Muhammad Shah Zaman1, Ghulam Muhammad Ali2, Aish Muhammad1, Khalid Farooq2, Iqbal Hussain1*
...te) was investigated for salt tolerance at 0.0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 mM NaCl supplemented with MS medium. Kroda emerged as the most salt tolerant variety with the highest plant height (6.5 cm), number of nodes (8.8), fresh shoot weight plant-1 (0.166 g), number of roots (4.6) and root length (2.5 cm) at 60 mM NaCl followed by Sh-5. Desiree and Cardinal were moderately tolerant varieties to NaCl stress. The most sensitive...
Ali Muhammad*, Muhammad Ayub
...treatment such as water, salt and lye solution which were coded as RW1, RW2 and RW3 respectively. During treatment process the bitter glucoside level such as oleourepean leached out from the fruits to the solvents by osmosis process which alters the composition of olive fruit. Phenolic compounds, flavonoids and anthocyanins which are the major components of olive fruits degrades significantly during four weeks of treatment process. Results showe...
Mudasir Irfan Dar*, Fareed Ahmad Khan and Farha Rehman
E-mail | [email protected]
...o other stresses such as salt, drought and low or high temperatures....
Abdul Aziz Khan1,*, Waseem Ahmad Khan2, Waseem Ahmad Khan3 and Najam-ul-Huda Khan4
Iftikhar Ahmad, Abdul M. Saleem, Ghulam Mustafa, Khurram Ziaf, Irfan Afzal and Muhammad Qasim
...a elegans were primed in salt solutions and distilled water for 24 h and 12 h, respectively, and germinated at 25 ± 1 °C with 40-60% R.H. in 16/8 hours day/night conditions. Results revealed that pre-sowing seed treatment particularly halopriming with CaCl2 was the most effective for invigoration of gerbera and zinnia seeds. For Gerbera jamesonii, 25 mM CaCl2 and for Zinnia elegans, 50 mM CaCl2 proved best priming treatments followed by 100 mM KCl a...
Obaidullah1, Zafar Ali Shah1* and Sami Ullah2
...achol, copper and silver salts along with their synthesized nanoparticles were evaluated for their antibacterial study against Staphylococcus. aureas, Escherichia. coli and Bacillus. subtilis. The results obtained for their comparative evaluation revealed that silver-Lapachol and copper-Lapachol nanoparticles have greater antibacterial efficacy against all three aforementioned strains of bacteria at 5 µg/ml, 40 µg/ml and 80 µg/ml concentratio...
Muhammad Fiaz1, Khadija Munawar2, Muhammad Mushtaq2,*, Mukhtar Ahmad3, Mushtaq Ahmad Chaudhry3, Muhammad Aslam3, Tanveer Ahmad1 and Nasrullah4
Muhammad Qaisar Nawaz
... forage production under salt affected conditions. Two sowing methods i.e. broad cast and drill sowing with 30 cm apart rows and four nitrogen levels (75,100,125 and 150 % of N recommended dose i.e. 150kg ha-) were tested. Recommended dose of PK fertilizer (85-60 PK kg ha-1) was used uniformly with experimental N rates. Data on plant height (132.00 cm), number of plants (91.33 m-2), number of tillers (146.00 m-2), nu...
Amtul Jamil Sami1,*, Madeeha Khalid1, Rehman Shehzad1, Sana Mughal1 and A.R. Shakoori2
...rose, employing a linear salt gradient. SDS-PAGE was used to monitor the purification steps, and protein band was located by immunoblotting technique. Bubaline placental lactogen was purified to homogeneity and showed a molecular weight of about 30 kD. Purified placental lactogen was administered to male albino mice for up to eight weeks for growth promoting activity. Increased mammary growth was observed in test female non lactating mice, as compared to contr...
Maryum Fakhar, Iqra Jabbar, Anjum Nasim Sabri*
...ckel resistance under Ni salt stress. This study was centered on assessing the adherence, motility, hydrophobicity, aggregation and biofilm formation of two salt tolerant strains [Bacillus subtilis and Halomonas aquamarina (1)] in the presence of nickel. Two concentrations of nickel were used i.e., 500μg/ml and 1000μg/ml for subsequent tests. The results revealed that at low/ sub-inhibitory concentration of nickel (500...
Umair Riaz*1, Zafar Abbas1, Qamar uz Zaman2, Muhammad Mubashir1, Mahwish Jabeen2, Syed Ali Zulqadar1, Zeenat Javeed1, Saeed-ur-Rehman1, Muhammad Ashraf1 and Muhammad Javid Qamar1
...nal water and growing of salt tolerant crops. It is necessary to manage the soil structure on sustainable basis for obtaining optimum crop yield.
...
Arshad Ali, Imdad Ali Mahmood, Muhammad Salim, Muhammad Arshadullah* and Abdul Rasool Naseem**
GROWTH AND YIELD OF DIFFERENT BRASSICA GENOTYPES UNDER SALINE SODIC CONDITIONS
...as conducted at farmer's salt-affected field -1 (ECe=12.3 dS m ; pH=9.7; SAR=46.2) in Hafizabad to test growth and yield response of six Brassica cultivars (BARD-I, Dunkled, Rainbow, BRS-II, Sultan Raya and cv. 95102-5) under saline sodic conditions. Data on growth and yield parameters were collected randomly (average of five plants per replication) at the time of crop maturity. Ionic concentration in plant tissues and oil content in seeds were also determined...
Muhammad Zahid Kiani*, Arshad Ali**, Tariq Sultan** and Muhammad Munir Ahmed***
CHARACTERIZATION OF PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING RHIZOBACTERIA ISOLATED FROM ROOT SYSTEM OF SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUS L) GROWN UNDER SALT AFFECTED AREA OF PAKISTAN
...collected from different salt affected areas of Central Punjab (Pakistan). Selected bacterial strains were characterized morphologically as well as biochemically at National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad during 2011-13. It was observed that all isolates produced IAA, whereas14 strains were declared as phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB), eight isolates exhibited antifungal characteristics, 30 were nitrogen fixer and all of them were gram -ve. Durin...
Muhammad Zahid Kiani*, Tariq Sultan**, Arshad Ali**, Ghulam Qadir*** Imdad Ali Mahmood**, Tauseef Tabassam**, Muhammad Arshad Ullah** and Nasir Abbas*
EFFECT OF PGPR STRAINS ON SUNFLOWER GROWTH AND NUTRIENT CONTENTS UNDER SALINITY STRESS
...y with PGPR strain under salt stress. The root length, plant height, root and shoot weight increased up to 40%, 40%, 167% and 255%, -1 respectively over un-inoculated at 12 dS m salinity level. Whereas an increase of 38%, 54%, 109%, and 117% in root length, plant height, root weight and shoot -1 weight, respectively was observed over un-inoculated at 10 dS m salinity level. Improvement of 25%, 47%, 112%, and 98% in root length, plant height, root weight, -1 sh...
Muhammad Bilal*, Zafar Abbas*, Ijaz Ahmad**, Muhammad Aslam*, Muhammad Ijaz****, Adnan Shakeel***, Mushtaq Ahmad*** and Kashif Bashir*****
RESPONSE OF DIFFERENT COTTON ( L.) GENOTYPES AT VARIOUS SALINITY LEVELS
...nbsp;Keeping in view the salt stress threat in Pakistan, a hypothesis was developed that up to what level of salt, the cotton genotypes can survive so that it may provide the shelter for income from textile industry, as mainly the textile industry depends upon cotton production. High salinity levels hamper the boll formation in cotton genotypes as it reduces the yield. To verify this fact, study was carried out under natural...
Muhammad Jamal Khan1, Abdul Malik2*, Muhammad Shahzad Khattak2, Naveedullah1, Naeem Ijaz3 and Ishaq Ahmad4
...n and may be suitable to salt tolerant crop. Regular assessment of water resource and constant monitoring of water quality is recommended. An appropriate measure may be adopted for recharge of the ground water aquifer through development of small dams in the catchments plain. ...
Muhammad Tariq Zahid1, Farah Rauf Shakoori2, Soumble Zulfiqar3, Khalid A. Al-Ghanim4 and Abdul Rauf Shakoori3,4*
...grain medium, Bold-basal salt medium and modified Neff’s medium, respectively. T. farahensis exhibited significant copper storage ability removing 54.9 % copper from medium within 96 h of 30 µg/ml copper stress. The maximum uptake rate was observed within 30 min of copper administration in response to 5-100 µg Cu++/ml in the medium. Quantitative analysis showed that TfCuMT is a copper inducible gene, the basal transcr...
Muhammad Suhaib1, Ijaz Ahmad2*, Masooma Munir3, Muhammad Bilal Iqbal4 , Muhammad Khubaib Abuzar5 and Safdar Ali6
...th and development under salt stress. Keeping in view these factors a hydroponic experiment was conducted on wheat with two levels of salicylic acid (0.25 mM and 0.50 mM) under two salt levels (75 mM and 150 mM) to assess that whether the salicylic acid is helpful in coping the harmful effects of salinity on crop growth or not and if it has certain positive response then which level is more suitable for wheat crop growth alo...
