Recombinant Slit2 Requires Heparin Sulphate to Inhibit TGF- β Induced Tumor Proliferation in Lung Cancer and Glioblastoma

Quratulain Amjad1,2 and Abdul Rauf Shakoori1,2*

1School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan

2Cancer Research Centre, University of the Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan

ABSTRACT

Slit and roundabout homologs have emerged as important players in signaling cascades of tumor metastasis. In previous reports it is stated that the interactions between Slit2 and Robo1 are facilitated by heparan sulphate that is abundantly expressed on cell surface and extracellular matrix. Slit2 reduces tumor proliferation in lung cancer and glioblastoma cells whereas TGF-β is a well-described tumor inducer. The present study was aimed at deciphering the role of heparan sulphate in Slit2 mediated inhibition of cancer metastasis. Cancer proliferation was induced by TGF-β in lung cancer cells (H1650) and glioblastoma cells (SF767) and then the anti-proliferative role of Slit2 was analyzed in presence and absence of heparan sulfate. The data revealed that, heparan sulfate plays important role in enhancing tumor inhibition by Slit2 in cancer cells as there was further reduction in cell proliferation when Slit2 was administered along with heparin.

Article Information

Received 25 January, 2023

Revised 08 February 2023

Accepted 21 February, 2023

Available online 22 March 2024

(early access)

Published 13 August 2024

Authors’ Contribution

The study was designed by QA and ARS. QA conducted the experiments and analyzed the data. Both the authors prepared the final manuscript.

Key words

Cancer metastasis, Cancer proliferation, Signaling cascade of tumor metastasis

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/20230125150101

* Corresponding author: [email protected], [email protected]

0030-9923/2024/0005-2361 $ 9.00/0

Copyright 2024 by the authors. Licensee Zoological Society of Pakistan.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

INTRODUCTION

Within the sites of tumor metastasis, chemokines and cytokines play pivotal role. There are a number of cytokines that are expressed on surfaces of malignant and pre-malignant tumors. TGF-β is among the well characterized cytokines that plays role in induction of fibrotic tumors by regulating various molecular programs including epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) (Hua et al., 2020). EMT is known as among the basic phenomenon that takes place as soon as the cell decides to invade its neighborhood (Dudás et al., 2020; Figiel et al., 2017). Recent studies have also suggested that TGF-β stimulates fibroblasts differentiation by targeting Slit2 (Slit guidance ligand 2) protein expression (Chang et al., 2015; Huang et al., 2020). Slit2-Robo1 signaling, previously known for only neuronal cells, has been widely studied in last decade for being crucial candidates in cancer studies in both diagnostic and therapeutic prospective (Chen et al., 2021; Jiang et al., 2019). In lung cancer Slit2 is down-regulated by hypermethylation (Dallol et al., 2002; Kim et al., 2022). Similar epigenetic inactivation of Slit2 is known for gliomas (Yiin et al., 2009) and glioblastomas (Geraldo et al., 2021).

Heparan sulfates are the proteoglycans that are present on cell surfaces as well as the extracellular matrix, where they interact with a number of ligand molecules to mediate cellular functions (Hohenester et al., 2006). Heparin (heparan sulfate) is also the interacting partner of Slit2 and forms a ternary complex stabilizing the Slit2-Robo interactions (Morlot et al., 2007). It is also reported that Slit2 mediated directional migrations and invasion only happens in presence of heparin. It also serves as a co-receptor in Slit-Robo signaling (Fukuhara et al., 2008).

