Abiodun D. Olabode
...demarcated forty-sampled quadrats from both irrigated and non-irrigated farms. Information on socio-economic activities of the rice farmers, level of rice yield, agricultural practices for rice production and farm management techniques employed in the study area were observed. The study employed simple percentages to analyse the farmers’ responses; while regression model established significant relationships between rice yield and farm management methods...
Mehreen Zaidullah and Hina Fatima
... the significance of the quadratic variables in the model except for the Oils’ group. The presence of these shifts have been proved in Pakistan and hence there are other factors as well like urbanization that causing these shifts in food demand, apart from the changes in expenditures and the relative prices. Hence, agricultural import and export, and farm related policies should be made harmonious with the changing population statistics and pacing urbani...
Haji Muhammad, Zafar Iqbal* and Saira Saleemi
Burhan Azam1, Muhammad Naeem Tahir2,*, Faisal Shahzad2, Abdul Ghaffar3, Ghulam Abbas4, Madiha Gohar5 and Saima1
...P>0.05) any linear or quadratic trends with increasing level of enzyme in the diet. Milk protein concentration linearly (P<0.001) increased with increasing level of enzyme in the diets. It is concluded that fibrolytic enzyme addition in the diets of lactating Nili Ravi buffaloes improves the dry matter intake and diet digestibility which results in improved milk production.
... 
Mohammad Umar Farooq1*, Sarfaraz Ahmad2, Ghulam Nabi1, Ijaz Ali1 and Imtiaz Ahmad1
...f ADC one m 2 quadrate methods, weighed and then oven dried at 60 oC to find out the dry weight for above pytomass carbon Mg C ha-1 (Brown and Lugo, 1982). Similarly, the same 1 m2 quadrate area was dug up to the depth of root zone for each grass and the root portion was separated, weighed, oven dried at 60 Co for estimating below ground pytomass carbon Mg C ha-1
Talat Bilal Yasoob and Nasir Ali Tauqir*
...r and finisher phases. A quadratic response was also observed on the performance of broilers during starter phase. However, a linear effect was seen for feed consumption during finisher phase while quadratic effect was observed for weight gain and FCR in boilers fed different levels of DEB and sodium. At 28 day of age percent thigh meat yield, breast meat yield and abdominal fat yield were significantly better in broilers fe...
Saleem Abid1*, Nasir Jamal2, Muhammad Zubair Anwar3 and Saleem Zahid4
Ayesha Tahir*
FORECASTING CITRUS EXPORTS IN PAKISTAN
...of the present study was quadratic trend model. Forecasting was done from 2012 to 2016.The forecasted export quantities are 1643.13, 1854.03, 2077.80, 2314.46 and 2564.00 thousand tons and forecasted export values are 673.67, 782.34, 898.57, 1022.35 and 1153.68 thousand dollars. Forecasted values are very close to actual values and have positive increasing trend in Pakistan....
Sobia Naheed*, Irum Raza*, M. Zubair Anwar*, Nusrat Habib*, Naheed Zahra* and Sabeen Siddiqui*
FORECASTING AREA AND PRODUCTION OF BARLEY IN PUNJAB, PAKISTAN
...2011. Four models namely quadratic trend, linear trend, exponential growth curve and double exponential smoothing were compared and the best fitting model was chosen by reason of three accuracy measures namely mean absolute deviation (MAD), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), and mean squared deviation (MSD). The values of these
measures were lowest for the double exponential smoothing method, therefore, this method was selected for predict...
Saqib Shakeel Abbasi*, Ayesha Tahir**, Irum Raza* Saleem Abid* and Muhammad Nisar Khan*
TREND ANALYSIS AND FORECASTING OF WHEAT AND RICE IN PAKISTAN
...were linear trend model, quadratic trend model, exponential growth model and S-curve model. The minimum values of Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) and Mean Squared Deviation (MSD) have been acquired and then the forecasting was made for the best fitted model with minimum error. Five year average prices for the individual crop(s) were also calculated to observe the past trend. The study demonstrates that for wheat and rice (B...
