Abdur Rahim1, Ghulam Abbas1,*, Sara Ferrando2, Lorenzo Gallus2 and Abdul Ghaffar3
...pH (7.6-7.8), ammonia (NH4-N) and `nitrites (NO2-N) less than (0.001mg/l), Secchi’s disc visibility (8 cm to 46 cm). Higher percent weight gain (2665 g), specific growth rate (2.76±0.5 % day-1), best feed conversion ratio (0.14), condition factor (4.1), viscerosomatic index (7.1), hepatosomatic index (1.4) were significantly (P< 0.05) higher of fish treated with the artificial diet as compared ...
Abdul Malik1,4, Ghulam Abbas1*, Hameeda Kalhoro2, Illahi Bux Kalhoro3, Syed Sajjad A. Shah4 and Halima Kalhoro3
...6.6±0.1 ml/l) and ammonia (0.02±0.004 ml/l) throughout the study period. Taking into consideration the number of fertilized eggs and survival of fry data attained in the present study, a salinity level of 20% is suggested for red tilapia breeding in concrete tanks.
...
Adel Eid Mohamed Mahmoud*
...n. Ruminal pH values and ammonia nitrogen concentrations did not show any significant differences among groups.No significant differences were observed in meat chemical analysis of slaughtered animals among different groups. Animals fed BBP recorded insignificant increase in growth rate by 9 g daily with improvement in feeding cost by 10%.Bakery waste can replace corn grains and wheat bran in concentrate feed mixtures up to 60 % in growing lambs rations withou...
Mutassim M. Abdelrahman1*,Ibrahim Alhidary1, Abdullah H. Alyemni2, Rifat U. Khan3, Abdel Raouf S. Bello4, Mohamed Y. Al-Saiady2 and Ramzi A. Amran1
...volatile fatty acids and ammonia nitrogen levels. Acetic acid improved significantly in experimental groups, while propionic acid decreased significantly in T1. Valeric acid and butyric acid decreased significantly in T1 and T2 while isovolaric acid and the ratio of acetic acid and propionic acid and glucose increased significantly in T1. In conclusion, feeding TMR with alfalfa hay, regardless of the supplementary protocol, causes a significant change in rumen...
Hameeda Kalhoro1, Abdul Malik2,Ghulam Abbas2,*, Illahi Bux Kalhoro3, Sajjad Ali Shah4and Haleema Kalhoro3
... pH (6.9 ± 0.15), ammonia (0.48 ± 0.02 1mg/L) and hardness (118 ± 2.4 mg/L). Our results indicated that better growth increment can be achieved on squid or pellet feed and so it is suggested that in similar culture conditions of Snakehead will be more profitable on pellet feed followed by squid feed.
...
Abdul Malik1,2, Ghulam Abbas1,*, Abdul Ghaffar3, Sara Ferrando4, Lorenzo Gallus4 and Syed Sajjad A. Shah2,3
...H (7.47±0.04) and ammonia (less than 0.022±0.001 mg/L) were monitored throughout the study period. Water quality parameters remained within the recommended range. Our results suggest that Nile tilapia, O. niloticus may give maximum eggs up to 15‰ salinity with 92% survival of fry.
...
Abdul Malik1,2, Ghulam Abbas1,*, Abdul Ghaffar3, Ghulam Dastagir4, Sara Ferrando5, Lorenzo Gallus5, Asad Ali Muhammad1,6, Abdul Jabbar2 and Khalil-ur-Rehman2
... pH 7.64±0.04 and ammonia 0.022±0.004 mg/L. Relationship between log body weight and log total length of the the fish shows that Nile tilapia fingerlings reared from 10‰ - 20‰ was significantly (P <0.05) higher than 25% and 30% salinity levels. Present study suggests that Nile tilapia can be reared up to 20% salinity to get good growth and higher survival rate.
...
Nazish Shaukat1, Muhammad Javed1,Faiza Ambreen2* and Fariha Latif1
...ium, magnesium and total ammonia were monitored on daily basis. Significantly increased peroxidase activity was observed in gills and liver of Labeo rohita after exposure to PbCl2 due to all doses as compared to the control. All results were statistically significant at p<0.05. Fish liver exhibited significantly (p<0.05) higher activity of enzyme than that of gills. The physico-chemical variables viz. pH, dissolved oxygen,...