Shuai Shang1,2, Honghai Zhang2,*, Xiaoyang Wu2, Qinguo Wei2, Jun Chen1, Huanxin Zhang1, Huaming Zhong2 and Xuexi Tang1,*
... bitter, umami, sour and salty. Among these tastes, the bitter sense is believed to help animals identify poisonous compounds. Bitter taste receptors coded by bitter taste receptor (Tas2r) genes has been identified in many species, but the evolution and repertoire of Tas2r genes in raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) was still unknown. As a true omnivorous mammal, the Tas2r genes may play a critical role in food selection of racc...
Muhammad Suhaib1*, Ijaz Ahmad2, Masooma Munir3, Badar-Uz-Zaman1, Bushra Atta4 and Muhammad Khubaib Abuzar5
... (0.25 and 0.5 mM) under salt stress (75 and 150 mM). It’s an obvious factor that under salt stress certain reactive oxygen species are produced that damage the vital plant organelles causing disturbances in the normal functioning of the plant and even may lead to death in severe cases. The results of this study conferred that there were genotypic variation found in two genotypes regarding salinity tolerance. SARC-4 wa...
Shamsher Ali1*, Sarmad Khan1, Muhammad Jamal Khan2, Naveed ullah4, Muhammad Rashid3 and Wiqar Ahmad1
...In moderately and highly salt affected soils, maximum plant height of 3.3 cm and 3.7 cm respectively was produced in Atta Habib variety. Thus it was concluded that Atta Habib variety was more tolerant to salt affected conditions at early growth stage as its emergence percentage and plant height was significantly different from other four varieties. ...
Sana Rana1, Sajid Abdullah1, Huma Naz2* and Khalid Abbas1
...usmn;0.71UmL-1). After desalted the CAT activity in gills of both control and insecticides exposed fish was calculated as 73.45±0.71 and 42.77±1.36UmL-1, respectively. The highest specific activity was observed in crude CAT extract from gills of control fish (112.53±0.28 Umg-1) as compared to exposed fish (82.69±1.12Umg-1). After desalted specific activity of gills CAT was lower in exposed fish (1...
Sabahat Noor*1, Shaukat Ali1, Hafeez-ur-Rahman1, Farhatullah2 and Ghulam Muhammad Ali1
... and different levels of salt concentrations separately. Four parameters i.e. sugar contents, proline contents, chlorophyll contents and relative water contents were recorded and compared in transformed and non-transformed plants. It was observed that under drought and salt stresses, proline contents, sugar contents, chlorophyll contents and relative water contents (RWC) were significantly higher in transgenic plants as comp...
Hareem Mohsin, Azka Asif*, Warda Fatima, Sarooj Nadeem, Anjum Nasim Sabri
Assessment of biocalcification by the water absorption test using microorganism from oil contaminated site
...ed with urea and calcium salt (calcium carbonate) that act as a source of calcium along with the microorganism under optimum culture conditions. Alkaline conditions produced by the activity of the enzyme urease allowed the reaction between calcium and carbonate ions that leads to the precipitation of the calcium carbonate. The water absorption test was performed to check the presence of a protective layer that provides resistance to water penetration and corro...
Muhammad Asghar Hassan1, Imran Bodlah1* , Ayesha Aihetasham2
First record of the oriental species, Saltella setigera Brunetti, 1909 (Diptera: Sepsidae) from Pakistan
Raazia Kiran1, Alya Riaz1, Muhammad Irfan1*, Hafiz Abdullah Shakir2
An overview of pre-treatment methods used for bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomasses into valuable products
...
solvents, acids, salts, bases, the physicochemical processes include liquid hot
water and AFEX (ammonium fibre explosion), biological methods involving whiterot/
brown-rot fungi and bacteria, and quite a few combinations thereof to
breakdown the lignocellulose into its components. Pre-treatment process changes
cellulose morphological, chemical and physical features, making it prone to
enzymatic attack for saccharifica...
solvents, acids, salts, bases, the physicochemical processes include liquid hot
water and AFEX (ammonium fibre explosion), biological methods involving whiterot/
brown-rot fungi and bacteria, and quite a few combinations thereof to
breakdown the lignocellulose into its components. Pre-treatment process changes
cellulose morphological, chemical and physical features, making it prone to
enzymatic attack for saccharifica...
Fouzia Tabssum1, Qamar uz Zaman2*, Yinglong Chen3,4, Umair Riaz5*, Waqas Ashraf6, Ambreen Aslam2, Nusrat Ehsan2, Rab Nawaz2, Humera Aziz7 and Shamim ul Sibtain Shah8
...plied proline to enhance salt tolerance of two rice cultivars with contrasting salt tolerance: Super basmati (salt susceptible) and Shaheen basmati (salt tolerant) in both nursery and field conditions. For pot experiment, salinity stress was imposed by applying 50 mM of NaCl solution to the soil daily for three continuing days, and applications of prolin...
Shamsher Ali1*, Muhammad Jamal Khan2, Zahir Shah2, Naveedullah3 and Abdul Jalal1
...align: justify;">Soluble salts and exchangeable sodium in soils are the main constraints in the agriculture ecosystem creating major threats to crop productivity and, hence, affecting socio economic condition of the farming community. Growing of salt tolerant crop genotypes of species on salt affected lands is an effective tool for getting desirable productivity. A two-factor experiment us...
Hina Ali*, Iram Shaheen and Feroza Hamid Wattoo
... ranged from 7.3-8.9.The salts values of Mehr Water were determined as Calcium 58mg/l, Sulphate 48mg/l, Sodium26mg/l, Magnesium13mg/l,Chloride150mg/l, Alkalinity 147 mg/l and total dissolved solids176mg/l were found according to WHO recommended limits. The values of Calcium 89mg/l, Magnesium 52mg/l, Chloride 342mg/l, and ions like Sulphate 412mg/l of Dhokekala khan, Morgah, Scheme-III, and Bahria town, respectively were not found according to WHO and PSQCA rec...
Zahra Nazir1, Saba Ijaz1, Roquyya Gul2 and Mahjabeen Saleem1,*
...ape skin was purified by salting out with ammonium sulfate, gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 column and ion exchange on Q-Sepharose column chromatography. Polygalacturonase was recognised as a protein with 47kDa molecular weight by SDS-PAGE. The optimum pH of purified polygalacturonase activity was found to be 4.5 and stable within pH range 3.5-5.5. Temperature dependent studies revealed temperature optimum of enzyme to be 40°C and stable up to 60°C. Am...
Fatima Tufail1, Sajid Abdullah1, Huma Naz2*, Khalid Abbas1, Laiba Shafique3
...L-1). After desalting specific activity of hepatic CAT remain lowest in exposed fish as 134.30±0.71 Unit mg-1in relation to control (148.02±0.41 Umg-1). The fold purification of hepatic CAT from control and exposed C. striata was noted as 2.35±0.01 and 2.22±0.01, respectively. The percentage recovery of hepatic CAT from control and exposed C. striata was calculated as 81.77±1.41a...
Muhammad Shafique, Nosheen Noor Elahi*, Muhammad Rashid, Amjad Farooq and Kausar Hussain Shah
Muhammad Zeeshan Manzoor1*, Ghulam Sarwar1, Mukkram Ali Tahir1, Noor-Us-Sabah1, Ayesha Zafar1 and Sher Muhammad2
...kish water increased the salt concentration of soil. Resultantly, the growth of plants and yield becomes at threat. The salt stress is translated into decrease in growth rate and resultantly, biomass production decreases significantly. This reduction is gradual, depending upon increase in salt concentration in the root medium, while each species has a critical threshold value where it was ...
Abdul Majeed1*, Muhammad Anwar-ul-Haq2, Abid Niaz3, Abid Mahmood4, Naeem Ahmad1 and Hafiz Muhammad Walyat Ali Khan1
... was performed to screen salt tolerant wheat varieties grown in hydroponic and soil medium on the basis of plant photosynthetic rate, potassium (K+) and sodium (Na+) contents. Twenty wheat genotypes/varieties were grown in hydroponic culture, having different residual sodium carbonate (RSC), electrical conductivity (EC), and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). A substantial decrease in plant photosynthetic rate, and potassium contents were not...
Muhammad Abdul Qayyum1*, Farhat Bashir2, Muhammad Mudassar Maqbool3, Anser Ali3, Saqib Bashir1 and Qaiser Abbas4
...concentration of soluble salts. This study aims to examine the effect of NaCl salt at 100 mM and 200 mM concentrations on linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) germination, plant growth, nutrients and soluble salts uptake. The results revealed that tested four linseed genotypes showed an overall germination rate of 86-94% at 100 mM NaCl (T2) and 78-84% at 200 mM NaCl (T3) and seedling survival ...
Sibgha Noreen*, Sumrina Faiz, Muhammad Salim Akhter, Kausar Hussain Shah
... was observed under NaCl salt stress, while the foliar application of proline increased the amount of K+ at vegetative growth under stress and non-stress conditions. The biological yield, physiological, and oxidative activity of sunflower crop could be enhanced by aerial spray of proline at the rate of 200 mgL-1 under saline environment. ...
Tanzeela Riaz, Fiza Sana-Ullah Khan, Farah Rauf Shakoori
...aracteristics on mineral salt agar medium pH 7. Six isolates were found to be mannanase producers by qualitative analysis. Three isolates (MBL-SP02, MBL-CW01 and MBL-GN02) produced maximum zone of hydrolysis with maximum activity ratio. These isolates (MBL-SP02, MBL-CW01 and MBL-GN02) produced maximum units of mannanase activity, i.e., 9.474, 7.364 and 3.568 U/ml in quantitative, respectively.These best producers were further selected for optimization o...
