John Teehan
...of public safety and the costs we are willing to pay for that safety. They also raise questions of how to understand the complex conditions that give rise to such events and the conditions for such events are always complex, even when facile “explanations” are readily available, i.e. the violent nature of Islam, their hatred of Western freedom, etc. A consistent element in many such explanations is a pronouncement on the nature of religion, in gene...
Muhammad Nawaz Kandhro*, Habib-Ur-Rehman Memon, Muhammad Ali Ansari, Ahmed Naqi Shah
...mical due to higher costs of labour. Hence, it can be inferred from the above results that Dual Gold dose can be reduced up to 50% in combination with sorghum or sunflower water extracts for effective and environment friendly weed management and enhancing cotton yield....
Neelum Andaleeb and Munir Khan
...pectively. Average total costs of milk production of buffalo and cow were Rs.12835 and Rs.10070 per month respectively whereas the average net income per liter from the buffalo and cow milk was Rs. 29 and Rs. 5 thus benefit-cost ratios for buffalo and cow is1:1.43 and 1:1.07, respectively, which show buffaloes were more productive and profitable than cows. Results from Cobb-Douglas production function analysis show that dry fodder, green fodder and daily labor...
Ghani Akbar1, Steven Raine2, Allen David McHugh3, Greg Hamilton4 and Qurban Hussain5
...le without incurring any costs associated with altered infrastructure, new or modified machinery, or increased labour. ...
Niamat Ullah Khan1*, Abdul Aziz Khakwani2, Sami Ullah2, Najeeb Ullah2, Abdur Rauf3 and Inam Ullah2
...n water, cut cultivation costs and increases cotton yield and quality on sustainable basis. Field trial was conducted in 2013 and 2014 at Cotton Research Station, Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan to study the effect of tillage systems [ridge tillage (RT) and flat tillage (FT)] and 5 nitrogen levels (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 kgN.ha-1) on cotton lint yields, quality and earliness. Experiment was laid out in a RCB design with split plot arrangements rep...
Hafiz Sultan Mahmood*, Munir Ahmad**, Tanveer Ahmad*, Muhammad Azhar Saeed* and Muhammad Iqbal***
POTENTIALS AND PROSPECTS OF PRECISION AGRICULTURE IN PAKISTAN - A REVIEW
...ces and reduce the input costs. Before this, the effectiveness of precision technologies needs to be realised in Pakistan through field experiments and land management practices....
Tabinda Qaiser*, Ayesha Tahir*, Sajida Taj* and Murad Ali*
BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS OF APICULTURE ENTERPRISE: A CASE STUDY IN DISTRICT CHAKWAL, PAKISTAN
...ry data to determine the costs and return of beekeeping and assess the scope of beekeeping. The benefit cost ratio of beekeeping was 1.4709 which showed that this business was profitable. It will be a great source of employment creation for the rural poor people to reduce the poverty. There is a great prospect of beekeeping in Pakistan on the basis of the socioeconomic context of the country and some special features of the enterprise....
Abid Hussain*, Khalid Mahmood Aujla* and Sonila Hassan**
ECONOMICS OF COW MILK PRODUCTION IN SINDH AND AZAD JAMMU & KASHMIR
...alf of the total feeding costs per annum (51 - 58 %). Mean milk productions per lactation of Red-Sindhi breed were 1845 lit and 1590 lit in the irrigated and coastal areas of Sindh, respectively. Productivity of Thari breed in desert areas of Sindh and that of non-descript cow breed in AJK was 1411 lit and 2008 lit per lactation, respectively. Cow milk production is profitable farming activity in irrigated areas of Sindh and mountainous-AJK with benefit-cost r...
Munir Ahmad*, Asif Ali Mirani**, Hafiz Sultan Mahmood**, Tanveer Ahmad** and Muhammad Azhar Saeed**
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF CROSS-FLOW RICE DRYERS
...age point h . The drying costs of gas-fired and rice husk-fired dryers were about Rs. 0.21 and 0.16 -1 kg . The overall performance of the gas-fired dryer was satisfactory, while that of the rice husk-fired dryer can be improved by incorporating an appropriate heat exchanger....