The present study was aimed at specifically addressing the role of heparin (heparan sulfate) in mediating Slit2-Robo1 signal transduction. The role of Slit2 instigated inhibition of tumor proliferation was examined in TGF-β induced lung cancer and glioblastoma cells in the presence of heparin. The data suggested that heparin facilitates the inhibitory role of Slit2 in cancer metastasis in both cancer types under study, by regulating the expression levels of genes involved in epithelial to mesenchymal transition.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Cell culture maintenance and conditioning

Lung cancer cells (H1650) and glioblastoma cells (SF767) were maintained in DMEM (Gibco-12800-017), with addition of 10% FBS as supplement and 1% pen/strep. Cultures were incubated in standard culture conditions that were temperature of 37°C and 5% CO2 in humidified conditions. At second day of culturing cancer cells were induced by addition of 1ng/ml TGF-β (Invitrogen™ PHG9204). When cells reached at 70% confluency, media were conditioned with 1ng/ml Human recombinant Slit2 protein (Abcam-ab82131) and heparin (Fisher Scientific-BP2524100). 24 h after Slit2 and Heparin addition cells were retrieved for analysis.

Morphology analysis

After 24 h exposure to the required concentration of Slit2 protein and heparin, cells were analyzed using Nikon Eclipse TS100 microscope with Nikon ELWD 0.3/OD75 camera system to observe any changes in morphology. Cell number was analyzed by counting the cells by hemocytometer by doing Trypane blue staining.

Cell proliferation assays

Cells were cultured in 96 well plates with density of 1x103 cells/well. After induction by TGF-β and exposure to Slit2 and heparin, different assays were performed to evaluate changes in cell proliferation, cell viability and cell metabolic activity.

MTT assay

MTT assay was done for estimation of cell metabolic activity. For MTT assay 0.1mg/ml MTT salt (Thermo fisher Scientific- M6494) in PBS was added to cells followed by incubation of 3 h. After addition of de-staining solution (DMSO), Absorbance at 570nm was analyzed by BioTek ELx808 absorbance reader.

WST-II assay

WST-II proliferation assay was performed by Quick cell proliferation assay kit (Abcam-ab65475) following manufacturer’s instructions. Briefly, after addition of 10ul WST-II solution (prepared in ECS solution), cells were incubated for 3 h. After incubation for recommended time period, stop solution was added to stop the reaction and absorbance was taken at 450 nm using BioTek ELx808 absorbance reader.

BrdU assay

BrdU assay was performed by using colorimetric BrdU cell proliferation assay kit (Exalpha-X1327K) following instructions by the manufacturer. The BrdU taken up by the cells was detected by an anti-BrdU anti-body and absorbance was taken at 450 nm using BioTek ELx808 absorbance reader.

Neutral red assay

For Neutral assay cells were incubated with final concentration of 40μg/ml neutral red (Sigma Aldrich-N4638) diluted in DMEM, followed by 1 h incubation. After de-staining (with solution of 50%: absolute ethanol, 49%: deionized water and 1%: Glacial acetic acid) absorbance was taken at 570nm.

FDA/PI staining

For analysis of cell apoptosis, differential staining of viable and non-viable cells was done by adding 5µl of FDA (5mg/ml) and PI (1mg/ml) each (Sigma-F7378). The cells were incubated for 20 min in incubator at 37°C. The cells were then analyzed by fluorescent microscope using red and green filters.

Gene expression analysis by RT-PCR

As cell migration is an important aspect of cancer metastasis, so the expression of cell adhesion proteins including epithelial and mesenchymal markers was checked. The samples for RNA isolation were stored in 1ml Trizol reagent and kept at -80°C. RNA was isolated using Trizol method following manufacturer’s instructions of extraction of RNA from the aqueous phase. After quantification using pico-drop and DNAse treatment, the extracted RNA was subjected to cDNA synthesis. cDNA synthesis was done using 1µg purified RNA using cDNA synthesis kit (Thermo-K1622). Real time PCR (RT-PCR) was performed using 5µM forward and reverse primers. Sequences are mentioned in Table I. The retrieved data from melting curve analysis and ΔCT values of test genes were compared with those of housekeeping genes (GUS B). The results were represented in graphical form.

 

Table I. Primer sequences.