Ghulam Murtaza1*, Ghulam Sarwar1, Noor-Us-Sabah1, Mukkram Ali Tahir1, Fakhar Mujeeb2, Sher Muhammad3, Muhammad Zeeshan Manzoor1 and Ayesha Zafar1
... leads to the buildup of salts in root zone, resulting in decreased yield and deterioration in soil resource. Continues use of organic manures, help in the reduction of salt concentration in the root zone. Organic matter was used to mitigate the negative effects of saline water irrigation using sorghum as test crop during summer, 2018. In this experiment water of 3 different types was applied coupled with addition of organic...
Muhammad Sohail Memon1*, Khadim Ullah1, Altaf Ali Siyal1,2, Naimatullah Leghari1, Ahmed Ali Tagar1, Khalil Ahmed Ibupoto1, Syed Tahir Ata-ul-karim3, Muhammad Tahir4 and Noreena Memon1
...n water conservation and salt distribution in profile with three testing treatments viz. T1 with raised bed size = 0.6 m, T2 with raised bed size = 0.8 m and T3 with raised bed size = 1.0 m. The soil samples were collected from depth desired depth to analysis the Physical chemical properties before and after the trial. Irrigation water was measured through cutthroat flume at each irrigation interval and the total water consumed by ridge ground was 500 mm. The ...
Muhammad Qaisar Nawaz*, Khalil Ahmed, Ghulam Qadir, Muhammad Rizwan, Muhammad Faisal Nawaz and Muhammad Sarfraz
...duction under moderately salt-affected soils. The experimental design was split-plot with sowing methods (bed and ridge) in the main plot and nitrogen doses (40, 60, 80 and 100 kg ha-1) as sub plot. Treatments were replicated three times with sub plot size of 4 m × 6 m. Measurements included were: number of plant/m-2, number of leaves/plants, root length, bulb diameter, forage yield and total bulb yield. Results revealed that all the studied parameters w...
Nosheen Noor Elahi1, Muhammad Shafique1, Muhammad Imtiaz2, Umer Farooq3* and Muhammad Rashid1
...ant role to mitigate the salt stress at different concentrations for better crop yield. ...
Sana Aslam1, Wayne Thomas Shier2 and Imran Sajid1*
...ne lake, situated in the salt range, Punjab, Pakistan and to screen them for antagonistic activities against multi drug resistant pathogens and to characterize the bioactive metabolites produced by them. A total of seventy strains of actinomycetes were isolated from lake samples, out of them only forty bioactive strains were selected for further characterization on the basis of their preliminary antimicrobial activities. The isolated actinobacterial strains sh...
Kenneth Nnamdi Anueyiagu*, James Jingmang Kopmut, Chrysantus Achi Lagi and Kelly Nkem Okoh
Noor-us-Sabah1*, Mukkram Ali Tahir1, Ghulam Sarwar1 and Sher Muhammad2
...t of fertility status of salt affected soil was studied in a pot experiment conducted at research area of University of Sargodha in year 2017-18. A saline sodic-soil with desirable characteristics (SP = 40.35, ECe = 5.17 dS m-1, pHs = 8.71, SAR = 18.80 (mmol L-1)1/2, bulk density = 1.49 g cm-3) was selected for present study. After chemical analysis, different organic amendments were used in the study. Following treatments were applied in three replicates i.e....
Ahmad Naeem Shahzad1, Muhammad Kamran Qureshi2, Samee Ullah1, Muhammad Latif3, Shakeel Ahmad1 and Syed Asad Hussain Bukhari1*
...e detrimental effects of salt stress, in cotton plants. Three concentrations of trehalose (0, 5 and 50 mM) were applied to plant foliage, subjected to varying levels (0, 11 and 17 dSm-1) of salinity. Salt stress disturbed the sodium and potassium concentrations in leaves and roots of plants. Different morphological traits of plants including number of leaves, leaf fresh weight, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, plant he...
Hifzulrahman1, Muhammad Abdullah1*, Muhammad Uzair Akhtar2, Jalees Ahmed Bhatti3, Muhammad Saadullah1 and Muhammad Naveed-ul-Haque2
...valuate the effect of Ca salts of palm fatty acids on milk production, milk fat, plasma metabolites, and reproductive parameters in early-lactating Nili Ravi buffaloes. Sixteen early-lactating Nili Ravi buffaloes received 2 treatments in a completely randomized design with a period length of 120-d. The treatments were 1) Ctrl = basal diet without supplementation of fat, 2) Ca-FA = basal diet with calcium salts of palm fatty ...
Sikander Ali* and S. Wajiha Khalid
...m i.e., sucrose minerals salt at pH 5.5 was used. Different physical parameters were applied for maximum enzyme production. The enzyme exhibited maximum activity at pH 6 after 72 h of fermentation (158±0.39 U/ml). The partial purification of the enzyme was done with ammonium sulphate (20-80 %) followed by dialysis which resulted in 21 % purification from the crude enzyme extract. The molecular weight of enzyme was found to be 86 kDa, as determined by SD...
Hasnain Alam1*, Jabar Zaman Khan Khattak1 and Taoufik Saleh Ksiksi2
... best under both induced salt and drought stress at the germination stages. It is concluded that all four-selected species successfully germinated under maximum osmotic potential understudy which is not suitable for landscape species. All four investigated species can be further evaluated for field performance under stress conditions so can be recommended for mass vegetation and as a substitute to exotic landscaping species. ...
Ayesha Zafar1, Ghulam Sarwar1*, Muhammad Sarfraz2, Muhammad Zeeshan Manzoor1, Sher Muhammad3 and Ghulam Murtaza1
...e fertilizer behavior in salt stress conditions is quite different as compared to the normal soils. Linseed is an important oil seed crop. Its 50 % yield reduction occurs at ECe 5.9 dSm-1 and ESP value of 25-30. A field experiment was conducted on saline sodic soils to determine fertilizer requirement of linseed. The selected field was saline sodic in nature with pH value 8.57, medium in extractable K and scarce in P and organic matter. The selected field was ...
Ehsan-Ul-Haque1, Akbar Hayat1*, Muhammad Asim1, Sajjad Hussain2, Muhammad Shakeel Hanif3, Muhammad Zubair1, Muhammad Abdullah Jamil1 and Faheem Khadija1
.... Various fungicides and salts are incorporated in wax to limit postharvest fruit decay and fungal attack. In the present study two salts were incorporated in commercial wax to control postharvest decay in Willow leaf mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) and Kinnow mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco). Sodium bicarbonate and Potassium sorbate incorporated (6% w/v concentration) in wax were used to compare with commercially use...
Rafiullah Khan1, Waseem ur Rahman1, Misbah Ullah2, Kamran Afaq3, Muhammad Amjad1, Sakhi jan1
AGE EFFECT ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HIP JOINT BONE: AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
...mposite, composed of bonesalt
plates as matrix binder and soft collagen as reinforcing fibers. As bone supports all the organs of a body so its
mechanical behavior is of prime importance. The mechanical properties of bone varies with age. In this paper, the
effect of age on various mechanical properties of hip joint bone was investigated experimentally. For this purpose
hip joint bone specimens of male bovine of different age groups...
plates as matrix binder and soft collagen as reinforcing fibers. As bone supports all the organs of a body so its
mechanical behavior is of prime importance. The mechanical properties of bone varies with age. In this paper, the
effect of age on various mechanical properties of hip joint bone was investigated experimentally. For this purpose
hip joint bone specimens of male bovine of different age groups...
Imran Shehzad1, Ghulam Sarwar1*, Muhammad Zeeshan Manzoor1, Ayesha Zafar1, Sher Muhammad2 and Ghulam Murtaza1
...-million-hectare area is salt affected and it is estimated that up to middle of 21st century, 50 % of the arable land all over the world will be destroyed due to salinization problem. Use of canal water is the only strategy where saline and good quality waters are used in a cyclic manner for leaching down the salts that accumulated during irrigation with saline water. In this manner, salt ...
Muhammad Irfan*, Saeed Gul*, Mohammad Younas*
SOLAR STILL PERFORMANCE FOR SEA WATER PURIFICATION: A STATISTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
... with 240 mg/L dissolved salt has been extracted from the model sea water having dissolved salts of 35000 mg/L. The efficiency of a single basin solar still is improved up to 80 percent.
...
Ghulam Murtaza1, Ghulam Sarwar1*, Muhammad Ashraf Malik2, Muhammad Zeeshan Manzoor1, Ayesha Zafar1 and Sher Muhammad3
...ater irrigation leads to salt accumulation in the vicinity of roots which results in reduced yield along with soil deterioration. Organic matter application can prove helpful in keeping the salt level low in root rhizosphere. To check the efficacy of organic matter in mitigating the harmful impacts of salty water irrigation on soil characteristics, this trail was conducted. The irrigation ...
Amar Iqbal Saqib1, Khalil Ahmed1*, Abdul Rasul Naseem1, Ghulam Qadir1, Muhammad Qaisar Nawaz1, Muhammad Khalid2, Imtiaz Ahmad Warraich3 and Muhammad Arif4
...teriorated properties of salt-affected soils. For addressing this objective, a study was undertaken to investigate the ameliorative effect of humic acid (HA) with gypsum on rice-wheat crops under saline-sodic condition (ECe = 4.71 dS m-1, SAR = 31.82, pHs = 9.10). Different combinations of gypsum and humic acid tested were: T1 - control, T2 - gypsum @ 100 % GR, T3 - gypsum @ 75 % GR+ HA @ 15 kg ha-1, T4 - gypsum @ 75 % GR+ HA @ 30 kg ha-1, T5 - gypsum @ 50 % G...