Niamat Ullah Khan1*, Farkhanda Khan2, Muhammad Kashan3, Qadir Ullah4 and Abdur Rauf5
Md. Abu Affan1,*, Abdulmohsin Al-Sofyani1, Adnan Jaman Turki2 and Mohammed S.B. Hariri3
...mperature, salinity, pH, ammonia, turbidity, pesticides, toxins, and diseases. The study was carried out to find out the reasons of sudden fish killing. Therefore, physico-chemical and biological parameters, and postmortem, especially the gills and gut content of dead fishes were studied. The dead Tilapia tilapia (Tilapia), Chanos chano (Milkfish) and Parapriacanthus ransonneti (Glassfish) were found with wide mouth opened, skin with huge ...
S. Jalbani1, P. Khan2 and N.T.Narejo2,*and Y.M. Jalbnai3
...kalinity 155-175 (mg/L), ammonia 0.37-0.52 (mg/L) and nitrate 0.168-0.174 (mg/L) were found to provide optimum condition to the fish.
...
Qiuxia Lei1, 2, Haixia Han1, 2, Jinbo Gao1, 2, Yan Zhou1, 2, Wei Liu1, 2, Chunlei Wang3, Jie Liu1, 2, Dingguo Cao1, 2, Huimin Li1 , Baohua Huang1,* and Fuwei Li1, 2, *
...o 2 days. The content of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were increased at the first weekend, reaching up to 10ppm and 3.5 ppm respectively. Three weeks later, the content of the ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) were decreased to 0.3 ppm and 0.6 ppm respectively. Total N, P and K were increased gradually with time, whereas the content of ammonium nitrogen was decreased. SAS software analysis showed...
S. Jalbani1, N.T. Narejo2,* and P. Khan2
...ature, dissolved oxygen; ammonia nitrate and alkalinity were monitored fortnightly and found within the suitable ranges. Finally decided that chopped chicken viscera found to be ideal food for better growth and survival of catfish Rita rita reared in cemented cisterns....
Elmas Ulutaş1,*, Abdullah Eryavuz2, Aziz Bülbül2, Abdur Rahman3,*, İsmail Küçükkurt4 and Cangir Uyarlar5
...reatment groups. Ruminal ammonia and number of protozoa were decreased (p<0.05) with 700 ppm and 1000 ppm zinc supplementation. Rumen Zn concentration increased (p<0.05) in the goats fed with 1000 ppm zinc, whereas there was no difference in rumen Fe and Cu concentration among the treatments, except for 1000 ppm zinc supplementation. High zinc supplementation to diet increased (p<0.05) the liver Zn and Fe concentrations and mohair Fe levels but decrea...
Sinan Uzundumlu1, Yesim Buyukates1,*, Murat Yigit2, Musa Bulut2, Rıdvan Kaan Gurses1 and Barbaros Celikkol3
...nic nutrients except for ammonia were recorded. TSS values showed significant positive correlation with TP, indicating that TSS was supported by fecal pellets or unused fish feed in the cage system. MDS analysis results showed that TSS, chlorophyll-a and TP were similar throughout the sampling period. The study showed that copper alloy cage system did not have any negative impact on the marine system, compared with the limits provided by FAO, EPA, WPCR and RTM...
Chao Zhao1,2, Sigang Fana2 and Lihua Qiua2,3,*
...es, water quality (total ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate concentration), heterotrophic bacteria, and vibrios during different P. monodon stages(nauplii, zoea, mysis stage, postlarvae). In ponds 1, 2, 3 and 4, the survival rates were significantly lower but the nitrite concentration and vibrio numbers (before mysis stage) were considerably higher than those in other ponds (P < 0.05), indicating that nitrite and vibrios influenced P. monod...
Taqi Raza1*, Sergio de Los Santos Villalobos2, Muhammad Shehzad3, Shakeel Imran4 and Derly José Henriques da Silva5
PGP Characterization of Rhizobacteria Associated with Apple Gourd (Praecitrullus fistulosus L.)