Naheed Zahra*, Nadeem Akmal*, Sobia Naheed*, Nusrat Habib*, Sabeen Siddiqui* and Irum Raza*
TREND ANALYSIS OF RICE AREA AND YIELD IN PUNJAB
...rors of accuracy measure quadratic model was selected. The estimated results revealed that there is an increasing trend in the area and yield of rice in Punjab. The area of rice was 276800 ha in 2012 and would be 2934280 ha in 2016. Likewise results about yield indicated that it was -1 -1 2438kg ha in 2012 and would be 2678kg ha in 2016. This increasing trend will provide a great opportunity for rice export from the country....
Saleem Abid*, Anum Fatima*, Sobia Naheed*, Asrar Sarwar** and Muhammad Nisar Khan*
DOUBLE EXPONENTIAL FORECASTING MODEL FOR DATES PRODUCTION IN PAKISTAN
...ve models (linear trend, quadratic trend , exponential growth , s-curve and moving average) for estimating predicted values of area and production of dates for upcoming seven years. The estimated values of area and production represent increasing trend were 2.2, 93.8, 95.5, 97.2, 98.0, 100.6 and 102.3 '000' hectares and 548.5, 556.0, 563.5, 571.0, 578.5, 585.9 and 593.4 '000' tonnes from 2013-14 to 2019-20, respectively ....
Mohammad Umar Farooq* , Sarfraz Ahmad ** , Mohammad Islam and Imtiaz Ahmad Qamar ***
ASSESSING THE STATUS OF CARBON POOL IN TWO RANGELAND GRASSES ( ) IN POTHWAR, REGION, PAKISTAN
...th the help of ADC one m quadrat method, weighed and then oven dried at 60 C to find out the dry weight for above phytomass carbon Mg C ha . Similarly, the one m quadrats were dig out up to the root level for each grass and separated the root portion and weighed, oven dried at 60 C for below ground phytomass carbon Mg C ha estimation. Carbon pool in above ground phytomass was 1.16 Mg C ha while below ground phytomass, 0.29 M...
Mohammad Javad Golmohammadi1, Hamid Reza Mohammaddoust Chamanabad1*, Bijan Yaghoubi2 and Mostafa Oveisi3
...rowing 0.5m × 0.5m quadrat to count existing genus and species of weeds. According to the results, the highest frequency was related to weed species of Echinochloa crusgalli (96.9%), Paspalum distichum (78.8%) and Eclipta prostrate (51.8%). Cyperaceae and Poaceae families showed the highest frequency with 13 species (20%) and 8 species (12%), respectively. The RC of E. crusgalli had the highest dominance (51.4%) after rice harvesting in the fields of G...
Muhammad Furqan1, Usman Ali1,*, Anjum Ara1, Muhammad Mudassar Shahzad2, Muhammad Siddique Awan3, Riaz Aziz Minhas3, Khawaja Basharat Ahmad3, Qamar Zaman Qamar4 and Naeem Iftikhar Dar5
...d habitat analysed using quadrat method. Mongoose was distributed with average population density of 9.8 animal/km2, with highest (17.8 animal/Km2) density at Kalyal and lowest (3.5 animal/km2) at Panyam. Most favored altitudinal range was 450 m to-550 m (asl). Population density was the highest (12 animals/km2) in October and lowest (7.4 animals/km2) in May. Dominant vegetation included Acacia nilotica...
Wen Chao Liu1,2, Kwan Sik Yun3 and In Ho Kim2,*
... HDL cholesterol levels (quadratic, P=0.074). Furthermore, the relative weight of bursa of Fabricius was increased by supplementation with 1,3-DAG (quadratic, P<0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation of different levels of 1,3-DAG in broilers diets could improve the growth performance, modify blood lipid profile and promote the development of bursa of Fabricius.
...
Chen-Yu Sun, Wen-Chao Liu*, Mei Xiao, Zhi-Hui Zhao and Li-Long An*
...g, the BWG was improved (quadratic, P<0.05), whereas the FCR was decreased (linear, P<0.01). During d 14-28, dietary supplementation of graded level of betaine had no significant effects on BWG, feed intake and FCR (P>0.05). Overall (d 1-28), there was a quadratic increase in BWG (P<0.05) and a linear decrease in FCR (P<0.01) with increasing betaine supplementation. In addition, dietary supplementation with di...