Khalil Ahmed1*, Amar Iqbal Saqib1, Abdul Rasul Naseem1, Ghulam Qadir1, Muhammad Qaisar Nawaz1, Muhammad Khalid2, Imtiaz Ahmad Warraich3 and Muhammad Arif4
Use of Hyacinth Compost in Salt-Affected Soils
... improving the health of salt-affected soil is a simpler technique. Therefore, present research work was carried out to appraise the efficacy of water hyacinth compost as an ameliorant for improving the deteriorated properties of saline-sodic soil. Treatments included were; T1, control, T2, gypsum @ 100 % GR, T3, gypsum @ 50 % of GR, T4, hyacinth compost @ 15 t ha-1, T5, gypsum @ 50 % of GR + hyacinth compost @ 5 t ha-1, T6, gypsum @ 50 % of GR + hyacinth comp...
Sehrish Ashraaf1, Hafiz Muhammad Tahir1* and Sajida Naseem2
Muhammad Zeeshan Majeed1*, Muhammad Afzal1,Muhammad Asam Riaz1,Kanwer Shahzad Ahmed1, Muhammad Luqman2, Mehar Zubair Shehzad1, Muhammad Bilal Tayyab1, Mujahid Tanvir1 and Saadia Wahid1
Zubia Rahim1, Gulnaz Parveen1*, Salma Gul2 and Khushnood-ur-Rehman3
Ameliorating Effects of Salt Stress (KCl, NaCl) on Growth and Germination Parameters of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum americanum)
...ation of above mentioned salts. Control petri dishes/ pots were irrigated with distilled water. The experiment was extended to study growth (number of leaves, leaf length, stem breadth, stem length, number of tillers) and yield (spike length, total seeds on single spike, whole plant weight, weight of 50 seeds per spike) parameters in the field, which was performed in completely randomized design (CRD). 39 pots lined with polythene bags were used to avoid perco...
Hafiz Muhammad Wasim1, Ghulam Sarwar1*, Noor-Us-Sabah1, Mukkram Ali Tahir1, Muhammad Aftab2, Sher Muhammad3, Usman Saleem4, Muhammad Zeeshan Manzoor1, Ayesha Zafar1, Imran Shehzad1, Aneela Riaz5 and Aamer Sattar2
Impact of NaCl Toxicity on Yield and Yield Components of Rice (Oryza sativa) Grown in Aridisol
...">Measurement of soluble salt content in soil is termed as soil salinity. Both positive and negatively charged ions are contained in such soils and being free can be absorbed by plants. A pot study was performed to assess the poisonous impact of NaCl salinity on rice growth parameters. Selection of soil with customary characteristics was done. Various levels of salinity; < 4, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 dS m-1 were established using NaCl
Hafiz Muhammad Wasim1, Ghulam Sarwar1*, Noor-Us-Sabah1, Mukkram Ali Tahir1, Muhammad Aftab2, Muhammad Zeeshan Manzoor1, Ayesha Zafar1, Imran Shehzad1, Aneela Riaz3, Abid Niaz2, Khurshid Ahmad Mufti4 and Muhammad Arif2
Deleterious Impact of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Toxicity on Chemical Properties of Soil and Ionic Composition of Rice
...hed precisely using NaCl salt. Soil was left for appropriate period (30 days) for the accomplishment of salinity. Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was used for layout of the experiment. Transplantation of seedlings was performed in all pots. Application of mineral fertilizers @ recommended rates was done. Crop was grown till maturity and plant samples were collected from each pot for chemical analysis (Na and K). Soil samples were also collected from all tre...
Tariq Mahmood Khalil1,2*, Muhammad Ajmal3, Iftikhar Zeb1,4 and Muhammad Azeem Khan1,5
...strument recorded a slow salt buildup in the coarse textured sandy soil which finally achieved a steady state after exhausting its maximum adsorption capacity. Whereas in the fine textured silt loam soil, a decreasing trend for the total water potential was recorded. The conversion of osmotic potential and electrical conductivity has been already been researched and the readings are interchangeable if conversion is desired. This method can be used as an altern...
Saleem Maseeh Bhatti1*, Aslam Khan Gadehi1, Inayatullah Rajpar1, Muhammad Nawaz Kandhro2, Mukesh Kumar Soothar1 and Zohaib Ur Rehman Bughio1
... against a range of NaCl salt-waters (EC 2.0, 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0 dS m-1) and canal water (EC 0.3 dS m-1). Spinach plants were irrigated with defined EC levels at 80% field capacity of a clay loam, non-saline soil. Results indicated that the growth and yield parameters of spinach genotypes were constantly decreased with an increase in EC levels of irrigation water. The plants irrigated with EC 6.0 and 8.0 dS m-1 had less fresh wei...
Kamran Baksh Soomro1*, Sina Alaghmand2, Sanyogita Andriyas3, Muhammad Rehmatullah Khan4, Naveedullah5 and Amin Talei6
...espectively, without any salt accumulation in the wetted zone in both scenarios. Nevertheless, salts deposited at the wetted periphery at all three sampling depths, under both irrigation treatments, after the crop end. The benefit-cost Ratio (BCR) per hectare in season 1 was 1.90 and 1.69 under IT1 and IT2, respectively. While for season 2, the BCR was 1.89 and 1.59 under IT1 and IT2
Hafiz Imran Iqbal1*, Zahir Ahmad Zahir2, Obaidur Rehman1, Rizwan Khalid1*, Abdul Waheed1, Raja Abad Raza1, Shahid Saleem1, Muhammad Rashid1, Sarosh Tariq Alvi1 and Asia Munir1
...and yield of maize under salt affected conditions. In pots three levels of salinity were developed i.e. 1.2 (original), 6 and 12dSm1 by sodium chloride (NaCl) salt. The inoculants being used for maize seeds included PGPR (S1, S2) and Rhizobium (Mn2) strains. Recommended doses of NPK were applied @ 180:140:90 kgha-1. Growth and yield of maize plants improved significantly by inoculation. Root leng...
Mukkram Ali Tahir1, Noor-us-Sabah1*, Ghulam Sarwar1, Muhammad Aftab2, Abdul Moeez1, Muhammad Zeeshan Manzoor1 and Aneela Riaz3
...cularly upon exposure to salt stress. Present research was performed using wheat variety Punjab-2011 with Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) under field conditions using three treatments and each replicated three times. Treatments were wheat florae were developed in plots having normal soil (EC= 2.32 dS/m) and salty soil (4.93 dS/m). Si as phosphate industry waste was applied @ 0, 50 and 100 µg Si/g soil. Results ...
Mukkram Ali Tahir1, Noor-Us-Sabah1*, Ghulam Sarwar1, Muhammad Aftab2, Abdul Moeez1, Humaira Ramzan1, Mudassar Hafeez1, Muhammad Zeeshan Manzoor1, Aneela Riaz3, Sher Muhammad4 and Muhammad Latif4
...oil (EC = 2.32 dS/m) and salty soil (4.93 dS/m). Si as phosphate industry waste was applied @ 0, 50 and 100 µg Si/g soil. Results showed that application of Si reduced the adverse impact of salinity and significantly enhanced the growth of rice plant. Maximum height of rice plant (106 cm), fertile tillers number per spike (6), 1000-grain weight (21.76 g), shoot fresh biomass (25.62 g) and shoot dry matter (12.86 g) were found under saline environment whe...
Muhammad Sarfraz1*, Muhammad Amjad Qureshi2, Muhammad Arshad Ullah3, Shahzada Munawar Mehdi4, Abdul Rasool Naseem1, Sarfraz Hussain1, Muhammad Qaisar Nawaz1 and Muhammad Rizwan1
...ustify;">Amelioration of salt prone areas and reuse of saline/ sodic water is becoming important tool to improve the crop production as well as to decrease the disposal of such water. More land can be brought into cultivation by using poor quality ground water. Poor quality water can be used for cultivation of crops with appropriate management viz. chemicals like gypsum, H2SO4, calcium chloride, sulfur or organic additions like manures, muds, biogas slurry, co...
Arslan Mahmood Ahmad1, Muhammad Ameen Jamal1, Abdul Sattar1, Aamir Ghafoor2, Aqeel Javeed3 and Amjad Riaz1*
...ium oscillation inducing salt, is commonly used for the artificial activation mouse oocytes; however, limited reports are available to evaluate its negative impact. The objective of this study was to optimize the concentration of SrCl2 for artificial activation of mouse oocytes and to evaluate its toxic effect on early embryonic development.Our results indicated that higher percentage of activation of mouse oocyte was achieved with 10mM and 15mM for...
Tahsin S. Shoala1, Ahmed K. El-Attar2, Ahmed I. Abd El Maksoud3
...cid ammonium
salt (GAS), Glycyrrhizic Acid (GA), Curcumin (CU) and Rosmarinic Acid (RA) were
sterilized and added to MS media at different concentrations.