...ven positive results for ammonia (NH4), nitrogen fixation, and indole acetic acid (IAA). Furthermore, for exopolysaccharide (EPS) test, 73% of isolated strains confirmed the EPS production. The conclusion revealed that almost all isolated bacterial strains exposed the growth-promoting abilities and may be used as bio-fertilizer to enhance crop production....
Rahat Rukhsana1, Shahnaz Rashid2, Asma Fatima2, Owais Iqbal Khan3, Syed Babar Hussain Shah4, Mumtaz Ali4 and Ghulam Abbas2*
...analyzed for contents of ammonia, alkalinity, temperature, nitrate, salinity, nitrite, pH, total hardness, dissolved oxygen (DO), chlorophyll-a and phytoplankton-density during the period from March, 2015 to June, 2016. The chlorophyll-a concentration was determined by using the acetone extraction technique. Ponds water sample (50 liters) was filtered through plankton net of 20 µm pore size and preserved in 4% formaldehyde for the analysis of phytoplankt...
Dewi Ratih Ayu Daning1,2, L.M. Yusiati1, C. Hanim1, B.P. Widyobroto1*
...atter digestibility, and ammonia (NH3) significantly decrease (P<0.05) at all doses of galangal EO. The addition of cineole results in the significant decrease (P<0,05) of CH4 (ml/dry matter degraded) while dry matter degradability and gas production shows a significant increase (P<0.05). Also, the addition of cineole results in a more significant increase (P<0.05) of propionate, acetate, total volatile fatty acids, and NH3 compared to the controls...
Tran Thi Bich Ngoc1,2, Ninh Thi Huyen1,2, Nguyen Cong Oanh2, Pham Kim Dang2*
... significant decrease in ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) concentrations were observed in diets with PROB or ORAC or PROR, with lower values for PROR diet. In conclusion, in grower-finisher pigs, dietary supplementation of either PROB or ORAC as a single product or their combination had improvements in performance parameters, nutrient digestibility, and fecal NH3 and H2S emissions compared with CONT diet. There were no differences in performance parame...
Soliman Mohammed Soliman
...spectively.The amount of ammonia, short-chain fatty acid, in-vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), in-vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) were estimated. The results revealed that feed additives enhanced the beneficial processes of the rumen with the reduction in total gas and methane production. All the experimental fed additives had a positive significant effect on the reduction of methane production. Moreover, green seaweed and yuc...
Modification of In Vitro Methanogenesis and Rumen Fermentation by using Lauric Acid: A Meta Analysis
Ayu Cusiayuni1, Risan Khaerani Nurfatahillah1, Rakhmad Perkasa Harahap2, Komang Gede Wiryawan3, Dwierra Evvyernie3, Anuraga Jayanegara3*
..., but tended to decrease ammonia concentration (P < 0.1). Lauric acid also reduced dry matter digestibility (P < 0.05). It is concluded that lauric acid is an effective agent for mitigating methanogenesis in the rumen.
Keywords | Lauric acid, Meta-analysis, Methane, Rumen
...
Shorouk Aladdin Helmy1, Hossam Mahrous Ebeid2*, Mohamed Ahmed Hanafy1, Adel Eid Mohamed Mahmoud1, Reham Roshdy Ali El-tanany1
...ivestock diets to reduce ammonia emissions and modulate rumen fermentation. An in vitro experiment was conducted to determine the effect of adding three different clay minerals in four levels of each, as follows: humic acid (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5%); zeolite (0.0, 1.25, 2.5, and 5%); or bentonite (0.0, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 %) with three different protein sources, (soybeans, sunflowers, or cottonseed meals) on a dry matter basis. All rations were incubated in a ru...
The Effect of Pomegranate Peel on Soybean Meal Protein Degradation and Milk Production in Dairy Cows
Soliman Mohammed Soliman1*, Mohsen Mahmoud Shoukry2, Ahmed Mohammed El-Okazy1, Ahmed Mahmoud El-Morsy1, Mahmoud Mohammed Soliman1
...production, and TVFA and ammonia concentrations without effect on physiological rumen activity. Moreover, milk yield and milk composition were not affected. However, the concentration of milk urea nitrogen (MUN) was significantly decreased. Overall, these results indicate that treated SBM with levels of 200 or 250 PP reduced its degradability in the rumen more than untreated SBM. Also, recorded decreased gas and methane production had no effect on milk product...