Nusrat Habib*, Saima Rani*, Sabeen Siddiqui*, Shah Zaman** and Muhammad Zubair Anwar*
IMPACT OF MAJOR FARM INPUTS ON PRODUCTIVITY OF SUGARCANE: A CASE STUDY IN TEHSIL KOT ADDU, PUNJAB, PAKISTAN
...ing 2013 harvesting. The costs of land preparation, DAP, urea, irrigation, FYM, seed and labor for harvesting were the significant factors which affect on the proceeds of sugarcane growers. The results revealed that costs of land preparation, DAP and urea were highly significant at 1% level with positive coefficients 0.94, 0.23 and 0.76, respectively. The cost of FYM was significant at 1% level with negative impact on sugarc...
Khalid Mahmood Aujla* and Abid Hussain*
ECONOMICS OF MILK PRODUCTION OF MAJOR DAIRY BUFFALO BREEDS BY AGRO-ECOLOGICAL ZONES IN PAKISTAN
... was designed to compare costs of rearing and returns received from major dairy buffalo breeds (Nili-Ravi and Kundhi) in various agro-ecological zones of Pakistan. For this purpose, 219 buffalo farmers were randomly selected from mixed and rice-wheat cropping zones of Punjab and Sindh provinces, mixed cropping zone of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) province, coastal zone of Sindh and mountainousAJK. Of these, 155 and 64 were Nili-Ravi and Kundhi buffalo breed farmer...
Khalid Mahmood Aujla* and Abid Hussain*
MARKETING SYSTEM OF LIVE CAMELS IN THE DESERT ECOLOGIES OF PAKISTAN
...villages. High marketing costs and lack of proper market infrastructure/facilities compel farmers to sell camels at village level to the village dealers and fellow farmers at relatively low prices. Percent difference in prices at wholesale market and village levels were 28.6, 12.9, 6.0 and 0.5 for adult male, wet female, dry female and young stock, respectively. The prevailing marketing situation of live camels is an indicative of exploitation farmers from the...
Muneeb Zafar*, Tahir Mehmood**, Irfan Ahmad Baig**, Abdul Saboor** Mazher Abbas***, Shumaila Sadiq** and Khalid Mahmood****
ANALYTICAL DIAGNOSTICS OF NON-OPTIMAL USE OF PESTICIDES AND HEALTH HAZARDS FOR VEGETABLE PICKERS
... Health cost consists of costs related to precautionary measure, medication, traveling, the opportunity cost of attended persons and productivity loss. The mean health cost of vegetable pickers in the study area was about Rs. 385 per picker per year. Health cost model was used to measure the health cost of vegetable pickers. The regression results showed that pesticides were being applied non-optimally in the study area i.e., number of pesticide applications f...
Shafique Qadir Memon* , Nadeem Amjad** and Riaz Ahmed Dayo***
INVESTIGATION ENERGY AND ECONOMICS ANALYSIS OF MAIZE PRODUCATION
...fected by the high input costs thus maximum benefits were achieved. It is interesting to note that the NPK treatment appeared to be the best for all farmyard manure and control plots....
Shahid Ali1* and Salamat Ali2
..., estimated and compared costs and revenues of open shed and environmentally controlled (EC) shed broiler farms in Punjab, Pakistan. Multistage sampling technique was applied for selection of sampled respondents. 120 farmers, 60 farmers of open shed and 60 farmers of EC shed were interviewed during 2014. Dummy variable regression was applied for estimation and comparison of costs and revenues of open shed and EC shed broiler...
Arshad Mahmood Malik1, Khalid Mahmood Mughal2, Sarfraz Ahmed Mian2 and Atta Ullah Khan2
...omer structure, markets, costs involved in production process and revenue earned from selling of the produce in both local and in export market. Yield of hydroponic tomatoes was measured in hectares. Benefit cost ratio was studied and other measures of performance like export intensity, local penetration ratio etc. were also analyzed. Average yield of hydroponic tomatoes was found to be 161.8±6.6 ton per hectare as against 10.07±0.4 in open field...
