Improving the Nutritional Value and Rumen Fermentation Profile of Oil Palm Fronds by Autoclaving and Ammoniation with Different Levels of Urea
Improving the Nutritional Value and Rumen Fermentation Profile of Oil Palm Fronds by Autoclaving and Ammoniation with Different Levels of Urea
Saitul Fakhri1*, Heni Suryani2, Teja Kaswari1, Munawwaroh Pane1, Neneng Hariyati1, Dodi Rolis Limbong1, Anuraga Jayanegara3, Daniel Komwihangilo4
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to determine the optimal urea levels for ammoniated steamed oil palm fronds (OPF). Four treatments were evaluated, i.e., T1: ammoniated steamed OPF (control); T2, T1 + 1% urea; T3, T1 + 3% urea; and T4, T1 + 5% urea. Fresh OPF was steamed in an autoclave at 121°C and 1.4 atm pressure for 30 min. Steamed OPF was ammoniated with 1, 3, and 5% urea according to the treatments. After 10 days, the samples were dried, ground to a size of 1 mm, and analyzed for proximate parameters and fiber fractions. One gram of the sample from each treatment group was incubated with buffered rumen fluid at 39°C for 72 h. Gas production was measured after incubation for 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36, 48, 62, and 72 h. pH, NH3, organic matter degradation (OMD) and microbial yield (MBO) were measured at the end of the incubation period. The gas data were fitted using an exponential model. Results revealed that the steam decreased (P<0.05) CP, CF, NDF, and ADF and increased (P<0.05) NFE but did not affect the hemicellulose content of OPF. The urea level in ammoniated steamed OPF resulted in a quadratic decrease in the NDF and ADF contents of OPF, while hemicellulose increased quadratically. A quadratic relationship was observed between the urea levels and either nutrient degradation or gas production in the rumen. Increasing the urea level in steamed OPF resulted in a linear increase in rumen NH3, MBO, and MN. The rate and total gas production in T3 were the highest, whereas those in T4 were the lowest. T1 and T2 had comparable rates and total gas production for a 72h incubation period. It was concluded that the optimal level of urea used in ammoniated steamed OPF was approximately 3.2 - 3.6%.
Keywords | Oil palm fronds, Physicochemical, Rumen, Degradation, Microbial biomass
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October 2024
Vol. 12, Iss. 10, pp. 1846-2061