Zekeriya Demir1 and Hatice Kaya2*
...affected the egg weight (quadratic), yolk index (linear), Haugh unit and albumen index (cubically). On the other hand, supplemental bee pollen linearly decreased cholesterol, triglyceride and P values and linearly increased Mg value in the serum parameters. However, the other serum parameters were not affected by the treatment. In conclusion, supplementation of bee pollen during the study period improved the feed conversion ratio and decreased serum cho...
Nadeem Munawar1,2*, Tariq Mahmood2, Paula Rivadeneira1, Ali Akhter2 and Saqib Mehmood2
... was conducted using the quadrate method to record the vegetation around rodents’ active burrows at field boundaries. The dominant wild vegetation included Cynodon dactylon, Saccharum griffithii, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Dichanthium annulatum, Desmostachya bipinnata, Imperata cylindrical, Ziziphus nummularia, Achyranthes aspera, Calotropis procera, Sorghum halepense and Capparis deciduas. This vegetation supported the year-ro...
Asif Ali Khan*, Laiq Hassan*, Salim Ullah*
OPEN MP-BASED PARALLEL AND SCALABLE GENETIC SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT
...y of the SW algorithm is quadratic. It is imperative to
use parallelism and distributed computing techniques in order to speed up this process. In this paper, we discuss and
evaluate an OpenMP based implementation of SW algorithm. All the experiments have been performed on a Linux
based multi-core machine thereby reducing the overall complexity of the SW algorithm from quadratic to linear. The
res...
use parallelism and distributed computing techniques in order to speed up this process. In this paper, we discuss and
evaluate an OpenMP based implementation of SW algorithm. All the experiments have been performed on a Linux
based multi-core machine thereby reducing the overall complexity of the SW algorithm from quadratic to linear. The
res...
Abdul Hameed1*, Ihtsham ul Haq Padda2 and Abdul Salam3
Estimating Food Consumption Patterns in Pakistan by Using Ideal Demand System
...6 data and the nonlinear quadratic almost ideal demand system. The paper finding shows that demand for most commodity items except for fruit, meat, sugar and other products is less than unit elastic to expenditure elasticity at the country and regional levels. Cross price elasticity assessment demonstrates that the most nutritious food items, such as fruit, milk and meat, are complementary products as compared to wheat, pulse and vegetables in Pakistan as well...
Nasir Rashid1,2*, Javaid Iqbal1,2, Umar Shahbaz Khan1,2, Mohsin Islam Tiwana1,2 and Amir Hamza1,2
...ts has been exhibited by quadratic multiclass SVM (Q-mSVM) in terms of classification accuracy. The technique shows average accuracy percentage of 78.48% and maximum accuracy of 88.19% for one of the subjects. The proposed method has shown superior experimental results as compared to the previous studies using the same dataset for calculating multi-class classification accuracy.
...
Shakeel Ahmed Soomro1,2, Sikandar Almani3, Lal Bux4, Khalil Ahmed Ibupoto2, Muhammad Sohail Memon2, Farman Ali Chandio2, Shakeel Hussain Chattha2, Zaheer Ahmed Khan2, Zubair Ahmed Soomro5,Babar Mustafa Ansari6 and Kunjie Chen1*
...ters. The suitability of quadratic model for present study was described by the responses having acceptable R2 and Adj. R2 values, non-significance of lack of fit which compares residual to pure error and significance of analysis of variance which is essential for testing the applicability of the model. Predicted optimum temperature and time were 63 ºC and 142.5 min respectively and predicted length, width, thickness, TKW, bulk densi...
Junyan Bai1,2, Ren Tao Di Wu2, Le Ma Dao2, Di Bao2, Qiang Zhang2 and Xing Hua Tian3
... wool fineness to age is quadratic regression equation: Y=15.971+0.409X-0.008X2, the fitting degree is 0.983, the fitting effect is very good. The best regression equation of female camel’s wool fineness to age is also a quadratic regression equation: Y=15.597+0.564X-0.030X2, the fitting degree is 0.873, the fitting effect is better.
...
Junyan Bai1*, Zhihao Dong1, Rentaodi Wu2, Lema Dao2, Di Bao2, Qiang Zhang2, Xinghua Tian3 and Hui Cao1
Shorouk Aladdin Helmy1, Hossam Mahrous Ebeid2*, Mohamed Ahmed Hanafy1, Adel Eid Mohamed Mahmoud1, Reham Roshdy Ali El-tanany1
...d significant linear and quadratic decreases for total gas production (TGP), ml and TGP, g/kg DM with zeolite. Moreover, zeolite has increased (P = 0.013) in dDM at 5% zeolite, but has decreased NH3-N concentration (P = 0.009) with the cottonseed ration. Bentonite rations had quadratically increased (P = 0.01) in NH3-N concentrations, but the TGP (ml) and TGP (g/kg DM) were linearly decreased with bentonite addition but line...