Mimi Syazwani Jaapar1, Eric Lim Teik Chung1,2*, Nazri Nayan1, Mamat Hamidi Kamalludin1,2, Mookiah Saminathan3, Kalai Vaani Muniandy2, Muhammad Hazziq Mohd Hamdan1, Shokri Jusoh1, Faez Firdaus Abdullah Jesse2,4
...ic matter digestibility, ammonia nitrogen, and volatile fatty acids (VFA). All analyses were conducted according to established methods and data collected were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test to determine the level of significance among treatments. The net gas production and gas production kinetics demonstrated notable changes (P < 0.05) among treatments. Besides, only the acetic acid and total VFA sh...
Ghulam Abbas1*, Muhammad Arshad1, Muhammad Saeed2*; Safdar Imran3, Ashgar Ali Kamboh4, Duraid KA Al-Taey5, Muhammad Asad Aslam1, Muhammad Saeed Imran6, Muhammad Ashraf3, Muhammad Asif7, Abdul Jabbar Tanveer8, Razia Abdul Majid Qureshi9, Maria Arshad1, Hussain Ahmed Khan Niazi1, Muhammad Tariq10, Sikandar Abbas1
...ons in bones and reduced ammonia concentrations in the caecum. Egg production was increased upto 9.84% by the supplementation of OA. Organic acids also have promising effect on gut health evidenced by positive effect on all the intestinal parameters. Moreover, they known to improve meat production in broilers by increasing the nutrients absorption from gut. This review article discussed all the key aspects of OA, which are being used in poultry ranging from th...
Nishant Shah1*, Rakesh Kumar Yadav1, Anil Gautam1*, Shambhu Shah1 and Mohan Kumar Gupta2
... bedding materials, high ammonia production from litter, and so on. The maximum ammonia production from litter depends on factors like moisture (%), pH, total nitrogen (%) of litter, and temperature of broiler houses. Carbonized Rice Husk (CRH) is a good poultry bedding material that consists of carbon and SiO2 which interestingly enhance ammonia adsorption. Keeping the above fact, this st...
Shambel Boki Dabi
... to evaluate nitrite and ammonia levels. The result revealed a high level of alkalinity (66.3±39. 1mg. L-1) at downstream and lowest concentration (58±40mg.L-1) was found in the middle stream. The upper stream has a high CO2 concentration (14±3.6mg.L-1) while the middle stream has a low CO2 concentration (9.4±0.77mg.L-1). The maximum chloride content (28.7±2.6 mg. L-1) was found at downstream, whereas the lowest (22.7±...
Asma Fatima*, Ghulam Abbas and Shahnaz Rashid
... salinity, transparency, ammonia, phosphates, nitrates, potassium, calcium, total alkalinity and total hardness were determined. Overall, 61 species of plankton have been recorded from the studied ponds and categorized into 19 groups; of which 25 phytoplankton species belonged to four major groups, whereas, 36 zooplankton species belonged to 15 groups. Among them, Bacillariophyta (69.815%) and copepods (78.927%) were “most abundant” as compared to ...
Muhammad Hanif Chandio1,2*, Naeem Tariq Narejo2, Muhammad Farooq Hassan3, Faheem Sadar4, Nasiruddin Shaikh1, Bushra Ainy Dars5, Ghulam Abass6, Asma Fatima6 and Shahnaz Rashid6
...e (0.17 to 0.18mg/l) and ammonia from 0.35 to 0.55ug/dLumol/litre. Theresults of the current study concluded that Channa punctatus have a preference to living in a small community than large schooling and could be reared 10/fish/m2 was found to be suitable density for growth and survival in cemented cisterns. Present study plays an important role for culturing and rearing of native snakehead species....
Nguyen Hai Quan, Nguyen Huu Van*, Nguyen Thanh Thuy, Vo Thi Minh Tam, Le Duc Thao, Le Duc Ngoan
... 7, 14 and 21 for pH and ammonia, and day 0 and 21 for chemical analysis. Results indicated that after 21 days of ensiling, the pH value of silage in 8 treatments were lower than 4.5. There was no effect of additives and their level inclusions on ensiled sunflowers nutritive values. Change in organic matter was found with 0.7-2.3% unit in all treatments. In general, whole Aguara 6 sunflower can be ensiled and has a potential for ruminants.