Results: Potato plants those treated with Glycyrrhizic acid ammonium salt (2ng, 4ng, and 8
ng/ml MS media) showed that the presence of PLRV at concentration 2ng/ ml MS media
while they were negatively diagnosed fo...
Md. Abdullah Al Mamun1,2*, Shamima Nasren1,3, Sanjay Singh Rathore1 and Kavalagiriyanahalli Srinivasiah Ramesh1
...ermanganate II) Aquarium salt III) Formalin and IV) Mechanical. The significant lower (P<0.05) parasitic burden were found in mechanical treatment followed by salt, formalin and potassium permanganate. Clinical signs like excessive mucus production, fin erosion, pale gills, and slight hemorrhage were observed in the affected area of skin and operculum. Among the internal organs, liver lost its original reddish-brown and t...
Ameer Hamza1, Mukkram Ali Tahir1, Noor Us-Sabah1, Ghulam Sarwar1 and Muhammad Luqman2,*
...ing low concentration of salts in the root surrounding area. This study assessed the role of leaching in alleviating the negative effect of saline water on soil characteristics. Results of the studies indicated that 6.57% reduction in soil pH (7.6), 46.06% reduction in EC (1.3 dS m-1), and 46.41% reduction in SAR (5.3) while 17.34%, 5.4% and 5.66% increase in soil organic matter, soil available phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) content respectively were obtaine...
Ghulam Muhiyuddin Kaloi1* and Mehrunisa Memon2
...xygen demand and soluble salts. Its injudicious use may be hazardous for soil health. Study was conducted to evaluate significance of wastewater in context of sugarcane juice quality and soil health. Wastewater was tested on experimental field of Matiari Sugar Mills in a randomized complete block design with factorial combination of five concentrations of wastewater (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%) and four rates of inorganic fertilizers (0, 1/3rd, 2/3rd and full) besid...
Muzamil Farooque Jamali1, Fayaz Ali Jamali1, Tanveer Fatima Miano1, Zulfiqar Ali Abbasi2, Sohail Ahmed Otho3, Khalid Hussain Talpur4, Niaz Ahmed Wahocho1 and Muhammad Iqbal Jakhro5*
...e results exhibited that salt stress revealed adverse effect on all the parameters of both of the varieties of marigold. The plants irrigated with canal water (control) having EC of 0.7 dSm-1 showed better results for both seed and flowering related traits. The plants treated with canal water showed better seed germination (82.56 %), seed germination index (2.04), plant height (21.31 cm), branches/plant (45.61), leaves/plant (201.67), flowers/plant (8.56), dia...
Muhammad Aftab1*, Aneela Riaz2, Ghulam Sarwar3, Muhammad Arif1, Qudsia Nazir1, Ifra Saleem1, Sarfraz Hussain1, Abid Ali4, Abid Niaz1, Fakhar Mujeeb4, Khalid Mahmood5 and Sarfraz Nawaz6
...combined stress of B and salt. In combined stresses of (B and Salt) causes oxidative stress in plants due to increase in production of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) including hydroxyl radicals (OH-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide (O2-). However, on their side, efficient antioxidant defense system developed in plants, which having lower molecular weight of antioxidants. It also reduces (ROS) enzymatic activities...
Muhammad Bilal Tayyab1, Muhammad Zeeshan Majeed1*, Muhammad Asam Riaz1, Muhammad Anjum Aqueel2, Sylvain Nafiba Ouedraogo3, Muhammad Luqman4, Kanwer Shahzad Ahmed1 and Mujahid Tanvir1
...n valley and surrounding salt range (Punjab, Pakistan) against D. citri and A. gossypii using standard twig-dip and leaf-dip bioassay methods, respectively. Results of initial screening bioassay showed the highest mortality of D. citri by 10% extracts of Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. (93%), Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall. (91%), Nerium indicum Mill. (89%), Datura alba L. (88%) and Salvia officinalis L. (81%). Second bioassay conducted against A. gossypii using...
Muhammad Junaid Yousaf 1, Farhad Ali2*and Fawad Ali2
...is considered a moderate salt-tolerant plant cultivar that shows varying effects and adaptations to different concentrations of salt stress (i.e. NaCl) to which it is exposed. When three days old seedlings of maize were subjected to aerial salt stress of concentrations; 0.2%, 0.6% 1.2%, and 2% after a week in soil, the seedlings revealed the antagonistic effects which increased with elevat...
Song Jiang, Dong-liang Liu, Fa-lin Zhou, Xian-bin Mo, Qi-bin Yang, Jian-hua Huang, Li-shi Yang and Shi-gui Jiang*
...y up-regulated under low salt stimulation (P> 0.05),while under high salinity stimulation, the transcription level of PmATP synthase mRNA reached the maximum at 16th h (P<0.05).The expression level of PmNa+-K+-ATPase mRNA increased at 4th h and 16th h, which was significantly higher than that in the beginning under low salt stimulation (P<0.05) and then decrea...
Muhammad Taqi1, Shazia Erum2, Shamaila Rasheed2, Sadar Uddin Siddiqui2 and Shakeel Ahmad Jatoi2*
...xplants were grown on MS salts enriched with diverse plant growth regulators including BAP, NAA, Kin and 2,4-D, alone as well as in combinations. The highest growth response for callusing 78.3% was observed in BAP (0.5mg/L) in combination with Kinetin (0.25mg/L) +NAA (2 mg/L) followed by 65% at 2 mg/L of 2,4-D. Maximum percentage of shooting (81.67%) with the maximum mean value for number of shoots (7.56) and shoot length (7.07) occurred when the fresh shoot t...
Sanjeela Sabahat1*, Juliya Abbasi2, Mushtaq Ahmad1, Saima Mumtaz1, Taj Naseeb Khan1, Sudheer Tariq1 and Muhammad Imran1
...imized the total soluble salts (TSS) (8.3 0B) and the least amount of titratable fruit acidity (0.27 %). The research findings also showed that combine application of Iron, Zinc and Boron in the given percentage can possibly improve the yield and quality of Chandler under microclimatic conditions.
...
Shehzadi Saima1*, Faiza Ghaffar1, Ghulam Yasin1, Muhammad Nawaz2 and Khalid Masood Ahmad1
... germinations under high salt concentration is very vital. With this object we observed the effects of various levels of NaCl (0, 25, 50 and 75 mM) on six varieties (Green leaf, Rama posa, Arka anamika, Super green, Okra kashish and Nerali) of Okra. The results clearly indicated that seeds of all varieties can tolerate the lower concentration of salt (25 mM) and higher (50 mM) greatly reduced the seeds germination while at h...
Mohamed Ali Zayed
...as water is excessive in salt, which could reason physiological dissatisfied or maybe a death in farm animals. Three major muscles Triceps Brachii (TB), Longsimus Dorssi (LD) and Biceps Femoris (BF) samples were collected at 24 h postmortem from the carcasses of Bakri lambs. Lambs were separated according on drinking water type into two groups, the 1st group (G1); lambs drank fresh water (274 ppm TDS) (control group). The 2nd ...
Mujahid Tanvir1, Muhammad Asam Riaz1*, Muhammad Zeeshan Majeed1, Mazhar Iqbal Zafar2, Muhammad Tariq3 and Muhammad Bilal Tayyab1
...n Valley and surrounding salt range of Pakistan bioassayed against C. quinquefasciatus larvae, eighteen botanicals exhibited more than 50% larval mortality in 48 h exposure. The most effective botanical extracts were Maerua arenaria Forsk, Nerium indicum Mill., Withania coagulans Dunal, Suaeda fruticosa (L.) Delile, Olea ferruginea Wall., Adiantum capillus-veneris L. and Dicliptera bupleuroides Nees exhibiting 87, 84, 83, 81, 79, 78 and 77% larval mortality, r...
Hany M.R. Elsherif1, Ahmed Orabi2, Hussein M.A. Hassan3, Ahmed Samy3*
...addition of organic acid salts (OAS’s) significantly (P<0.05) enhanced weight gain and feed efficiency. Dietary supplementation with OAS’s enhanced significantly (P<0.01) the weight of carcass and dressing percentages of birds. The liver, heart, gizzard, and spleen were unchanged (% of body weight). Birds fed diets enriched with SF or SP had considerably (P<0.05) longer and wider guts than the control group, and scored zero in intestinal l...
Sri Melia1*, Indri Juliyarsi1, Yulianti Fitri Kurnia1, Evy Rossi2, Hurriya Alzahra3
... resistance to 0.3% bile salt media, and antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli: O157, Pseudomonas, Listeria inokua, and Klebsiella pneumonia; and (3) Molecular identification of LAB by analysis of the base sequence of the 16S RNA gene. The whey for this study was collected in Lasi Farm in Agam Regency, West Sumatra, Indonesia. The data was subsequently subJected to descriptive analysis. The bacteria obtained were rod-shaped that were catalase negativ...
Nguyen Hai Quan, Nguyen Huu Van*, Nguyen Thanh Thuy, Vo Thi Minh Tam, Le Duc Thao, Le Duc Ngoan
Ghulam Qadir1, Khalil Ahmed1*, Muhammad Ashfaq Anjum1, Quais Muhammad Affan2, Muhammad Zaighum Mushtaq3, Muhammad Amjad Qureshi4, Amar Iqbal Saqib1, Hafeezullah Rafa1, Abdul Wakeel1, Ghulam Shabir1, Muhammad Rizwan1, Muhammad Qaisar Nawaz1 and Muhammad Faisal Nawaz1
...s for the utilization of salts affected soils is the screening of available local plants which can grow or survive under salt stress and have considerable economic importance to the farming community. Therefore, a three-years pot experiment was executed to explore the salinity tolerance of medicinal plants i.e., Podeena (Mentha spicata), Hina (Lawsonia inermis), Qulfa (portulace oleracea), Methi (Trigonella foenumgraceum), D...