Madiha Khalil1, Amjad Farooq1, Asim Faraz2*, Abdul Waheed2, Nasir Ali Tauqir3, Riaz Hussain Mirza2 and Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq2
...ge of animal (linear and quadratic effects) and lactation period were fitted as co-variables. Dependent variables were lactation performance traits (lactation milk yield, dry period, etc.). The results of all traits showed that the year of calving had a highly significant (p<0.01) effect on lactation length, month of calving and parity. Lactation milk yield was significantly affected by year of calving (p<0.01) and month of calving (p<0.05) while pari...
Ramadan Sary, Asmaa M. Ibrahium*
...of face formed of nasal, quadrate bone, zygomatic, palatine, vomer, premaxillary, maxillary and ethmoid. The cranium and viscerocranium demarcated from each other by orbital cavities. The mandible composed of five ill distinguished bones; dental, splenial, angular, supra angular, and the articular.
Keywords | Egyptian owl, Skull, Morphology, Radiology, Computerized tomography
...
Shou-Dong Zhang1,2,3, Dao-Xin Liu1,2, Dan Mou1, Tong-Zuo Zhang2, Jian-Ping Su2 and Jiu-Xiang Xie1*
...caches and inside nearby quadrats of zokor burrow systems on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Based on human volunteer taste-testing, or assignment using the Chinese Materia Medica Monographs, we divided the collected plant species into four different taste groups (sweet, bitter, other-taste, and tasteless) and then compared Ei values to determine whether plant taste can affect zokor diet selection. A total of 124 burrow systems were analyzed and 103 plants were use...
Farid S. Nassar1,2, Abdulaziz M. Alsahlawi3, Ahmed O. Abbas1,2*, Abdulaziz A. Alaqil1, Nancy N. Kamel4, Abdelwahab M. Abdelwahab1,5
...o explore the linear and quadratic contrasts of increasing the BSFL levels on all the parameters. The results of this study showed a linear improvement (p < 0.05) in the egg production (by 3.38 percent points than control), egg weight (by 1.54 g than control), feed conversion (by 20% than control), and egg quality traits, such as Haugh unit, yolk color, shell strength, and shell thickness, with the increase in the BSFL inclusion levels into the layer diets....
Farid S. Nassar1,2, Abdulaziz M. Alsahlawi3, Mohammad A. Al-Mahaish4, Ahmed O. Abbas1,2*, Abdulaziz A. Alaqil1, Nancy N. Kamel5
...o explore the linear and quadratic effects of increasing the MWM levels into the broiler diets. The results of this study showed a linear increase (p < 0.05) in the final body weight, body weight gain, carcass weight, dressing, and meat yellowness (b*) of broilers as the dietary MWM level increased. In addition, linear and quadratic increasing yields of liver, abdominal fats, and intestines were recorded with the increase...
Chun Ik Lim, Hyeon Kwon Kim, Kang Nyeong Heo, Are Sun You, Hyo Jun Choo*
...iet. FGP supplementation quadratically (P < 0.05) increased serum total protein (TP) level. Aspartate amino transferase (AST), cholesterol (CHOL), and triglyceride (TG) concentrations were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in the FGP2.0 group than in the CON group. Serum IL-2 level was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the FGP2.0 group than in the CON group, although IL-6 level showed no significant difference. These findings suggest that dietary su...
Abdullah*, Imtiaz Khan, Muhammad Ishfaq Khan, Muhammad Ibrahim and Muhammad Fawad
...a of district Karak. The quadrate method was used to determine the relative weed density. The data were recorded on density (%), relative density (%), frequency (%), relative frequency (%) and importance value of weed species. The present findings revealed that Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav., Carthamus oxycantha M. Bieb., Medicago denticulata Willd., Anagallis arvensis, Lathyrus aphaca L. Euphorbia helioscopia L., Convolvulus arvensis L., Cyprus rotundus, Vicia s...
