Muhammad Zubair, Sajid Mahmood Sajid
... feedback of estrogen on gonadotropin release and leading to up-regulation of ovulation. It has useful effects on the reproduction of female in terms of reduction in puberty and ovulation induction. The beneficial effects are manifested in male in terms of improvement of semen....
Misbah Riaz1, Qaiser Mansoor2, Maleeha Akram1, Muhammad Ismail2, Parveen Akhtar3, Shakeel Mirza4, Mazhar Qayyum1, Afzaal Ahmed Naseem1, Faheem Tahir5 and Syed Shakeel Raza Rizvi1*
...egulator of secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), whereas GnRH is a crucial neurohormone regulating the secretion of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) at puberty. The deficiency in release or action of GnRH leads to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) characterized by low FSH, LH and testosterone (T) and absent or impaired sexual development at pu...
Afzaal Ahmad Naseem1*, Maleeha Akram1, Sarwat Jahan2, Kiran Afshan2, Zubaria Iqbal1, Faheem Tahir3, Mazhar Qayyum1 and Syed Shakeel Raza Rizvi1
...of both somatotropic and gonadal axes, manifested as higher secretion of growth hormone (GH) and testosterone (T). GH and T affect linear growth velocity (LGV) directly through stimulation of chondrocytes and osteoblasts. Furthermore, T promotes LGV through augmentation of GH secretion. Nevertheless, age and developmental stage dependent changes in GH and T and LGV and their associations require further investigation. This study examined relationships between ...
Shakeel Ahmed* and Sarwat Jahan
...f hypothalamus pituitary gonadal (HPG) axis has also been established. In the present study, we investigated the role of peripheral administration of neuromedin S (NMS) on adipokines (adiponectin, leptin and resistin) secretion in 48-h fasting and normal fed adult male Rhesus monkeys. After NMS administration plasma adipokines levels were determined in fed and fasting monkeys. Four intact adult male monkeys were used in this study. 50 nmol of NMS was injected ...
Muhammad Hafeez-ur-Rehman1, Farzana Abbas1, Muhammad Ashraf1, Naeem Tariq Narejo2, Khalid Javed Iqbal3, Ghulam Abbas4* and Syedah Andleeb5
... enhanced egg fecundity, gonadal development and spawning....
Faiqah Ramzan*1 and Muhammad Haris Ramzan2
...ypothalamic level of the gonadotropic axis. Citric acid is synthesized and secreted by the prostate gland. Its synthesis is regulated by androgens. As, dose dependent degeneration of prostate gland has been described following intraperitoneal kisspeptin treatment. However, effects of kisspeptin administration on the levels of prostatic citric acid remain elusive till date. The present study, therefore, addresses the effects of 12 day administration of kisspept...
Mousa Keshavarz1*, Ehsan Kamrani1, Narges Amrollahi Biuki1 and Hossein Zamani2
...ext-align: justify;">The gonad developments of 217 sea urchins (Echinometra mathaei) were monitored monthly from March to September 2014 in the intertidal zones of Bandar Lengeh in the Persian Gulf. The numbers of males, females, unsexual samples were counted for 71, 126 and 20, respectively. Females were totally 1.77 times heavier than males. Wet weights of gonads were nearly 8.25% of the mean total wet body weights....
Mousa Keshavarz1*, Maryam Soyuf Jahromi2
...l. The wet weight of the gonads was ~8.25% of the mean total wet body weights. The most distribution of gonad wet weights and total wet weights were generally less than 10 g and 80 g, respectively. The females were heavier than the males (~1.77x). The heavier females had more gonads (direct relation, r=0.45) while the lighter males had more gonads (inver...
Jianping Gou, Jianli Xiong*, Baoxia Dong, Zhennan Liu and Manman Hou
...rge intestine, lung, and gonads compared to males; however, liver and fat bodies did not differ between the sexes. The sex difference of these organs may contribute to different energy requirements for reproduction between males and females. Our findings suggest that female toads invest considerable resources into gamete production compared to males, and greater internal organs in females are a consequences of high energy requirements for reproduction, which f...