Genes	Sequence 5´-3´
GUSB  glucuronidase	F: ACCACGATGGCATAGGAATGG R: CGGCTCTTCTCTCCACAGTCAG
Human vimentin	F: CGGTTTCCTCGTTCCCCTTT R: ATTGCTCGTGGGTTGTGTTG
Human E-Cadherin	F: CTTTGACGCCGAGAGCTACA R: TCCAAGGGGTGTCGTTTGAG
Integrin subunit beta 1	F: ATCTAATGTACCCCAATTCTGGCT R: TGGGTCAGTTCTGGGAAAGGT
N-CAD (Neuronal cadherin)	F: GCTTCAGGCGTCTGTAGAGG R: AGAGGCTGTCCTTCATGCAC

 

 

Statistical analysis

All experiments were performed in experimental and technical triplicates. Statistical significance was estimated using one-way and two-way ANOVA by Graph pad prism. P-values less than 0.05 were considered significant and were represented in results sterically.

RESULTS

Heparin amplified Slit2 induced reduction in cell number

The cell number was increased in cancer cells H1650 and SF767 after 24 h induction with TGF-β. But with Slit2 administration, there was drastic decrease in cell number even in presence of TGF-β (Fig. 1). This down-regulation in cell growth was more profound when Slit2 was added in cancer cells along with heparin.

When cell morphology was examined, it was observed that SF767 cells appeared slightly longitudinal with TGF-β treatment but there was no change in morphology of H1650 cells. No evident change in cell morphology was observed after addition of Slit2 and heparin in lung cancer cells and glioblastoma cells (Fig. 1).

Heparin facilitate reduction in cell proliferation by Slit2

There was an evident up-regulation in cell metabolic activity and proliferation after TGF-β treatment but with Slit2 addition there was reduction in cell metabolic activity in TGF-β treated cells (Fig. 2). When Slit2 was added along with heparin, there was further down-regulation in cell proliferation. Cell viability however, remained un-affected by Slit2 and heparin addition.

 

Slit2 and heparin decreased the number of proliferating cells and caused apoptosis in cancer cells

To analyze the effect of Slit2 and heparin on viability of TGF-β induced cells, differential staining with FDA and PI was done to label the live and dead cells. Live and viable cells appeared green after FDA uptake, whereas dead and damaged cells appeared red with PI staining. After analysis of cells in fluorescent microscope it was observed that the increase in the viable cells after induction with TGF-β, decreased after addition of Slit in lung cancer cells as well as in glioblastoma cells (Fig. 3).

 

 

In contrast, the number of dead and damaged cancer cells increased after Slit2 addition along with heparin, indicating that the proliferative effect of TGF-β induction was down-regulated with Slit2 and this down-regulation was further enhanced when Slit2 was administered along with heparin (Fig. 4).

Slit2 reversed TGF-β instigated up-regulation in mesenchymal genes expression

With treatment of TGF-β, there was an up-regulated expression of N-CAD and vimentin in both cancer types, there was also up-regulation in E-CAD expression in lung cancer cells. With Slit2 and heparin addition, E-CAD expression was further up-regulated, while there was down-regulation in mesenchymal marker genes for both cancer types (Fig. 5).

Integrin beta 1 expression was increased after addition of TGF-β but it was not affected in TGF-β induced cells after Slit2 addition.

 

DISCUSSION

Roundabout receptor is a tumor endothelial marker, expressed in the vascular network of various tumor entities. In mammals four roundabout proteins (Robo1-4) have been recognized, that are cognate receptors for Slits that are axon guidance molecules (Zhang et al., 2013). Slit-Robo signaling has the dual role in cancer management. As they show both tumor-genic and anti-tumor traits that is purely cancer type dependent (Jiang et al., 2019). Table II summarizes the status of Slit-Robo signaling pathway in some of the cancer types, defining their role as onco-genic or tumor suppressor.

The leucine rich domain of Slit, that binds to the Robo, also has the binding affinity for heparan sulphate (Steigemann et al., 2004). Heparan sulphate binds to both Slit and Robo, facilitating their receptor-ligand interactions (Zhang et al., 2004). It is also known that there is up to three folds reduction in Slit-Robo interactions by removal of heparan sulphate (Hu, 2001). It belongs to glycosaminoglycan family of polysaccharides that critically regulate several biological mechanisms including cell growth, differentiation, lipids metabolism, blood coagulation, cell to cell and cell to matrix interactions and cancer metastasis, by interacting a number of protein ligands (Rezniczek et al., 2019). Previous reports showed the crucial role of heparin in Slit-Robo complex.