Keywords | S...
Shad Mahfuz1,2†, Hong-Seok Mun1,3†, Muhammad Ammar Dilawar1, Keiven Mark B Ampode1,4, Veasna Chem1, Young-Hwa Kim5, Jong-Pil Moon6, Chul-Ju Yang1,7*
...s temperature, humidity, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide concentration were measured on weekly basis. There were no significant differences on the final body weight, average daily body weight gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR), between the incubators. However, ADG was numerically higher (P > 0.05) and FCR was lower (P > 0.05) in solar heating incubator compared with the control incubator. The consumption of electric...
Rani Winardi Wulan Sari1, Novirman Jamarun2*, Suyitman3, Khasrad4, Elihasridas2, James Hellyward5, Gusri Yanti1
Ahmed M. El-Waziry1,2*, Saeid M. Basmaeil1, Ibrahim A. Alhidary1, Gamaleldin M. Suliman1,3, Mutassim M. Abdelrahman1, Maged A. Al-Garadi1
...stine and decreasing the ammonia concentration in the rumen. Moreover, ionophores increase propionic acid in the rumen, which is used as an energy source; hence, ionophores increase muscle growth by enhancing the daily weight gain due to the improved feed conversion rate. Studies indicate the effect of ionophores on the characteristics and quality of the carcass have been limited. Ionophoers may be enhanced the concentration of unsaturated fatty acids and...
Edhy Sudjarwo, Muharlien Muharlien, Osfar Sjofjan, Danung Nur Adli, Dyah Lestari Yulianti*
...rformance, microclimate, ammonia (NH3) and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, and dust particle.. A total 5,051 heads laying hens used were Hy-line laying hens aged 28 weeks reared for 28 weeks on the experimental diet. A completely randomized design (CRD) with three treatments and twelve replications. The parameters observed was growth performance, microclimate, and health. The cage location consisted Z1: near inlet; Z2: middle of housing; Z3; near outlet...
Mohamed S. Abbas1*, Adel E.M. Mahmoud2, Hemat S. Mohamed3, Adam Cieślak4 and Małgorzata Szumacher-Strabel4
...uminal fermentation, pH, ammonia (NH3), total gas production (TGP), methane and volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration. Twenty-six wild palatable forage plants were identified and analyzed for pH, NH3, TGP, methane and VFA. The results indicated that in grasses the highest pH and NH3 concentration was found in Aeluropus lagopoides, TGP in Ammophila arenaria and methane in Phragmites australis. In legumes the highest concentration of pH was found in Lygos rae...
Riswandi1*, Ali Aim1, Muhakka1, Afnur Imsya1, Agus Wijaya2
Chang-Man Kim1, Sam-Churl Kim2 , Young-Ho Joo2, In-Hag Choi3*
...week at 90 cm height and ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, and dimethyl sulfide levels were measured twice a week at 10 cm height from the pig slurry pits. Over time, the addition of 0.05% and 0.1% AlCl3 decreased overall ammonia and hydrogen sulfide losses and average ammonia and hydrogen sulfide levels at 10 cm height and overall ammonia los...
Jing Hu1,2,3 and Zhenhua Ma1,2,3*
...odel (C: salinity 32.5%, ammonia nitrogen 0.01mg/L; T1: salinity 30.0%, ammonia nitrogen 0.04mg/L, T2: salinity 27.5%, ammonia nitrogen 0.10mg/L; T3: salinity 25.0%, ammonia nitrogen 0.18mg/L) to investigate the tissue damage of gills and head kidneys and the changes of serum indicators of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂ × Epinephelus f...
Elihasridas, Mardiati Zain*, Roni Pazla, Simel Sowmen, Qurrata Aini
...ase the digestibility of ammoniated aromatic lemongrass waste. The precursor rumen microbial growth supplement contains cassava leaves as a source of branched-chain amino acids, phosphorus, and zinc minerals, which was administered as follows: T0= ammoniated aromatic lemongrass waste, T1= T0 + 5% cassava leaf, T2= T1 +0.4% mineral phosphorus, T3= T1 +100 ppm mineral zinc, and T4= T1 + 0.4% mineral phosphorus and 100 ppm mine...