Fang Wang, Yong-Fang Jia, Po Wang, Qi-Yan Du and Zhong-Jie Chang*
... effects of letrozole on gonad differentiation, 5dph fry of carp were exposed to different concentrations of LET. At 130 dph, sex ratio was recorded. The results showed that continuous exposure to LET induced the changes of sex ratio. High concentration of LET can promote male-biased sex ratio. In order to reveal the molecular mechanism by which LET caused sex reversal, juvenile carp (120dph) were exposed to 0, 5, 25, 125, and 625μg/L LET for 15 days, and t...
SHARIF UDDIN, MD. HASIBUL HASAN, MOHAMMED MAHBUB IQBAL, MOHAMMAD AMZAD HOSSAIN
...The relationship between gonad weight and fecundity, body weight and fecundity showed strong positive relation with regression co-efficient of 0.9603 and 0.9265 respectively which indicate that with the increase of body and gonad weight, fecundity was also increased. Microscopic observation of matured female ovary during June to July revealed group asynchronous development. Microscopic observatio...
Song Jiang1,2, Fa-lin Zhou3, Jian-hua Huang1, Qi-bin Yang1, Li-shi Yang1 and Shi-gui Jiang1,*
...alk ablation on feeding, gonad development, and energy conversion of Penaeus monodon broodstock. An experiment of 30 days was carried out on broodstock (average body length 28.4 ± 0.95 cm, average body weight 96.7±6.48 g) with (treatment) or without eyestalk ablation (control), cultivated under a water temperature of 27.0±1.5 °C, salinity of 30–32, pH of 8.0–8.3, and light intensity of 1000 lx. Results showed that fo...
Souheila Slimani1,*, Sonia Hamouda1, Chahrazed Souadi1, Sara Silini2, Cherif Abdennour2 and Leila Delimi3
... followed by spontaneous gonadal regressionup to week 10. Consequently, an azospermia and lack of germ cells in control birds was noticed,which confirm the testicular regression.In the treated groups, thiram delayed the refractory phase along the experimental period, but testicular weight were superior in the treated pigeons compared to the control during the last weeks. Treated pigeons had more dead spermatozoa compared to the control. Remarkably, abnormal sp...
Shafaq Fatima*, Sumrin Sahar and Khalid Lone
...e seasonal variations in gonadosomatic index (GSI) and profiles of sex steroids such as testosterone (T), 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT), estradiol-17β (E2), cortisol (C), progesterone (P) and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17α-HP) during annual reproductive cycle under semi-arid climate conditions. GSI increased during March concomitant with gradual increase in levels of T, P and 17α-HP. Highest values of these parameters were observe...
Zhen-li Li1,2, Hui-fang Zhou2,*, Bo-ru Zhou2, Bei Liu2, Xiao-fei Jiang2 and Jian-ya Xu2
...e the effect of BSZYF on gonadotropins and gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR) signaling transduction in mifepristone-induced LPD rats. To explore the effect of BSZYF on the pituitary in mifepristone-induced LPD rats, SD female rats were administered mifepristone suspension via oral gavage, followed by pharmaceutical intervention. Then, the serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) lev...
Iqra Bano1,*, Moolchand Malhi2, Pershotam Khatri3, Saeed Ahmed Soomro2, Hira Sajjad4, Ambreen Leghari5, Muhammad Awais2, Safia Kandhro6 and Shakeel Ahmed Lakho5 and Munaza Soomro7
Syeda Ain-ul-Batool1, Sadia1, Kathrin Blasius2,3,4, Angela Kaindl2,3,4 and Ghazanfar Ali1,*
...besity, polydactyly, hypogonadism, and renal abnormalities. Few additional features of BBS also include delayed motor development, clumsiness, anosomia, ataxia, hypodontia, hearing impairment, hirschsprung disease, cardiovascular and liver disorders. So far 21 genes are reported that cause BBS (BBS1-BBS21). A consanguineous family having clinical symptoms of BBS9 is described in current study. Mutation was detected in BBS9 on chromosome 7p14.3 using whole exom...