Muhammad Umer Chattha1, Muhammad Ilyas2, Imran Khan1, Athar Mahmood1, Muhammad Bilal Chattha3*, Ambreen Fatima4, Muhammad Iqbal5, Muhammad Tahir Akbar6, Muhammad Mahmood Iqbal5, Faran Muhammad7, Muhammad Talha Aslam1 and Muhammad Umair Hassan1
...orded when high level of salt stress (12 dsm-1) was imposed, while minimum, T50, and MET and maximum GGP and EI was observed under control conditions. Cultivar Bhaker-2011 took less, T50, and MET and had maximum GP and EI while cultivar NAIB-2016 took maximum, T50, and MET time and had minimum GP and EI. Likewise, maximum plant height (PH: 68.20 cm), root length (RL: 7.70 cm), shoot length (SL: 16.67 cm), root fresh weight (RFW: 0.45 g) and shoot fresh weight ...
Sajjad Khan, Fahad Karim Awan*, Zulfiqar Ali Gurmani, Muhammad Usama Hameed, Allah Bakhsh and Kainat Bibi
...ntal constraints, mainly salt and water stress due to their elevated degree of impression and non-availability of salt and drought tolerant oat cultivars. For the purpose in-vitro study was conducted at NARC fodder laboratory to study the response of two oat cultivars namely NARC and PARC Oat against drought and salinity stress. Salt concentration of 80 mmolLˉ¹ showed non-significant...
Hira Jabbin1, Muhammad Arshad1*, Naunain Mehmood1, Wardah Hassan1, Syed Zakir Hussain Shah2 and Farzana Siddique3
...er extractable proteins, salt extractable proteins, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and sensory quality of mori fillets. The results indicated that chitosan coatings were effective in controlling pH, water loss, TBARS production, retention of water extractable proteins and salt extractable proteins in fish fillets. The sensory attributes texture, color, taste and odor were significantly improved in chitosan t...
Muhammad Khalid Bhatti, Khalil Ahmed*, Ghulam Shabir, Muhammad Irfan, Muhammad Ashfaq Anjum, Muhammad Sarfraz, Amar Iqbal Saqib, Abdul Wakeel, Hafeezullah Rafa, Nadeem Iqbal, Muhammad Qaisar Nawaz, Ghulam Qadir, Muhammad Rizwan and Muhammad Faisal Nawaz
...nsidered one of the most salt sensitive cereals, however, a great genetic diversity exists within rice species for salinity tolerance. Therefore, a study was executed to identify salinity tolerance of seventeen advance rice lines based on of agronomic characters and Na and K contents. Advance lines of rice namely, SRI-22, SRI-23, SRI-24, SRI-25, SRI-26, SRI-27, SRI-28, SRI-29, SRI-30, SRI-31, SRI-32, SRI-33, SRI-34, SRI-35, SRI-36, SRI-37, and SRI-38 were tran...
Ghulam Akbar1*, Muhammad Anjum Zia1, Amer Jamil1 and Faiz Ahmad Joyia2
...on study. There are some salts like KH2PO4, K2HPO4, NaHCO3, CaCO3, CH3COONa.3H2O and FeSO4. 7H2O have been optimized for the production of SK. The K2HPO4 has shown the highest enzymatic activity with UV-Et mutant 680.0 UmL-1 and with CaCO3 UV-Et mutant has been found to give the relatively lowest enzyme activity 652.01UmL-1. While UV-mutant has shown maximum enzyme activity 275 UmL-1 with the addition of K2HPO4 and this mutant shown minimum 57 UmL-1 with the a...
Kalsoom1, Nasir Shah2, Muhammad Ibrahim3*, Tahira Bibi1, Kazim Ali4 and Zahir Shah2
...ughout the world but its salt sensitive. A large portion of irrigated land in major countries is affected by salinity or is likely to be salinized in near future. This study assessed the impact of various salt levels on morphology and biochemical attributes of a wild (Sante wild) and two transgenic (Sante 2 event and Sante 8 event) potato varieties in in vitro condition. These varieties were grown on Murashige and Skoog (MS)...
Roni Pazla1, Novirman Jamarun1*, Elihasridas1, Arief1, Gusri Yanti2, Zaitul Ikhlas2
... corn, palm kernel cake, salt, and minerals. The treatments were as follows: T0= 35% fermented sugarcane shoots (FSS) + 5% fermented tithonia (FT) + 0% avocado waste (AW) + 60% concentrate, T1= 35% FSS + 9.5% FT + 0.5% AW + 55% concentrate, T2= 35% FSS + 14 % FT + 1% AW + 50% concentrate, T3= 35% FSS + 18.5% FT + 1.5% AW + 45% concentrate. The parameters measured included feed consumption (dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein), nutrient digestibility ...
Muhammad Umair1,2, Muhammad Naeem1, Asad Jamil3 and Muhammad Younas2,4*
... lead to accumulation of salt on the soil surface. Moreover, the low organic matter status of soils further worsens the soil conditions. All these factors have severely reduced soil productivity. There is need for some sustainable management practices for rehabilitation of degraded soils in arid zones. Application of organic matter under these conditions can restore the soil productivity. So, use of biochar for soil restoration under these conditions can be an...
Faustin Dokui1*, Frédéric M. Houndonougbo1, Service G. Djidda1, Venant P. Houndonougbo1, Edith Gangbedji1, Gwladys Menon Agbo2, Sedjro Ludolphe Dedome2, Séverin Babatoundé1, Soumanou Seibou Toleba1, Christophe A.A.M. Chrysostome1
...treatment group fed with salt-poor stone during the experiment period. Cows in the LS2 treatment group produced much more milk during the dry season than the other treatment groups. Cows in the LS3 treatment group fed with stone low in salt produced much more milk from the fifth week to the end of the trial than the other treatment groups. Animals in the control group lost significant body weight. Thus, supplementation of li...
Muhammad Fiaz1, Muhammad Farooq Hussain Faisal1,
Muhammad Imran Khan1*, Kashif Ishaq1, Tanveer Ahmad1 and Qazi Jamil Akbar2
Nitya Salsabila, Djalal Rosyidi, Agus Susilo*
...smoke and spices such as salt, coconut sugar, garlic, galangal, coriander and tamarind. The method used was a laboratory experimental method using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 6 treatments and 4 repetitions, namely P0: without the addition of liquid smoke (control), P1: liquid smoke without sonication, P2: sonication liquid smoke for 5 minutes, P3: sonication liquid smoke for 10 minutes, P4: sonication liquid smoke for 15 minutes, and P5: sonicati...
Muhammad Zeeshan Siddiqui1, Mujahid Ali2*, Shoaib ur Rehman3, Shahid Iqbal4, Malik Abdur Rehman5, Hafiz M. Tayyab Khan4, Muhammad Ali6, Muhammad Azher Nawaz4 and Saqib Ayyub1
... used for cultivation in salt-affected soils. ...
Ghulam Sarwar Channa1*, Abdul Razak Mahar1, Inayatullah Rajpar2, Abdul Aziz Mirani3, Saleem Maseeh Bhatti2, Muneer Ali Bhagat1 and Wazir Ali Maitlo4
...cultivars at low to high salt-stress (NaCl) conditions. The results show that the non-aromatic rice cultivar DR-92 can survive and give better yield in moderately (40-120 mM NaCl) saline soils. ...
Novirman Jamarun1, Roni Pazla1*, Arief2, Elihasridas1, Gusri Yanti3, Rani Winardi Wulan Sari4, Zaitul Ikhlas4
...rnel cake, minerals, and salt. A randomized block design with four treatments and four groups of goat body weight as replicates was employed in the research. The four treatments were as follows: (T1 = mangrove leaves hay (MLH) 35% + fermented T. diversifolia (FTD) 5% + Concentrate (C) 60%, T2 = MLH 30% + FTD 10% + C 60%, T3= MLH 25% + FTD 15% + C 60%, T4= MLH 20% + FTD 20% + C 60%). Parameters measured included body weight gain, intake, and nutrient digestibil...
Arshad Khan, Mohammad Ihsan, Maryam Bibi, Gul Rahim, Fazl Ullah, Komail Khan and Ali Hazrat*
...e treated with different salt stress as compared to control environment. After germination, four maize genotypes were evaluated for morphological study. Different concentration (0, 50, 100 and 200) mM NaCl were applied at appropriate stages. Salt stress shows reduction in growth of all mays varieties. Plant height in case of control and treated, the mean value was 31.27, standard error 1.16, coefficient of variance was 26.94...