Sherein H. Mohamed1, Soad El Naggar2*, Ayman A. Hassan3, Mohamed A.M. Mousa3, Mohamed M. Basyony3, Mohamed F. Sadek3, Mohamed A. A. Ahmed4, Saadia M. Hashem5
...upplementation decreases ammonia-nitrogen, butyric acid, Escherichia coli, Clostridium spp., and Enterococcus spp., total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and triglyceride compared to the control group. Also, these extracts had positive effects (P<0.05) on the rabbit meat nutritional compounds, and decrease meat fat content, thiobarbituric acid and increased antioxidant activity. It was concluded that these extracts as a...
Kusuma Adhianto*, Mika Tania Sidabutar, Liman, Arif Qisthon
... agriculture waste, were ammoniated with urea and used in the feed of Brahman cross cattle to determine their effects on the performance. This research was conducted between October and December 2021, involving Brahman cross cows (n=9) aged 8-12 months. The study utilized a randomized block design (RBD) with three treatments and three groups. The treatments administered were as follows: P0: 80% basal feed + 20% corn cobs without ammoni...
Nguyen Huu Van1*, Nguyen Thi Mui1, Dinh Van Dung1, Van Ngoc Phong1, Tran Ngoc Long1, Le Tran Hoan1, Le Duc Thao1, Vo Thi Minh Tam1, Ngo Mau Dung1, Bui Van Loi1, Nguyen Xuan Ba1, Ton Nu Minh Thi2, Nishino Naoki2
...ifferences in pH values, ammonia and VFA concentrations in rumen fluid between treatments before and 4h after feeding. The pH values remained in critical rumen pH range of 6.0-7.0 for optimum microbial growth and nutrient utilization. Hence, this study demonstrated that increasing concentrate levels in the diets for Phan Rang sheep up to 2.25% or 3.0% of live weight increased DGW, carcass performance and improved economic benefit for farmers without any advers...
Firda Dimawarnita1*, Edwina Gabriela Tesalonika Mustamu2, Yora Faramitha1, Haryo Tejo Prakoso1, Wildan Aulia Noorsy1, Komang Gede Wiryawan2
...atile fatty acids (VFA), ammonia concentration (NH3), dry matter digestibility (DMD), crude fiber digestibility (CFD), organic matter digestibility (OMD), methane gas production, fulvic acid content, and bacterial population. The results indicated that the treatment did not have a significant effect on DMD, OMD, pH, NH3 concentration, methane gas, and bacterial populations. Treatment showed a significant result (P<0.05) on total VFA. The contents of fulvic ...
*AMNA SHOAIB, AROOJ SHEZAD, ARSHAD JAVAID, SUNDUS AKHTAR & ZOIA ARSHAD AWAN
...xidase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase) thus provides the basis for resistant in chickpea....
Putri Okta Shafura1, Mardiati Zain2*, Elihasridas2, Bima Bagaskara1, Ummi Amanah1, Laras Sukma Sucitra1, Bella Veliana Utami1, Roni Pazla2, Erpomen2, Ezi Masdia Putri3, Rusmana Wijaya Setia Ningrat2, Riris Delima Purba3, Ruslan Abdul Gopar3, Putut Suryo Negoro3
...waste-based ration using ammoniated citronella to increase digestibility and provide optimal supplementation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and mineral sulfur for rumen fluid characteristics. This study employed a completely randomized design comprising four treatments with four replications, with an incubation time of 48 hours. The ration was prepared based on a 50:50 composition of forage and concentrate, including P0 (Control), P1 (0.5% S. cerevisiae), P2 (0.3...
Arshad Javaid, Amna Ali, Iqra Haider Khan and Amna Shoaib
...ivities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), catalase (CAT) and
peroxidase (POX), which were gradually reduced with increasing concentration of DBC. This
study concluded that application of 3% DBC improve resistance of chickpea var. Bakhar-
2011 to S. rolfsii and increase crop growth and yield.
... 