Arif Jan*, Abdul Rab, Haroon, Rooh Ullah, Tauheed Ullah and Ikram Ullah
Riaz Hussain Pasha1*, Muhammad Zubair Anjum2, Imran Ullah2, Muhammad Akram Khan3, Adnan Ali4, Saif-Ur-Rehman5, Sana Batool2 and Arslan Emmanuel2
...easonal variation in the gonads of Clupisoma garua was studied from the river Indus and its tributaries in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Northern Punjab, Pakistan. A total of 48 fishes of both sexes (n= 12 per season; 9 female and 3 male) were collected in different seasons of 2016-17. Preparatory phase of reproductive cycle was observed in spring with having thick tunica albuginea and rapid spermatogenesis in testes while appearance of cortical alveoli or yolk vesic...
Olufisayo Bamidele* and Safiriyu Idowu Ola
Derya Kocamaz* and Elif Oruc
...more toxic effect on the gonad of tilapia compared to individual pesticide exposures. In addition, the depuration period of 7 days was not adequate to eliminate the toxic effects of these insecticides.
...
Khayyam1*, Muhammad Zahid1, Naiz Ali2 and Qadeem Khan3
...nts. Prolactin and serum gonadotropin showed fluctuations in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis patients but in Grave’s disease patients only the gonadotropins showed abnormal values while prolactin was in the normal range. The study suggests that autoimmune thyroid diseases effect the pituitary-hypothalamic axis which needs to be further investigated to find the mechanism underlying it.
...
Mikail Arslan1, Orhan Yilmaz2, Bahattin Cak2* and Ahmet Fatih Demirel2
...IU eCG (equine chorionic gonadotropin) was administered intramuscularly at sponges withdrawal. Rams remained with the ewes for 3-day from the start of estrus. Estrus rate, lambing rate and litter size were 96.00, 87.50% and 1.70 lamb/doe; 92.35, 85.20 and 1.50 lamb/doe; 78.92, 58.38 and 1.43 lamb/doe for summer, spring and winter seasons, respectively. Survival rates at weaning, birth and weaning weights of lambs were 86.44%, 3.11kg and 17.85kg; 72.80%, 3.24kg...
Fan Sigang1, Guo Yihui1* and Xu Youhou2
...regulatory mechanisms of gonadal maturation in scallop is critical in the aquacultural industry. Here, gonads in maturing stage were obtained from noble scallops and sequenced using an Illumina high-throughput sequencer, producing 6.68 and 6.70 Gb of data for the ovary and testis, respectively. Reproduction-related genes, including vasa, nanos, and vitellogenin, and sex-determining genes, such as FoxL2, Dmrt, and sox9, were ...
Shazia Rasheed1*, Javed Mustaquim2 and Khalil Hasni1
...amining the condition of gonads (physiological) in both sexes of Portunus pelagicus. During the study it was observed that the physiological and functional maturities occur almost at the same size which was from 68 to 75 mm short carapace width or 86 to 94 mm long carapace width. Male P. pelagicus matures earlier than the females. The size at which females attains full sexual maturity is 74-86 mm short carapace width (or 93 to 108 mm long carapac...
Faiqah Ramzan1,2,*, Irfan Zia Qureshi2 and Muhammad Haris Ramzan3
...hat govern the pituitary-gonadal-axis. However, in sexually immature male mammals, the maturation of gonads is not clear yet. The current study tested the hypothesis that continuous kisspeptin administration suppresses gonadotropin and testosterone release and spermatogenesis. Intraperitoneal kisspeptin administration was carried out in 05 weeks old prepubertal male Sprague Dawley rats, tw...
Song Jiang1,2,3, Ming-ge Zhuang1,2,3, Fa-lin Zhou1,2, Qi-bin Yang1, Jian-hua Huang1, Li-shi Yang1 and Shi-gui Jiang1*
...evaluated by testing the gonad weight increase rate, eggs amount, average spawning time and levels of VTG mRNA expression. The results showed that P. tschiliensis, as a closely related terrestrial species of N. succinea, had the best effect on maturation of parent shrimps. The highest gonad weight increase rate of 1845.28% and the largest consecutive spawning rate with average value of 70.66% were both in group...
Tian Tian, Lili Luo*, Haiyan Wang and Lei Wang
... β- human chorionic gonadotropin and progesterone monitoring on the treatment of ectopic pregnancy with methotrexate combined with mifepristone. One hundred and eighty patients with ectopic pregnancy were included in the study, all of whom were treated with methotrexate combined with mifepristone tablets. According to the treatment results, they were divided into treatment success group and the treatment failure group, each containing with 90 cases. The l...