Raza Ullah1* and Jamal Shah2
...ltural production. These costs (explicit or implicit) are referred to as the cost of risk management. Previous studies on risk management in agriculture however have ignored such costs. The present study is therefore designed to investigate how adoption of risk coping tools affect farm productivity in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. 330 wheat growers were selected using multistage sampling technique and Analysis of ...
Khwaja Tariq Ziad1, Umar Hayat1, Muhammad2 and Muhammad Suleman Bacha3*
... aimed at explaining the costs of the chosen supply channels and their transaction costs, the role of the mid-agent opportunistic behaviour in the relative milk supply chain. Using case study and qualitative method approach, eight key informants including five farmers, one local middleman, and representatives of two dairy companies were interviewed during the study, focusing the social aspects and people behaviour towards th...
Pingping Cang1, Mingming Zhang1, Guo Qiao1,Qirui Sun1, Dehai Xu3, Qiang Li1, Xinghua Yuan4 and Wenbin Liu2,*
...erage, and environmental costs under experimental conditions was conducted. Analysis results revealed that BFT system was more effective than the control system with water exchange in gibel carp culture, suggesting that BFT system could be successfully used in gibel carp aquaculture.
...
Muhamamd Naeem1 and Murad Khan2*
... vaccination cost. These costs were high in the winter season than the summer season. The mortality rates were also high in the winter season. The lighting cost was comparatively less in summer season. Broiler and breeding cost was also low. The consumption of breeding was less and the price of broiler was low in the summer season as compared to winter season but revenue and production were higher due to high demand and consumption in winter season than the su...
Muhammad Nasir1,*, Ata-ul-Mohsan2, Shafqat Saeed3, Munir Ahmad2, Muhammad Asif Aziz2 andMunir Ahmad4
... bumblebees that entails costs that become visible after diapause completion. In the present study different diapause temperature (-2-0 ºC), (1-3 ºC), (4-6 ºC) and duration (two and three months) showed the highest survival rate of the queens after diapause period of two months at 1-3 ºC. Highest colony initiation rate was observed at 1-3 ºC for three months duration. Early pre-oviposition period and early emergence of the first worker...
Muhammad Adnan Islam1,2*, Muhammad Iqbal2, Zia-ul-Haq2,3, Muhammad Mohsin Ali1, Hafiz Sultan Mahmood1, Shabbir Ahmed Kalwar1, Liaqat Ali Shahid1, Badar Munir Khan Niazi1 and Muzammil Husain1
...irrigation and machinery costs. Zone disk tiller was tested for its field performance with three different types of furrow openers viz; disk furrow opener, reverse hoe furrow opener and hoe furrow opener. Statistical design, RCBD, was employed to evaluate the machine performance in comparison with conventional method of wheat sowing in cotton harvested field. In this study, moisture content (15.72 %), bulk density (1.41 g/cm3) and penetration resistance (875.2...
Po Bunnika, Khalid Khan and Guo Xiangyu*
... cooperative tend to cut costs by concentrating on TE, AE, and OE instead of lowering costs. Furthermore, the study has introduced the ordinary least squares (OLS) model to examine the relationship between profitability ratios and performance measures, which indicates that return on assets and equity are linked to technical and distribution efficiency. The cooperatives could increase their profits by upsurging sales performa...
Ibrahim Tapki1*, Huseyin Bahadir Ozalpaydin2, Nuran Tapki3, Mehmet Aslan4 and Muhammet Hanifi Selvi1
...aning age and lower farm costs (P < 0.05) compared to Control and OreganoHigh calves. To conclude, dietary oregano essential oil seems to be a potential liquid feed additive that improves feed efficiency, health status, growth performance, and that reduces diarrhea incidents, hastens weaning age and minimizes dairy farm costs when used at the level of 100 mg/l.