Komal Javed1, Sohaib Muhammad1*, Zarghaam Khan1, Sehar Fatima1, Hassan Nawaz1, Mahrukh1, Tahira Khalid1 and Shariat Ullah2
...domly with the help of a quadrat method (1m2). For each crop, sixty quadrats were taken from each village i.e., twenty quadrats from each selected site. The data was gathered after every fifteen days during the course of crop. For the determination of Importance Value Index (IVI) percentage frequency, density and percentage cover were determined. A total of 19 families were present in all ...
Zeyad Kamal Imari
...s of dietary calcium had quadratic impact on calcium, phosphorus, and ALP (Alkaline Phosphatase) levels in the serum (p=0.027; p<0.0001 and p=0.0006 respectively). The ash, calcium and phosphorus content of tibia were showed non-linear responses (p<0.0001) when the dietary calcium reduced from 1.4% to 0.4%. Lower calcium in the diet non-linearly increases (p<0.05) dressing percentage and relative weight of the breast and leg. The results also showed t...
Farid S. Nassar1,2, Osama A. El-Sayed3, Saidi Ouassaf4, Ahmed O. Abbas1,2*
...lore the linear and quadratic trends of the FS increasing levels in broiler diets. The overall amount of feed consumed was unaffected by the FS diets. Still, increasing dietary FS levels enhanced the broilers’ final weights, gains, and feed-to-gain ratios (p < 0.05). As the dietary FS levels increased in broiler diets, weights for the carcass yield, breast, liver, and spleen increased substantially (p < 0.05). The plasma total protein and trii...
ATEEQUE RAHMAN KHOOHARO* & PIRZADA JAMALUDDIN A. SIDDIQUI
Floral and edaphic data recorded from Sahiwal District, Pakistan analyzed by multivariate techniques
*ARIFA ZEREEN1, ALMAS JAHAN1,SHEIKH SAEED AHMAD2 & ZAHEER-UD-DIN KHAN3
...data obtained from forty quadrats was compiled. Thirty eight plant species belonging to twenty one families were recorded. TWINSPAN bifurcated the flora of entire study zone into two main communities that had been again separated into smaller i.e., sub communities. Canonical correspondence analysis recognized the relation of vegetation assembly to underlying environmental factors. This correlation was studied by CANOCO analysis. In the Canonical correspondence...
Farrukh Hussain1, Sajid Aziz1, Gul Hassan2, Khalid Aziz1 and Sapna Raisham1
...re analyzed using 10, 1m2quadrats in duplicate for the identification and determining phytosociological features. The study revealed 56 weed species distributed among 42 genera and 23 families in the area. Dryopteris fragrans was the only pterodophyte. There were 2 families, 6 genera and 9 species of monocots. Dicots had 35 genera, 46 species and 20 families. Based on the floristic and FIV data Poaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Cyperaceae, Papilionaceae, Euph...
Shabana Mangi1, Waheed Ali Panhwar1, Abdul Manan Shaikh1, G. Sarwar Solangi2, Khalid Hussain Rind3, Nazir Ahmed Abro4, Zaibun-nisa Memon1, Gul Hafeeza Lund1 and Paras Somroo1
..., 1st to 3rd antennomers quadrates, clypeus bigonal, legs lengthened, tarsi denticated, 5 claws on tarsi, meta tarsi slightly smooth. Male genitalia (aedeagus) is wider than longer, base broader, lateral lobe of parameres slightly bigonal, lateral margins with golden hairs, median lobe of parameres broad at base, rapidly narrowing apically, hairs like structure view from the ventral aspects. The instant discovery will help the growers and technical personals t...
Haroon Khan1*, M. Mubassir Khan1, Bakhitar Gul1, M. Fawad1 and Imtiaz Khan1
...eld, and orchards with a quadrate randomly thrown 50 times at different locations. A total of 39 weeds species from 16 families (14 dicots and 2 monocots) and 36 genera were identified. The major monocot family Poaceae contributed 10 species while among dicots, Asteraceae took the lead with 6 species. Among the weed species, 27 were annual and the rest 12 were perennial. Annuals were reported from all three sites, while perennials were found in the non-field a...