Momina Raheem1, Muhammad Fiaz2*, Muhammad Mushtaq1, Umana Niazi1, Evelyn Saba3 and Mansoor Abdullah3
Nabi Ullah, Abdul Samad Mumtaz*, Lubna Anjum Minhas, Muhammad Kaleem, Rooma Waqar, Amber Jabeen and Ayesha Hanif
...ctors like Total soluble salts, Total Alkalinity, pH, TDS, EC, Temperature, Carbonate CO3-2, Bicarbonate HCO3-1, Chloride Cl-1, Sulphate SO4-2, NO3-1, Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+1, K+1, BOD and COD, Turbidity. The supreme supportive water physico-chemical parameters for the algal development was recorded are the Temperature, pH, and the presence of nutrients like NO3-1, Na+1, K+1, Mg+2, Ca+2. Hence, the current study reveals that District Bajaur is a rich source of algae ...
Mohamed I. El-Katcha1, Mosaad A. Soltan1, Seham M. El-Kassas2*, Mahmoud M. Arafa3, El-Sayed R. Kawarei 3, Karima M. El-Naggar1*
...the organic and Nano-CuO salts reduced egg yolk cholesterol contents (P < 0.05). Besides, they caused an interesting reduction of cracked egg percentage (P < 0.05). Additionally, both organic and CuO-NPs increased serum Cu levels, MDA and SOD activities while reduced serum glutathione peroxidase activity compared with CuO (P < 0.05). Moreover, serum lipid profile was significantly altered as triglycerides concentration was increased while total choles...
ZAHOOR AHMAD SAJID1* & SHEZA AYAZ KHILJI2
...eplicate plants for each salt (NaCl) treatment. Initially the plants were raised by irrigating with tap water and then after their establishment, with NaCl (50, 100 and 200 mM) containing water. Various growth and biochemical characteristics were found to be adversely affected by saline treatments i.e., root length, shoot length, fresh weight, dry weight, amount of protein and antioxidant enzymes. The higher levels of NaCl (100-200 mM) in this investigation dr...
Maria Endo Mahata*, Yose Rizal, Zurmiati, Sepri Reski
.... We aimed to reduce the salt concentration of the brown seaweed P. australis by immersing it in flowing water. We used a completely randomized design (CRD) with different immersion durations (0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 h) of P. australis in flowing water. Each treatment received four replications. We evaluated dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ash, salt, and alginate contents. The results revealed a...
Nauman Jamil Khan1, Rabia Tariq2, Hina Saleem2 and Muhammad Waheed Mushtaq2*
... of sodium such as table salt, breads and rolls, sandwiches, soups, cold cuts and cured meats, savory snacks, chicken etc. However, the excessive intake of sodium may cause health issues such as hypertension, brain strokes, renal irregularity, heart attack etc. Various analytical techniques including atomic absorption spectroscopy, chromatography methods, ion selective electrode method, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, complexometric titration method and ...
AAMIR MAHMOOD1, ZAHOOR AHMAD SAJID* & SHEZA AYAZ KHILJI2
...acid (SA) on maize under salt stress. For this purpose salinity effect on various morpho-physiological and biochemical attributes of plants was analyzed by launching a petri dish and pot experiment. The analysis spread out in a totally block design (randomized) with ten replicates for each salt (0 and 120 mM NaCl) and SA (0, 0.1, 0.5 and 1mM) treatment. The commercially available cultivar (cv. Faisal) of maize was planted in...
NUSRAT MAJEED* & ABIDA BUTT
... to provide inventory of salticids, which would be the baseline documentation for future studies in Pakistan. This survey was conducted from June 2013 to May 2017, to collect jumping spiders from twelve different localities of Pakistan. Specimens (2556) were collected which belong to twenty-eight species and twenty-one genera. This study added twenty-three first records of species from ten genera. The female of Phintella indica is in this study for the first t...
MUBEEN RIAZ1, KIRAN ZAHID1, SUMAIRA ASLAM CHOHAN1, MUHAMMAD ASHFAQ*2, MUHAMMAD ALI2, RIFFAT SIDDIQUE1, NUDRAT ANEES1 & FARAH KHAN1
... plant, 02 with the 25mM salt stressed plant and 02 with the 50mM salt stressed plants. While with 75mM and 100mM salt stressed plants polymorphic bands were observed showing genetic variation. Profiles generated by the third primer i.e. OPI_05_R showed 4 monomorphic bands with control and NaCl stressed O. tenuiflorum L. While, 100mM salt stressed plant ...
Mehwish Zafar1, Muhammad Shahzad1*, Muhammad Zubair Akram2, Quratulain3, Mehak Shehzad4 and Samreen Nazeer5*
...h level concentration of salts hampers growth of plants and its yield of biomass by impacting major physiological mechanisms i.e., ionic, oxidative and osmotic stress. One possible and climate resilient strategy is to introduce new crops that can bear high level salinity and allow irrigation with saline water. Quinoa has great potential to grow under saline conditions having outstanding nutritious value. Pot based complete block design was conducted in COMSATS...
Khalid Ali1, Asif Tanveer1, Naila Farooq2, Tasawer Abbas3*, Ghulam Sarwar2, Muhammad Ather Nadeem4, Ishtiaq Hassan3, Muhammad Mansoor Javaid4, Anees-ul-Hussnain Shah5, Bilal Ahmad Khan4 , Ali Raza6
... impact of four types of salts stresses (NaCl, Na2SO4, CaCl2 and NaHCO3) at six different levels (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mM) on R. capitata seeds of different sizes including small, medium and large. Results revealed that R. capitata can germinate over a wide range of salt stress but as the salinity level was increased to 250 mM the germination percentage and seedling growth decreased significantly. Larger seeds have m...
GHAZALA NASIM,STEVE ADKINS,SABA KHURSHID,RUKHSANA BAJWA
Tanvir Hussain
...(MS) medium, Gamborgs B5-salt (B5)and Basal nutrient medium (BNM) alone and in combination with Auxins and Cytokinins. It was found that only the axillary buds gave good response to all media. For callus initiation, same ex-plants and media (alone and in combination with callus initiators) were tried but callus formation was not observed. Aseptically grown young plants were then transferred to hydroponic conditions for maturity. For this purpose MS (Full-stren...
Kanwar Muhammad Suleman, Ghulam Mustafa Nasir and Tanvir Ahmad Qureshi
...Sesbania may improve the salt affected lands and increase the income of farmers through the sales of wood and raising the livestock....
A. W. Jasra and I. Ahmad
...eabuckthorn and fourwing saltbush together with improved irrigation system and urea molasses blocks as supplemental feed have been identified as viable interventions for livelihood improvement. A policy dialogue is needed to resolve the problems of nomadic community.
Key Words: Pastoralists, livelihood, Juniper Forest, Balochistan, Pakistan
...
Chaudhry Abdul Rashid1, Raja Muhammad Omer2, Chaudhry Muhammad Faisal2, Waqar Ahmed3, Zahid Ali4
...) %, P, K, total soluble salts (TSS) % and soil saturation % Results indicated that the growth of E camaldulensis was highest in combination with Leuceana leucocephala and Dalhergia sissoo Soil factors had no effect on the growth of E. camaldulensis....
Sarfaraz Hussain Bangash
...it formation, activities salt absorption, Increases seed & Fruit formation, hormone movement, metabolism of pecitc sustances, water metabolism and the water relations in plants and respiratory activities. Boron is said to be a constituent of membranes and serve in precipitating excess cations.
...
K. M. Siddiqui
...ave been used to reclaim salt affected and waterlogged areas at a great expense by the government agencies such as WAPDA and accepted by the public at large....
Maqsood Ahmed and H. Verplancke
...r, and negatively to the salt
concentration in saturating solutions. A variation was
also observed between the species....
Sahibazada M. Hafeez
...d other waste lands with salt tolerant, fast-growing trees.
In order to identify salt tolerant tree species which could be grown in such areas, seeds of 26 salt tolerant species were procured from CSIRO Australia, plants raised in the nursery and then out planted in the field trial during September, 1990. Three years survival and growth data have been analysed and better perfor...
Muhammad Arif Chaudhry and Altaf Hussain
...icated
that the highest salt concentrations (.0.878% - 1.580%)
produced deleterious changes in soil pH and resulted in
dieback injury in A. nilotica, A. lebbek and L.
leucocephala in an increasing order. Although the growth
of A. ampliceps was reduced appreciably but it showed a
fair degree of tolerance to the highest concentrations
to dieback injury. The higher concentrations (0.308%,
0615%) caused highly significant reductions in...
Altaf Hussain and Pazir Gul
...e their
suitability for salt tolerance under waterlogged
conditions. Analysis of the soil of the experimental
site indicated that it was dispersed and varied from
saline to saline-sodic in chemical composition with
salinity in water. Performance of species was determined
on the basis of their survival and height growth. Local
species, such as, Tamarix aphylla, Acacia modesta and
as well as exotic species, such as, Acacia stenophylla,
Acaia a...
Abdur Rashid Tariq and Haji Moosa A. Tayab
...ned 3500ppm of dissolved salts. This project went into full production within three months of its initiation. Thereafter this programme was extended further over an area of about 2000 hectares under various agencies. The Forestry Department, besides raising pastures on project scale, also initiated a study to test the adaptability of Pioneer Rhodes grass to irrigation water having higher levels of salinity. The study was laid on to various soil types available...
M. N. Malik and M.I. Sheikh
...iecemeal form patches of salt-affected soil and placement of water table at zone affecting culture of common agricultural crops and tree plants. This menace of land was realized even long before the creation of Pakistan, and full-fledged Department of Land Reclamation was established to counter-check the malady; nevertheless, it attained alarming proportion and threatened the very basis of economy of Pakistan. Of course, vast physical outlays in the form of SC...