... 
Ihsanullah Kakr1, Sarwar Khan2, Khalid Khan3* and Sajjad Ahmed1
...osses include additional costs of drugs, veterinarian fee, preventive medicine and quarantine. Moreover, the present study demonstrates that the respondents above the age of 50 years were more experienced in disease diagnosis and use of traditional veterinary practices. ...
Muhammad Usman Saleem, Nadeem Iqbal, Shawaiz Iqbal*, Usama Bin Khalid, Adila Iram, Muhammad Akhter, Tahir Latif and Tahir Hussain Awan
... groundwater, high labor costs, and drudgery in manually transplanted rice (TPR) have motivated researchers to develop alternated technology such as direct seeded rice (DSR). About 30% of total water used in rice cultivation is consumed for puddling of soil (land preparation) and transplanting operations. Physical properties of soils are deteriorating due to continued puddling over the decades, resulting in structural breakdown leads to a compacted layer (the ...
Muhammad Ismail1, Shahid Maqsood1*, Abdul Shakoor2, Feroz Shah2
DESIGN AND COST ANALYSIS OF MOLD MAKING FACILTY AT GHANI GLASS INDUSTRY: A CASE STUDY
...industry to reduce their costs and expenses to maintain a sustainable
position in the global marketplace. Selecting the right manufacturing strategy and planning is a critical decision
for production managers in the industry. The layout problems generally exist in the manufacturing industries. In the
industries the layout problems deals with the facilities like departments, machines etc. As a case study, this paper
presents a machin...
position in the global marketplace. Selecting the right manufacturing strategy and planning is a critical decision
for production managers in the industry. The layout problems generally exist in the manufacturing industries. In the
industries the layout problems deals with the facilities like departments, machines etc. As a case study, this paper
presents a machin...
Razaullah1*, Iftikhar Hussain1
A TWO-WAREHOUSE SUPPLY CHAIN NETWORK DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION WITH CROSS-ROUTE COSTS AND BUDGET, MAXIMUM FLOW AND CAPACITY CONSTRAINTS
...cost and the operational costs for the facilities. The incorporation of budget constraint, delivery mode, cross-route
costs, maximum flow by a shipping firm, production capacity of the plants, stocking capacity of owned and rented
warehouses and traffic factors on the supply routes in the mathematical model further broadened the problem. A case
study is solved to analyze how the model performs with the c...
costs, maximum flow by a shipping firm, production capacity of the plants, stocking capacity of owned and rented
warehouses and traffic factors on the supply routes in the mathematical model further broadened the problem. A case
study is solved to analyze how the model performs with the c...
Misbah Ullah1, Rehman Akhtar1, Sikandar Bilal Khattak1, Khawar Naeem1 and Khizar Azam2
FACTORS IDENTIFICATION FOR COAL BRIQUETTES MANUFACTURING USING STATISTICAL EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN APPROACH
...th least
possible costs by using significant factors. Indeed, the role of statistical design of experiment in general and factorial
design in particular is vital in identifying these significant factors in comparison to the conventional techniques. This
paper provides a statistical approach towards manufacturing of coal briquettes in Northern Province of Pakistan.
Binder composition, pressure, particle size, and coal type are analyz...
possible costs by using significant factors. Indeed, the role of statistical design of experiment in general and factorial
design in particular is vital in identifying these significant factors in comparison to the conventional techniques. This
paper provides a statistical approach towards manufacturing of coal briquettes in Northern Province of Pakistan.
Binder composition, pressure, particle size, and coal type are analyz...
Tahir Usman*, Khan Muhammad*
MODELING OF BLASTING COST AT DEEWAN CEMENT QUARRY, HATTAR USING MULTIVARIATE REGRESSION
...p;8% to 12% of the total costs. Hence, reduced blasting cost is one of the main objectives of production blasting at a cement quarry. This paper presents the development of a prediction model for blasting cost per ton at Deewan cement quarry operations, located in Hattar, Pakistan. The dataset primarily consisted of a total of 12 parameters which has been analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to account for most significant parameter...