Funda Turan1*, Ihsan Akyurt2 and Sehriban Cek-Yalniz1
...ract on sex reversal and gonadal development were also examined at the end of 120 days.At the end of experiment, highest feminization (89%) was observed at 50 mg L-1 red clover group. Morphological and histological examinations of the gonads in all groups revealed no intersex fish. Histological examination of fish treated with red clover extract revealed no damage to the testes or ovaries. Therefore, this study su...
Xiaoyun He1, Yongfu La2, Jinxin Wang1, Ran Di1, Qiuyue Liu1, Xiangyu Wang1, Wenping Hu1 and Mingxing Chu1*
...y hormone that regulates gonadal function by Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis (HPGA) in vertebrates. FSHR has the function of transmitting follicle-stimulating growth biological information in animal breeding activities. In this study, we analyzed the structure of FSHR gene’s promoter, expression regulation and the correlation between polymorphism with fecundity. The results show that it is highly possible th...
Nacira Djabali1*, Souad Dougat2, Wahida Haddadi2 and Lamis Fadhli2
...thyl ether (EGME) on the gonadotropic axis and semen biology in the rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus. Thirty adult male rabbits were divided into three groups (n = 10): a control group and 2 groups treated with EGME. The solvent was applied at two increasing doses: 50 ppm and 150 ppm for five successive weeks, orally. The level of the circulating gonadotropin hormones luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hor...
Semra Okur Gumusova1, Gul Fatma Yarim2, Cuneyt Tamer1,*, Ayris Salt2 and Gokhan Inat3
...to IPNV in rainbow trout gonad cell line-2 (RTG-2). For this purpose, IPNV was inoculated in RTG-2. Then, media of IPNV infected cell and media of negative control were collected (n=3) for each incubation time (0, 8, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations were measured by the spectrophotometric methods. Data obtained revealed higher MDA levels in IPNV infected cells ...
Dharti Shahnawaz Thebo1*, Naeem Tariq Narejo2, Muhammad Hanif Chandio3, Faheem Saddar4, Shahnaz Rashid5, Asma Fatima5 and Ghulam Abbas5
...g size, somatic index of gonads and productive potential (fecundity) was considered of the fish under study. Size of the egg increased from March (0.81 mm) to May (1.05 mm) with one spawning peak in May. Somatic index percentage of gonads in both sexes also increased simultaneously from 0.95% (March) to 1.2% (May) for male, and from 3.18% (March) to 5.1% (May) for female. The value of both factors reflects that the fish poss...
Khaled El-Kholy1*, Yaser Rizk2, Mohamed El-Helbawy1, Eman El-Said1
Abdul Malik Ahmed, Bhargav Bhushan Nath, Ayub Ali, Jiten Sarma, Bipul Phukan, Imtiaz Ahmed* and Jyotirmoyee Das
Lukman Affandhy*, Muchamad Luthfi*, Yeni Widyaningrum, Dian Ratnawati, Mutia Primananda
Abd El-Nasser Ahmed Mohammed*, Aiman Al Mufarji and Sultan Alawaid
...f preantral follicles is gonadotropin-independent whereas growth of antral follicles is gonadotropin-dependent. Changes occur during these stages in mammalian ovarian follicles to prepare the oocyte for successful maturation, fertilization and further embryonic development. The changes enable the zygotes to overcome maternal zygotic transition stage and follow their developmental competence to fetus. The changes were affecte...
Abhishek Pandit1, Suman Poudel2, Manish Gautam3* and Shambhu Shah4
Maha Mostafa1, Sohail Soliman1, Reham I. Mohamed2 and Wael M. El-Sayed1*
...weight and decreased the gonad weight in both sexes. It drastically affected the histology of testes and ovaries, causing a reduction in the sperm count and motility with a parallel reduction in the acid phosphatase activity. It also directly reduced the concentration of free testosterone and estradiol in both sexes without any apparent effect on LH or FSH hormones. It increased the total cholesterol in males only and elevated the triacylglycerols and glucose ...