Naeema Khatoon Khaskheli1 , Muzafar Hussain Sirohi11, 2,*, Ameer Ahmed
Mirbahar1, Abdul Razak Mahar1, Mumtaz Ali Saand1, Mirza Hussain3
...es
using the quadrat method (60 quadrats/site). The species were identified and herbarium
samples were preserved in Herbarium, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, Sindh
Pakistan, for future reference. The species community composition, habit, and life span
were determined. The study confirmed 35 weed species belonging to 14 plant families. The
weed community was ...
Ashar Farooq1*, Farrukh Waheed1 and Asad Abbas Khan2
...t the transect lines and quadrat method was used to collect the vegetation parameters such as cover percent and forage production. Three transect lines, each of 100 m long, were stretched in the sample area. On each transect line, ten (10) equally spaced one meter square (1mx1m) quadrats were placed at a distance of 10 meters. Thus, 30 quadrats from the area were studied. The clipping of g...
M. INAYAT KHAN,R.A. SHAD,NASEER A. KHAN,ABDUL GHAFOOR
Ashar Farooq1 and Shakeel Ahmad2
...s were studied in square quadrats with area of 1 meter square. During data collection, the vegetation density, cover (%), relative density and species composition were determined. Secondary data regarding rehabilitation of degraded slopes were also collected. Results revealed that slope stabilization measures have significant positive effect on vegetation parameters. The statistics show that the cover percent at Asrait, Niam, Kullaly and Dabargai sites was 55....
Ch. Muhammad Muslim1, Hassan Sher2, Junaid Khan2, Shahid Hussain2, Ashfaq Ali2 and Atif Majeed3
...tus was obtained through quadrate method. The study reported 40 herbaceous medicinal plants belonging to 33 different angiosperm families used by local people to cure different ailments. Lamiaceae was represented by maximum number of 6 species followed by Apiaceae and Solancaceae represented by 4 species each. Alliaceae was represented by 3 species while Amaranthaceae, Asterceae, Brassicaceae, Fabaceae and Pllygonaceae were represented by 2 species each. All o...
Muhammad Farrukh Lateef1, Asad Abbas Khan2 and Muhammad Arif
...t method was applied and quadrat was used to collect the data. The study revealed that forage production was higher in summer season. The carrying capacity of the study area was higher in summer season, and carrying capacity was higher in reseeded range area than unseeded range area which shows that poor condition of the rangeland could be improved by reseeding techniques. ...
Ashar Farooq1; Farid Shah2; Saifullah Zahri2 and Samiullah Jaffar2
Syed Fazal Baqi Kakakhel
.... 10 sites plots 20mx20m quadrate size) were taken covering slopes, and altitudes, through transact walk with in the study area at approximately 200m (400 steps) distance. Soil samples were collected from the study area and thus investigated for climatic parameters. The results show that the climate of Utror valley is quite suitable and is fit for growth of Morels....
Sarfraz Hasan Dogar and Ashar Farooq
...nd unseeded areas. Forty quadrats (1x1m) i.e. 20 in seeded area and 20 in unseeded area were studied for forage yield determination. Data were statistically analyzed using t-test. Results revealed that forage production in seeded area was significantly higher than in the unseeded area (P<0.01). The forage production was about 5 times more in seeded area as compared to un-seeded area. As a result of re-seeding, the carrying capacity has also been increased. Th...
M. Al-Amin and M. Alamgir
...esh. A stratified random quadrat method was used to study the regeneration status. Total 143 seedlings and saplings of 39 species under 18 families were recorded in the sampled area Moraceae is the dominant family having 5 species followed by Anacardiaceae, Euphorbieaceae, Myrtaceae, Mimosaceae, Combretaceae and Verbenaceae (3 species each). Tectona grandis has the highest importance value index (31.05) followed by Gmelina arborea (16.05), Man...
Mahmood Nasir and Mohammad Noor
...tected area. Twenty 1 m2 quadrats were studied randomly in both the areas.
The cover percent (10%) and above ground biomass (216 kg/ha) of Chrysopogon aucheri were higher three times in protected area than that of unprotected area, but its density remained unchanged which shows that the species is a grazing resistant The cover percent (5%), above ground biomass (78 kg/ha) and density (3) of
Cymbopogon jawarancusa were higher in un-protecte...