Sajid Ullah Butt, Aamer Ahmed Baqai, Syeda Naela Fatima, Hasan Aftab Saeed
MATERIAL HANDLING COST CONSIDERATION IN PROCESS PLAN SELECTION FOR RECONFIGURABLE MANUFACTURING SYSTEM
...turing time or cost. The costs usually included are machine usage, tool usage, machine change, tool change costs etc. All the parameters related to these costs become a part of the process plans. The focus of this research is to include material handling equipment such as transport and positioning equipment in the process plans and hence, to include their usage cost in the overall mathemat...
Olugbenga Omotayo Alabi1*, Ayoola Olugbenga Oladele2 and Ibrahim Maharazu3
Profitability Analysis and Marketing Efficiency of Soyabean (Glycine max) Value Chain among Actors in Abuja, Nigeria
...of soyabean, analyze the costs and returns of marketing soyabean, evaluate factors influencing or affecting marketing efficiency of soyabean, and identify problems or constraints influencing marketing of soyabean. Data obtained were collected from one hundred and fifty (150) randomly selected soyabeans marketers, using well- structured, well-designed questionnaire. Data obtained were coded, analyzed using descriptive statistics, gross margin analysis, financia...
Shahzad Khan*, Munir Khan, Inayatullah Jan, Mahfooz Khan and Fida Muhammad Khan
Determinants of Sugarcane Yield in District Charsadda, Pakistan
.... Labour and fertilizers costs were found major components in the total variable cost. The profit margin was obtained as 37.37%. Empirical results of regression model found seed, farm yard manure and fertilizer positive and significant determinants, with coefficients 0.5011, 0.2916 and 0.2796, respectively. While tractor and labour costs were noted insignificant. For the wider interest of sugarcane growers and for the growth...
Kubilay Ucar1, Sait Engindeniz1* and Jozef Palkovic2
Risk and Return Analysis of Open-Field Tomato Grown in Turkey: A Monte Carlo Simulation Approach
...is to analyze production costs, return and the risks associated with open-field tomato grown in Izmir province of Turkey in 2011-2017 period. Statistical data used in the study have been obtained from FAOSTAT, Turkish Statistical Institute and Turkish Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. According to the results of the study, the average production costs of tomato was determined to be 4,940 US$ ha-1. Average gross and net r...
Arshad Bhat1*, Masudul H. Wani1, Shabir A. Wani2, Abid Qadir3, Iqra Qureshi4 and Abid Sultan2
...involvement of invisible costs in apple industry of Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir. Defensive Expenditure Method and Willingness to Pay Model was used to estimate the costs incurred on the health and protective items purchased for reducing the impact of excessive pesticide use on health and ecosystem. Furthermore, Contingent Valuation Method was employed for knowing the willingness of the apple growers to use pesticide...
Mian Muhammad Arif* and Malik Muhammad Shafi
...t difference between the costs, revenue and profit of various sizes of broiler poultry farms at 5% level of significance. It is recommended that farmers should be provided loan facilities with a low-interest rate.The profitability of broiler poultry farms can be increased by reducing high mortality rate through proper vaccination, medication, and better management techniques....
Abdul Hameed1*, Ihtsham Ul Haq Padda1 and Abdul Salam2
...tivity, and high medical costs. This study based on data from the Household Integrated Income and Consumption Survey 2015-16 of Pakistan is designed to ascertain and estimate the patterns of calorie intake in Pakistan and compare the same across various provinces. It also tracks the pattern and levels of consumption of various macro and micronutrients. The study indicates 38% of the households at the national level experience calorie deficiency (less than reco...
Nilgun Dogan1,* and Hakan Adanacioglu2
...er of hives and variable costs. Improvement suggestions for outputs and inputs are directed towards reduction of all variables except gross production value.
...