Shabana Parveen1*, Naeem Tariq Narejo2, Ayaz Hussain Qadri1, Ghulam Dastagir3, Muhammad Hanif Chandio4, Pervaiz Khan4, Faheem Saddar5, Naveed Ahmad Abro6, Shahnaz Rashid7 and Ghulam Abbas7
... justify;">Fecundity and gonadal periodicity of Channa striata from River Indus, near Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan was examined from 240 samples (120 for each sex) during October 2020 to September 2021.The experimental fish was procured from the commercial catch of local fisher community. The investigations were based on estimation of fecundity and its relationship with other body parameters, variation in egg size and calculation of gonad...
Nam Thanh Nguyen1,2,3, Linh Manh Ha4, Anh Thi Nguyen5, Nam Hoang Chu5, Hau Duc Tran5, Hung Phuc Nguyen5 and Thuy Thi Ta6*
...owing females undergoing gonad depletion of the two sexes during their spawning season. The condition factors of both sexes were higher in the wet season when water temperature and food availability are higher. Female fish seemed to be more sensitive to environmental changes. The high value of the condition factors was shown for fish 9.9‒12.8 cm in total length (slightly larger than the optimum size of 11.48). Based on these findings, for a sustainable explo...
Beenish Shahid1* and Muhammad Ijaz Khan2
... IU/ml), human chorionic gonadotrophin (2 IU/ml) and insulin (0.12 IU/ml) alone or together in different combinations at intervals of 8, 16 and 24 h of incubation period during in vitro maturation on buffalo oocyte. The supplementation of TCM-199 with E2+rhFSH showed a highly significant increase in the diameter and maturation of oocytes (P<0.0001), as a greater number of the oocytes progressed to the metaphase II stage, and a lower proportion of the oocyte...
Shazia Rasheed1,*, Ehsan Ullah Mengal1, Robina Manzoor2 and Azra Bano1
...dy of sexual maturity by gonadal development, fecundity and gonado-somatic uidex (GSI) of Portunus segnis from Balochistan, Pakistan. The size at sexual maturity attained by the study of gonads, showed that the smallest mature male had 76 mm short carapace width (SCW) in size and the largest male immature crab had 90 mm SCW. In case of female smallest mature crab had 70 mm SCW, while...
Sumbul Zulfiqar and A.G. Rizwana*
...us (Bloch, 1793) two new gonad infectingPhilometra sp. were identified as Philometra pakistanii and Philometra maculati. ...
Sri Rahayu*, Muhaimin Rifa’i and Widodo
... is important for female gonad development, ovulation cycle mechanisms, ovarian follicle growth, and female fertility....
Md. Abdullah Al-Mamun1,2, Al-Mamun2,3, Sanjay Kumar Mohanta2,3, Md. Farhan Tazim2,3, Mohammed Rashed Parvej 2,3, Md. Sharif Uddin2,3, Suman Barua1,2 and Liu Qun1*
...Monthly variation in the gonadosomatic index (GSI) values and histological observations has revealed two spawning peaks, in spring (April-May) and fall (September). The maximum GSI has accounted to 4.70±1.45 and 5.01±1.75, which corresponded to warmer water temperature 29.68ºC±0.60 in April and 29.72ºC±0.28 in May, respectively, over the Bay of Bengal. At 50% sexual maturity (Lm), males mature at standard length of 145 mm ...
Omar Berkani1*, Souheila Slimani2, Nora Sakhraoui3 and Cherif Abdennour1
... followed by spontaneous gonadal regression up to week 10. Azoospermia in control birds was noticed, with a significant increase in FT4 level and a fall of flying feathers in the 8th and 10th weeks, which assert the testicular regression. Compared to the control, CYP1 and CYP2 increased the testicular weights significantly during the last weeks by delaying the refractory phase until the end of the experimental period, while most of spermatozoa were malformed o...
Pankaj Gargotra1, Judith Betsy C1*, Cheryl Antony2 and Stephen Sampath Kumar J3
...90 days. Fecundity, GSI, gonad histology, hormone (cortisol and progesterone) variations, breeding performance and growth parameters were recorded. Significant differences in the growth and breeding performance of female brooder under different treatments were noted. Among the selected vitamins, incorporation of vitamin C at 150 mg /kg of diet resulted in maximum mean weight gain (2.51 ± 0.043 g), mean weight gain percentage (70.74 ± 1.219), mean...
