycotoxins are toxic compounds produced by fungi that contaminate silage, a common livestock feed. Mycotoxin contamination poses significant risks to animal health and performance, affecting various physiological systems and functions. This paper aims to review the current literature on mycotoxin occurrence, effects, and management in silage and identify effective strategies to ensure animal health, productivity, and minimize economic loss...
KHADIJA SUMMIA*1, ROHEELA YASMEEN*2, ALEEM UN NISA3, SAMIA DJEFFAL4 & TAHIRA JABEEN1
...fungi that can yield mycotoxins. They are secondary metabolites and their main producing agents are Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus nomius and Aspergillus parasiticus that are famous for Aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, and G2. The present study was conducted to quantify the aflatoxins in bovine feed provided to cattle found in and around Lahore. Total 50 samples were collected from two different localities of Lahore and categorized in...
Syed Nouman shah1, Anees Ur Rahman1, Midrar Ullah2, Shahab Ahmad Nawaz1, Muhammad Said1, Abdul Kabir1,3*, Abdul Hafeez Bukero1, Maaz Ahmad1 and Muhammad Sadiq1
...ext-align: justify;">Mycotoxins are toxic compounds produced by fungi that contaminate silage, a common livestock feed. Mycotoxin contamination poses significant risks to animal health and performance, affecting various physiological systems and functions. This paper aims to review the current literature on mycotoxin occurrence, effects, and management in silage and identify effective strategies to ensure animal health, productivity, and minimize economic loss...
Aalaa S. Saad1*, Taghreed H. A. Ali2, Nayerah Alatfeehy3, Dalia Elmasry4
...on L. monocytogenes, its toxins’ expression, and the sensory qualities of breaded chicken panne during chilled storage. The 30% PN concentration had a size of 19.783 nm and a narrow size distribution (polydispersity index: 0.253) with a distinct chemical composition. PE’s minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 50 and 25 mg/mL, while PN’s was 150, 75, and 37.5 mg/mL. The number of viable L. monocytogenes in the breaded chicken panne with P...
Aalaa S. Saad1*, Amira A. Elokle2, Dalia Y. Youssef2, Neven M. Omara2, Samr Kassem3
Faris Sahib Imran1*, Layth Hamzah Merzah2, Mohammed Mohsin Kareem3
...by excess nutrients, and toxins, and can be included in the sheep diet as a protein source at certain levels. The study was conducted in Karbala province, using the Al-Husseiniya River as the source of C. demersum. A total of 40 Awassi sheep were divided into two groups. The experimental group received a diet containing C.demersum as the primary protein source, while the control group had natural grass grazing as the basal diet. The results revealed that weigh...
ASMA ZAFAR*, MONIBA KHAWAR, MAHNOOR CHAUDHRY, SAYYEDA SANA BATOOL, AMJAD HUSSAIN** & MUSHTAQ AHMAD SALEEM
...apy, radiotherapy, immunotoxins, and drug therapy but these treatments cause various side effects to the cancer patients, as they not only target cancer cells but also cause harm to normal body cells. At present some live bacteria, bacterial products, and bacterial proteins are used to treat cancer. One of the amazing bacterial protein azurin can work as an anti-cancerous agent which only target cancerous cells and do not cause any harm to healthy cells and th...
Samia S. Alkhalil1, Faisal Al-Sarraj2, Abeer S. Aloufi3, Zuhair M. Mohammedsaleh4, Mamdoh S. Moawadh4, Fayez M. Saleh5, Majid Al-Zahrani6, Waheeb Aggad7, Youssef S. Alghamdi8, Mutaib M. Mashraqi9, Saleh Alshamrani9 and
Mona H. Soliman10,11*
...c health. Control of aflatoxins is necessary to avoid the health hazards in human and animals. Present study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of Bacillus licheniformis as a novel feed additive for control of aflatoxicosis. A total of 40 rats were equally divided into the four groups. The first group (BD) was kept as control, treated with basal diet. In second group (AF), the rats were treated with aflatoxins (28 µ...
Abeer Alahmari1,2*
...nificantly influenced by toxins. Because the protective impact of myrrh resin on renal damage induced by alcohol intake has not been previously evaluated, this study was designed to investigate the in vivo antioxidant activity of aqueous myrrh extract (AME) on oxidative stress-dependent nephrotoxicity caused by ethanol in rats. Male Sprague‒Dawley rats orally received 40% ethanol (3 g kg-1) and were then orally treated with (500 mg kg-1) AME daily for 30 d...
Yusra Karim1, Munawar Saleem Ahmad1, Javed Khan2, Imtiaz Khan3*, Said Hussain Shah2, Syeda Anika Shamsher4, Imran Qazi5, Habib-Ur-Rehman Kakar6 and Wajih Ullah7
...arvicidal effects of endotoxins produced by B. thuringiensis from the CRY1F gene against widely encountered lepidopteran pests (Spodoptera litura and Helicoverpa armigera). Insect-proof netting was used to contain the vegetable plants in a small field. B. thuringiensis with active CRY1F was cultivated in Luria-Bertani (LB) media under controlled laboratory conditions. The goal was to maximize colony growth for the preparation of spore/crystal mixtures at vario...
Saima Naz1*, Moazama Batool2*, Qurat Ul Ain2, Ahmad Manan Mustafa Chatha3, Sheeza Bano2, Sadia Nazir4, Ghulam Abbas5 and Unab Zahra1
...cological harm caused by toxins, especially as they are a significant source of protein and easily accessible. The current study focuses on histopathological alterations, nuclear changes in erythrocytes, and DNA damage in fish brain after exposure to Malathion at environmentally relevant concentrations. The research aimed to assess the potential toxicity of Malathion on fish health, utilizing histological examinations and genetic toxicity assessments through m...
Zahraa Ahmed Khlaf*, Alfred S. Karomy, Qutaiba Jassim Gheni
Ahmed Shamkhi Jabbar1* and Saadoon Murad2
...ns by using the secreted toxins of symbiotic bacteria Xenorahbdus nematophlia, Blaiser® as a biopesticide, and chemical pesticide Sivanto®. Our results indicate that the efficacy of secreted toxins by symbiotic bacteria X. nematophlia was the highest after the chemical pesticide Sivanto® and superior to the biopesticide Blaiser®, as the effectiveness recorded was (98.72%), while it was (100%) and (93.3%) for ...
Qasim H.A. Aljboori* and Saadoon Murad Saadoon
...to producing various mycotoxins that are dangerous to humans and animals. Therefore, a study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of four levels of agricultural sulphur (0,100,200 and 300 g/m2)and the fungicide Benomyl (100 ppm) against F. solani fungus infecting three varieties of rice (Anbar33,Yasmeen and Mishkhab2) grown in Iraq. The study results showed that sulphur reduced the F. solani infecting rice, with the most effective treatment being the (2...