Mian Muhammad Shafiq and Umeed Khalid
... 1998. 1x1 m3 quadrate sample was taken after every 10 m length and 2 m inside the plots with plots without trees, plot having trees on one side, trees in the whole field and trees in whole field with barbed wire/fence. The damage was observed in the plots with trees on two sides and in plots with trees and fenced sides. The damage observed was very minor i.e. 0.09% to 1.07%. It is concluded that damage to wheat crop by house sparrow is negligible a...
Kh. Rizwan Shehzad, Z. H. Malik and Rizwana Aleem Qureshi
...ion was sampled by using quadrates of 10x2m, 5x2m and 0.5x0.5m for trees, shrubs and herbs respectively. Density, frequency and coverage of each species in the different stands were recorded. It was changed to relative scales and then added together to get the importance value for each species in each stand. Communities were named after the 3 leading dominants. The following five communities were recognized: (I) Melia-Lantana-Stellaria, (II) Morus-Do...
Muhammad Rafique Sardar
...ed twenty semi-permanent quadrats (plot) of 1
sq.m area both in fall 1987 and spring 1988 were laid
out at six representative sites along 400 meter long
transect line running across the contours. Out of these,
60 were clipped for estimation of forage production and
60 were studied for vegetation characteristics in two
seasons. The study reveled that enclosure had positive
effects on range vegetation. Vegetation recovery was
remarkably rapid. The decrea...
Amjum Amin, Zafar Uddin, Rukhsana Roohi and Tayyab Jamil
...ecimal collapsible (ADC) quadrat in homogeneous stands of vegetation. Analysis of data resulted in four plant communities, i.e. Chrysopogon montanus, Heterioigib contortus, Desmostachya bipinnata, Desmostachya bipinnata, Saccharum spontaneum, Cymbopogonschoenanthus, Capparisdcidua and Chrysopogon montanus, Adhatoda vasica, Eleusine compressa. The communities were finally named by combining the physical and biological features....
Moin Uddin Ahmad and S. A. Qadir Dr.
...6 different locations by quadrat and plotless methods. Community attributes, maturity and homogeneity of every stand were studied. 10
communities were recognized on the basis of physiognomy, floristic composition and importance value index....
Maqsood Anwar, Shah Khalid and Naveed Akhtar1*
.../div>
total of 200 quadrats (square shaped) having size (1m × 1m) were placed in 20 randomly
selected wheat fields in the study area. Analytical quantitative characters like density,
frequency and cover were calculated for each weed species. Twenty weed communities were
established in 20 selected sites/stands. Comparative evaluation of diversity revealed
that Menhinick’s index ranged from 0.61 t...
Fatima Kanwal
...ns. For this purpose, 50 quadrats of 1m by 1m were randomly plotted and analyzed. Polygonaceae, Poaceae, and Chenopodiaceae were the most common families observed. A total of 14 different weed species belonging to 10 distinct families were identified. Goose grass (Elusine indica), Lambsquarters (Chenopodium album), and Black nightshade (Solanum nigram) accounted for 87% of the weeds and had densities of 1.82%, 1.82%, and 1.71%, respectively. Species of Amarant...
Muhammad Shahid Hassan1, Nargis Naz2, Hassan Raza Javeed1*, Sabahat Zafar1, Laraib Kanwal1, Seerat Mariyum1, Areej Fatima1, Areeba Bashir1 and Muhammad Imran Atta3
...was recorded by a random quadrate sampling method using the quadrate of 5 m2. Phyto-sociological attributes such as density, frequency, cover, relative density, relative frequency, relative cover, and importance values index were measured for each field. The importance value index and Simpson’s biodiversity index were also calculated. Weeds community in the study areas encompasses 18 weed species with 17 Genera and 11 ...
Fawad Ali1, 2, Gul Hassan2*, Naveed Akhtar3, Muhammad Jamal Babar3 and Ataullah Jan4
Saitul Fakhri1*, Heni Suryani2, Teja Kaswari1, Munawwaroh Pane1, Neneng Hariyati1, Dodi Rolis Limbong1, Anuraga Jayanegara3, Daniel Komwihangilo4
...teamed OPF resulted in a quadratic decrease in the NDF and ADF contents of OPF, while hemicellulose increased quadratically. A quadratic relationship was observed between the urea levels and either nutrient degradation or gas production in the rumen. Increasing the urea level in steamed OPF resulted in a linear increase in rumen NH3, MBO, and MN. The rate and total gas production in T3 wer...