Ali Bouzekri1,2*, Souheila Slimani1,2, Meryem Nassar1,2, Souad Zaaboub3 and Nora Sakhraoui1
... followed by spontaneous gonadal regression up to week 10. But testicular weights were superior in TT pigeons compared to the control during all experiments. However, the administration of SPT has suppressed gonadal growth and delayed photo-refractoriness. Sex hormones levels revealed a significant increase in LH and FSH levels in all groups compared to controls. However, a significant depletion in testosterone levels. Never...
Hafizuddin1, Sri Wahyuni2, Tongku Nizwan Siregar1*, Amalia Sutriana3, Ririn Triyuliani4, Siti Hanyyah Herviani4, Muhammad Farhan Syuhada4, Nur Salimah4, Muharni Mardiah Eriswandi4, Ratu Permata Ayu4, Putroe Hayatun Nufus4
...y;">Superovulation using gonadotropin hormones are characterized by several limitations, leading to a wide variation in the resultant response. To overcome these limitations, several studies have recommended the use of bovine pituitary extract (BPE) as an effective alternative in improving animal reproduction. Therefore, this study aims to determine the ovarian and hormonal responses of local rabbits after superovulation induction with BPE. The sample comprise...
Muhammad Ramzan Ali1*, Hasina Basharat2, Aziz Ahmed1, Mubeen Fakhar1 and Shamim Akhter2
...tric characters. Monthly gonadosomatic index of male and female Clarias gariepinus was lower in male as compare to female fish. Milt volume of male African catfish was directly related to its body weight. It was seen that by increasing weight of male African catfish the milt volume, motility, motility duration and sperm concentration also increased. The relationship of fecundity with total weight was linear and positive, while reverse relationship was observed...
Shimaa R. Hamam, Reham A. El-shafei, Nani N. Abdelaziz, Magdy S. Amer
...tate of compensatory hypogonadism. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to assess the potential effects of ginseng or sandalwood, as a natural remedy, on the previously documented negative effects of ibuprofen on male fertility. For this study, twenty-four male were employed. Four groups of six rats each were used: the control group received no medication, while the other three groups received oral doses of ibuprofen (40 mg/kg/day), ginseng (500 mg/kg b...
Tamadhur H. Hussein1, Zainab M.A. Alrubayei2, Tahreer M. Al-Thuwaini1*
...alamus, which influences gonadotropin neurons. This study aimed to determine whether thyroid hormones are associated with litter size. A total of 100 healthy, sexually mature ewes, aged 3 to 4 years, participated in the research. The ewes were divided into three groups: non-pregnant ewes (28), pregnant ewes with singletons (42), and pregnant ewes with twins (30). Blood samples were collected from the sheep and analyzed for hormone levels after collection. The ...
N. M. Abed
...lis protects thyroid and gonadal function from NiCl2 and CCl4. In order to assess the protective impact of propolis extract against NiCl2 and CCl4, 80 adult male albino rats were divided into eight groups including control group, the propolis-treated group, the NiCl2-treated group, the CCl4-treated group, the NiCl2 and propolis-treated group and the CCl4 and propolis-treated group. Blood-based ELISA kits were applied to determine T3, T4, TSH, LH, FSH and testo...
Bushra Shaikh1*, Naeem Tariq Narejo2, Faheem Saddar3, Muhammad Hanif Chandio4, Majida Parveen Narejo5, Urooj Imtiaz2, Athar Mustafa Laghari4, Ghulam Abbas5 and Shahnaz Rashid5
...between 0.55-1.0 mm, the gonadosomatic index (GSI) values were also from to be increasing from 0.71-6.5% and from 0.82-10.28% for both the sexes. These values remained high during April to August. It indicated that the fish spawned once in a year in July. Outcomes of egg estimation during the examination depended on 10 matured B. bagarius from Manchar Lake. Fecundity ranged between 260-554 eggs. Least egg estimation 260 was detected from fish of 41.8cm and 88....