M. I. R. Khan
... and wave action are the salt bushes like Salicornia, Suaeda, Haloleplis and Limonium etc.
...
M. Ihsanur Rahman Khan
... like the
Sabkha(salty flats) or extremely arid and moving sand dunes may have no worthwhile plant life but varied and specialized type of plant life does exist in some cases in small patches and in other cases in fairly extensive areas of the Emirate. In fact in the pre-oil period natural vegetation was a major source of livelihood of the nomadic tribal people who lead a pastoral life and their chief occupation then was rearing of livestock. It also p...
M. I. R. Khan
...vily impregnated with salts and bear practically no vegetation. Sandy soils and sand dunes at higher elevations away from the coast are less saline....
Mahmood Iqbal Sheikh
...grows naturally in the salt range. Forest Department, Punjab has been trying this bamboo off and on in irrigated plantations and a few rumanents can still be seen in the Daphar, Changa Manga and Chichawatni irrigated plantations....
M. Bashir Chaudhry (Dr.), M. Alim Mian and M. Rafiq
...win menace'. Most of the salt-affected soils were formed un ancient times, much before the recent rise in water table due to seepage from the canal system. The recent high water table conditions have, however produced o salt puff on these soils. The saline soils that have been grouped in five main categories occupy 14.3 million acres in the Indus plains but only 7.8 million acres in the canal command areas. The saline cultiv...
Sarfaraz Hussain Bangash
... Zizphus jujube. The salt concentration was varied from 0.05% to 0.80% for all species. It was found that under the experimental condition Zizyphus jujube, Albizzia lebbek and Acacia Arabica were the most salt tolerant of the species studied....
Jalal-ud-Din and M. Farooq
...riginal flora or drought/salt resistant tree species. If, however, sufficient water is made available for intensive forestry, the reclamation of saline-sodic soils could be
undertaken by using gypsum and growing high delta crops. The dense soil mass could be improved by subsoiling and green manuring. The sand dunes cannot be brought under irrigated plantation. They could be developed as range land, or used for wild life....
Abdul Aziz Khan and M. N. Malik
...ssible limits of soluble salt content. The soil was however, distinctly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 8.8). Presence of unusual high content of lime was suspected to be responsible for causing deficiency of P and other available nutrients. Applications of ammonium sulphate and superphosphate are suggested to improve soil reactions and availability of common plant nutrients.
Mulberry (Morus spp). and Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo) plants are well accli...
Mulberry (Morus spp). and Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo) plants are well accli...
Hanan Yousif Jasim1*, Rasha Munther Othman2, Wasan Moaed Shaker3
...ed on fermented Mannitol salt agar (MSA) and examined by Gram stain. All suspected Staphylococcus sp. isolates were further detection by PCR and analysis the partial sequencing of the 16s rDNA gene and compared with those in the GenBank to find variances in the sequence using the BLAST tool (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). The sequencing results of the 16s rDNA gene was shown that 9 (69.24%) bacterial isolates were diagnosed as Staphylococcus aureus while the 4 ...
Syed Saqlain Hussain1*, Muhammad Rasheed2, Zammurad Iqbal Ahmed2, Ghulam Jilani3, Muhammad Irfan4, Muhammad Kashif Aziz5, Fiaz Hussain1, Muhammad Akhlaq Mudassar1 and Zuhair Hasnain2
... the escape of crop from salt injury at these stages is direly needed. Melatonin is known as N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine with chemical formula melatonin as C13H16N2O2. It is a versatile molecule with the speciality to lessen salt stress on the plant. However, mechanism of melatonin which is involved in salt stress mitigation is still under inspection of plant scientists. For the purpose, ...
Zhenyu Chang1,3, Qingqing Xiao1,2, Yourong Ye1,2, Mujahid Iqbal4, Mengqi Duan1,2, Yangzom Chamba1,2* and Peng Shang1,2*
...iology and acid and bile salt tolerance tests. The results showed that, screened strain is Lactobacillus Roy’s F1. Tibetan pig source Roy’s Lactobacillus F1 showed the ability to grow maximum when the inoculation was 1%, the temperature 37 ℃ and pH = 7. This strain depicted a strong tolerance for artificial gastric and intestinal juice. Roy’s Lactobacillus F1 can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella. Lactobacillus reut...
Bushra Irfan1, Muhammad Shahbaz1*, Asif Mukhtiar1, Muhammad Zubair Akram2, Muhammad Atif Bashir3, Sabina Asghar4, Abdul Ghaffar5 and Samreen Nazeer6*
... the negative effects of salt stress by improving tolerance mechanisms....
Dian Septinova1*, Isnaini Nurfianti2, Denita Eptiana2, Khaira Nova1, Riyanti1
*Correspondence | Dian Septinova, Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung; Email: [email protected]
...n the characteristics of salted eggs. The treatments used were soaking eggs in a 30% NaCl solution (T0), partial substitution of NaCl with KCl (T1), CaCl2 (T2), KCl + coriander (T3) and CaCl2 + coriander (T4). The parameters measured included salt content, moisture content, physical characteristic of albumen (pH, height, diameter, index, Haugh unit), physical characteristic of yolk (pH, height, diameter, index, colour) and o...
Masoumeh Hosseynikhah
... most tolerant to sodium salt stress and was used in the second part of the study. In the greenhouse experiment, it was cultivated in the hydroponic system under different levels of NaCl (20, 60 and 100 mmol/L) and silicon treatment (0, 2 and 4 mmol/L, final concentration in nutrient solution using potassium). Findings show that environmental stress significantly increased the accumulation of proline and sodium content in plant tissues and decreased the absorp...
Muhammad Iqbal1*, Saba Iqbal1, Asmat Ullah2, Arbab Jahangeer1, Naveed Akhtar3, Tahira Tabassum3, Ali Zohaib3, Naveed Ramzan3
...on. In salinity, soluble salts are gathered in the root zone of plants causing ionic and osmotic disproportion. However, by way of a superior field-management opportunity, buildup of soluble salts in rhizosphere can be managed by applying soil mulching which reduces water evaporation from soil hence limits upward movement of salts. Moreover, it also reserves soil moisture, increases utiliz...
Zahraa M. Mahdi
...ermeability with reduced salt rejection properties. The paper also focuses on the use of characterisation methods such as SEM, XRD as well as FT-IR for analyzing and understanding the structural and functional properties of the nano-composite membranes. Concerns like the production of the fouling membrane and resistance troublesome conditions are dealt with, yielding a detailed view of the limits in this field. This paper is summarized with future applications...
Auras Muhi Taha*, Ibrahim Ahmed Ibrahim, Hassanein Abduladeem, Mohammed Qais Yassen, Omaima Khalid Ahmed and Tabark Najim Abdul-Allah
...reased concentrations of salts that continuously accumulate in the soil without leaching it....
Mohammed H. Asker*, Nagham S. Mohammed, Zinah S. Zamil
...els of urea, creatinine, salt, potassium, and calcium in both intact and ovariectomized groups (p≤0.05). Additionally, gene expression decreased significantly in the ovariectomized group (p≤0.05). These findings underscore the crucial role of vitamin C in renal function. Upregulation of Nrf2 and TSPO gene expression in ovariectomized rabbits suggests an adaptive response to mitigate ovariectomy-induced kidney tissue damage. Overall, these results highlig...
Ehab Hussein1, Edris A.M.1 and Ghada A.K. Kirrella2*
...ric 20g, lemongrass 15g, salt 15g, garlic 7g, coriander 2g and cinnamon 2g; commercial marinades were composed of Spices, onion 380g, garlic, salt 60g, sugar 210g, water 30mL and cooking oil 60 mL and then modified marinades that composed of basic marinade 520g and lemon Juice 25mL. Each group was examined for determination of their BaP, BaA, BbF and CHR polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH4). The recorded results revealed ...
Samah Abou Asa1, Omnia Tag2 and Walid Elmonir2*
... prior freezing (92.7%), salting fish for less than 10 days (50%), and cooking fish for less than 10 min (2.3%). Health education for residents and infection control in fish are mandate preventive measures in the study area....
Sehar Aslam1, Muhammad Qasim1*, Mohsin Khurshid2*, Usman Ali Ashfaq1 and Muhammad Akhtar Ali3
...H, temperature, and bile salt, as well as their antimicrobial and adhesion ability, was evaluated. The results showed that the identified novel probiotic strains belonged to the Lactobacillus fermentum species, exhibited remarkable tolerance against bile salts, acidic environments, and temperature, and had excellent adhesion ability, indicating their potential as probiotic strains. Additionally, all isolates were non-hemolyt...
Mat Zin Ain-Auzureen1, Maizan Mohamed1, Tan Li Peng1, Mohd Faizal Ghazali2, Choong Siew Shean1, Kamaruddin Mardhiah3, Najiah Musa4, Nora Faten Afifah Mohamad5, Chai Min Hian2 and Ruhil Hayati Hamdan1*
...hiosulphate-citrate bile-salt sucrose (TCBS) agar and CHROMagarTM Vibrio. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to identify the isolates and detect the twelve virulence genes associated with V. alginolyticus. Antibiotic resistance tests were conducted using 17 antibiotics. The difference in index scores between locations was tested using one-way ANOVA, while the index scores between (multidrug resistance index) MARi and multi-virulence gen...