 

Table II. Oncogenic and tumor suppressive roles of Slit-Robo signaling in human carcinomas mentioned in multiple reports summarized by Jiang et al. (2019).

Tumor type	SLIT/ROBO pathway status	Function
Pancreatic cancer	ROBO3↑	Oncogenic
Pancreatic cancer	SLIT2↓	Tumor-suppressor
Lung cancer	SLIT3↓	Tumor-suppressor
Lung cancer	USP33↓	Tumor-suppressor
Colorectal cancer (CRC)	SLIT2 ↓: USP33↓	Tumor-suppressor
Colorectal cancer	ROBO1 ↑: ROBO4↑	Oncogenic
Colorectal cancer	SLIT2 ↑: ROBO1↑	Oncogenic
Colorectal cancer	SLIT2 ↑: ROBO2↑	Oncogenic
Breast cancer	srGAP3↓	Tumor-suppressor
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma	SLIT2 ↑: ROBO1↑	Oncogenic
Ovarian cancer	SLIT2 ↓: SLIT3 ↓: ROBO1 ↓: ROBO2 ↓: ROBO4 ↓	Tumor-suppressor
Oral squamous cancer	SLIT2↓	Tumor-suppressor
Nasopharyngeal cancer	ROBO1↑	Oncogenic
Hepatocellular cancer	SLIT1, SLIT2, and SLIT3 genes were methylated	Tumor-suppressor
Hepatocellular cancer	ROBO1 ↑: ROBO2 ↑: ROBO4 ↓: SLIT2↓	Oncogenic
Cervical cancer	SLIT1↓: SLIT2↓: SLIT3↓: ROBO1↓: ROBO3↓	Tumor-suppressor
Gliomas	SLIT2↓	Tumor-suppressor
Prostate cancer	SLIT1 ↑: ROBO1↓

Structural analysis study showed heparin binding surface in the interface of Slit-Robo complex (Fukuhara et al., 2008). It was also predicted that at least five heparin disaccharide units are at least required to support Slit-Robo signaling (Fig. 6).

 

Several cytokines also require heparan sulphate for their signaling (Hussain et al., 2006). A better understanding of the molecular interactions between heparan sulphate and its ligand proteins may lead to the development of more specific glycan-based agents that will be helpful for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.

The present study was designed to determine the role of heparin in Slit2-Robo1 mediated down-regulation in cancer proliferation in TGF-β induced cancer cells. The cancer cells were first induced with 24 h exposure to TGF-β, then recombinant human Slit2 protein was added in cells, with and without heparin. The results showed that with presence of heparin, anti-proliferative effect of Slit2 was enhanced. This led to the fact that heparin is amplifying Slit-Robo signal transduction in both types of cancer cells used in the study. Heparin addition with Slit2 also decreased the expression of mesenchymal marker genes; N-cadherin and vimentin, indicating that it is somewhat rendering the cells to transform into the mesenchymal state, that is a prerequisite of cancer metastasis.

The data elucidated the importance of heparin in Slit-Robo signaling and also gave insight for future studies elaborating the downstream targeted pathways affecting cancer metastasis. Further, more intricate studies are required to be done to unravel the bindings between Slit2-Robo1 and heparan sulphate, as the molecular mechanisms behind the above-mentioned interactions remain obscure.

Acknowledgement

The financial support of University of the Punjab is gratefully acknowledged.

Funding

No formal funding was provided by any agency.

IRB approval

The study was approved by Advanced Board of Studies and Research, University of the Punjab.

Ethics statement

The study was approved by the Ethics committee of the School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab Lahore.

Statement of conflict of interest

The authors have declared no conflict of interest.

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