Arshad Ali1, Muhammad Nasir Khan Khattak2*, Muhammad Ali Nawaz3 and Shoaib Hameed3
...se. Such an attitude has costs, both for wild carnivores and local communities. Human costs are mostly in the form of economic loss to property and infrastructure, damage to crops, and depredation on livestock. In northern Pakistan where large carnivores like common leopard (Panthera pardus), snow leopard (Panthera uncia), Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetinus), Himalayan brown bear (Ursus arctos isabe...
Shahzad Khan1*, Munir Khan1, Arif Alam2, Ikram Shah2, Mahfooz Khan1 and Fida Muhammad Khan1
...trast, labour and animal costs were noted negatively. For the larger benefit of the farmers’ and the growth of the agriculture sector, the study recommends a reduction in the prices of fertilizers and suggested to the Government to develop high yielding certified seed and provision of certified/tested seed to the growers....
Asfand Raheel1, Syed Zulfiqar Ali2, Muhammad Waris2, Muhammad Basharat2, Basheer Ahmed2, Muhammad Arshad Ullah3, Syed Ishtiaq Hyder4 and Taqi Raza4*
...ay reduce the production costs but it heavily increased the postharvest decay. Mechanical damage impact can be identified the post-harvest decay by developing regression models. Additionally, new packaging materials have been introduced to avoid mechanical injuries and decline the chances of contamination, bruises and decays. Postharvest treatments includes biological agents, fungicides, herbal and natural products, edible coatings and heat treatments can be e...
Farah Deeba1, Hafiz Abdullah Shakir1, Muhammad Irfan2, Muhammad Khan1 and Javed Iqbal Qazi1*
... decrease the production costs of microbial chitinase but can also providing positive way out for solving environmental pollution problem related to the waste.
...
Yin-Hua Wang1,2, Yi-Bing Zhu1, Li Jiang1, Bin Du3 and Xiu-Ming Xi1*
... duration of extubation, costs and length of stay (LOS) in ICU, dose adjustment time, analgesic and sedative agent costs, short-term mortality, and adverse events potentially relevant to the study drugs. Data analysis will adopt an intention-to-treat approach. This trial will demonstrate the probability that remifentanil can reduce the duration of MV in long-term ventilated patients in critically ill patients compared to fen...
Kubilay Ucar1, Görkem Oruk2 and Sait Engindeniz1*
...restry. Total production costs are determined as 4215.74 US$ ha-1 and variable costs as 1496.88 US$ ha-1. Net profit per decare in plum cultivation was calculated as 816.82 US$ ha-1, relative profit 1.19 and unit plum cost was calculated as 0.44 US$ ha-1....
Omer Eyuboglu
...tocks, rising production costs, adverse effects on human health and changes in biological diversity. The most prominent alien species in Turkish Black Sea waters are species invasions which are witnessed in the Black Sea. The Black Sea, which has incurred significant losses in biodiversity due to the increasing eutrophication and various pollution related problems, have surfaced significantly and provided a considerably suitable environment to invasive N...
Thobela Louis Tyasi1*, Lubabalo Bila2, Nkgaugelo Kgasago3, Siza Mthi4
...n farm animals at lesser costs with a high relative accuracy and consistency. This research was performed at the University of Limpopo experimental farm (Syferkuil) to examine the effect of sex on the interrelationship between body weight and linear body measurements in South African non-descript goat kids. A total of 46 new-born South African non-descript goat kids (30 females and 16 males) were used for the study. Analysis of variance and Pearson’s cor...
Nawal Abd-elhafez Hassanain1, Raafat Mohamed Shaapan1*, Ahmed Maher1, Ahmed Badwi Yousif2, Gomaa Desoky Emam2
...nt by lowering treatment costs and removing other risks related with antibiotic misuse.
Keywords | Cross reactivity, Febrile, Malaria, Brucellosis, Typhoid fever
...
Tasya Nur Karina1, Osfar Sjofjan2, Tri Eko Susilorini2, Muhammad Halim Natsir2*
...nts to reduce production costs and maximize income.
Keywords | Date palm, Egg quality, Growth performance, Hen day production, Laying hens
... 
