Research Article

Adverse Histo-Physiological Damages of Increasing Consummation of Puma (Super Fat) on Female Rats

Fatima Aziz Mahdi Al-Badry

Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Thi-Qar, Thi-Qar, 64001, Iraq.

Received | Dcember 30, 2023; Accepted | January 29, 2024; Published | May 27, 2024

*Correspondence | Fatima Aziz Mahdi Al-Badry, Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Thi-Qar, Thi-Qar, 64001, Iraq; Email: [email protected], [email protected]

Citation | Al-Badry FAM (2024). Adverse Histo-physiological damages of increasing consummation of puma (super fat) on female rats. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci., 12(7):1335-1340.

DOI | https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.aavs/2024/12.7.1335.1340

ISSN (Online) | 2307-8316

Copyright: 2024 by the authors. Licensee ResearchersLinks Ltd, England, UK.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

INTRODUCTION

Nutritional supplements are animal or botanical compounds which consist of vitamins, minerals, enzymes and amino acids, it were a traditional products as capsules, powders, drinks and tablets (Terjung et al., 2000). It were important for health when using at appropriate levels that contained vitamin C and calcium ion that necessary for bone health, as it a rich source with folic acid which help cardiovascular patients. Dietary supplements were used for raising of weight by composed of proteins or it characterizing to releasing energy by quick absorption and oxidation, these two types were called protein and carbohydrate supplements respectively (Dangin et al., 2003).

Puma (Super fat) is one of these dietary supplements as tablets which contributed to body and face increasing, the elevated weight was occurred after nutrition supplementation intake is associated with high amount of fat in body which act as unhealthy weight because increases of fat weight non muscular weight (Fiorino and Brooks, 2009).

The treatment with body weight fattened by consumers at irregular doses heavily causes health problems as gynecomastia, disorder of mood, lesions of liver and kidney and myocardial hypertrophy (Sousa et al., 2016). Also, it was observed that the excessive exposure of nutritional supplements lead to infertility problems with testicle shrinkage, prostate cancer, ovarian defects (Donohoe et al., 2010). Also, these had side effects resulted from it’s effect on nervous system causing depression in addition to toxic effects in all body systems by lipid peroxidation and generation of ketonic bodies (Tirosh et al., 2011). The aim of the current designed study was to estimation the physiological and histopathological effects of nutrition supplement Puma (super fat) on kidney and liver functions in female rats laboratory and investigate sever renal- hepatic alterations at different periods after Puma consummation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Animals and experiment design

Thirty two of adult female rats had been used, it aged (9-11 weeks) and weighted about (190-210 grams). Animals were housed and treated in animal house of biology department in Thi-Qar university. Laboratory conditions were controlled at temperature (21±3°C) and 12:12 hours light: Dark cycle. Rats were divided into two groups. First group (Control group) which it administrated distilled water, the second group (treated group) which divided into three subgroups (A, B and C), all these subgroups treated with Puma (super fat) (250 mg/kg body weight) for (one, two and three months), respectively.

Biochemical parameters

It involved functions of kidney and liver enzymes which required serum. Serum was collected by centrifuged the blood at 2500 rpm for 15 minutes. Concentration of urea and creatinine were measured according to Tietz (1999), Wills and Savory (1981) by kits (Biomerieux, Biolabo/ France), while liver enzymes involved (ALT, AST and ALP). The first enzymes were assessed by kits (Atlas medical/England) according to (Reitman and Frankel, 1957). ALP kits (Biomerieux/ France) was used for evaluation ALP (Belfield and Goldberg, 1971).

Histological examination

Both kidney and liver were dissected out for histological study. It was fixed in formalin 10% for 48 hours, the method Muhammad-Azam et al. (2019) was used for preparing the histological sections of these organs. Samples were processed by ascending concentrations of ethanol that included (50%,70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 100%) for dehydration, after that it cleared with xylene, then paraffin wax was used for embedding and preparation of block. Sections (5 μ thickness) were supplied and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for examination by light microscope. (Figure 1).

Histopathological scoring of kidney and liver

The degree of histological injury of kidney and liver was scored depending on the grading system according to Al Asmari et al. (2017). Magnitude of injury was included four stages which it graded (0-4) upon microscopical results, it involved hemorrhage, congestion, inflammation and structural disorders such as breakdown, death and absence of glomeruli with dilation of Bowman’s space while the changes of liver were included congestion, hemorrhage, hypertrophy as well as necrosis of the hepatocytes, these were shown in Table 3.

Statistical analysis

The data present in tables were acted mean ± standard deviation of studied parameters, it used for comparing among groups and its analysis by SPSS (Version 21) for determination the significance which it occurs at (P≤0.05) (Bryman and Cramer, 2012).

RESULTS and Discussion

The results in Table 1 detected to administration of Puma (super fat) at all exposure periods (one, two and three months) caused a significant increase (p≤0.05) in functions of kidney compared with control group. Also, the concentration of urea and creatinine were increased significantly (p≤0.05) among groups that treated with Puma (super fat) by raising period of intake it.

 

Table 1: Effect of Puma (Super fat) in kidney functions (n=8) (Mean ± Standard deviation).

Creatinine (mg/dL)	Urea (mg/dL)	Group
0.72±0.00 d	43.12 ± 0.51 d	Control group
0.77±0.00 c	49.01 ±0.93 c	Puma group (One month)
0.81 ± 0.01 b	53.30± 1.48 b	Puma group (Two months)
0.86± 0.01 a	60.15 ± 2.23 a	Puma group (Three months)
0.00	0.65	L.S.D.

 

The current results in Table 2 showed a significant decrease in liver enzymes (P≤ 0.05) (ALT, AST and ALP) in Puma super fat groups when compared with control group, this decline in enzymes was increased significantly (P≤ 0.05) as a result of elevated receiving of Puma (Super fat).

 

Table 2: Effect of Puma (Super fat) in liver enzymes (n=8) (Mean ± Standard deviation)

ALP IU/L))	AST (IU/L)	ALT IU/L))	Group
143.21±1.66a	23.88±1.00a	23.42± 1.11a	Control group
139.14±1.00b	20.33±0.35b	20.11± 1.37b	Puma group (One month)
105.15±2.00c	18.91±0.74c	17.83± 0.51c	Puma group (Two months)
93.71± 0.87d	11.71± 0.61 d	10.00± 0.70d	Puma group (Three months)
0.71	0.45	0.40	L.S.D.

 

Different letters indicate to significant difference (P≤ 0.05) among groups

 

Table 3: Scoring system of tissue injury.

Score	Description	Status
0	Normal structure of tissue without any change	Normal
1	Tissue injury at less 25 %	Mild injury
2	Tissue injury at (25 %- 50%)	Middle injury
3	Tissue injury at (50 %-75%)	Sever injury
4	Tissue injury at more than 75 %	Very severe injury

 

Effect of puma on histological changes of organs

Results of scoring system were recorded histopathological injury of kidney and liver in control and infected group with Puma, it were included control group without any changes (normal, score:0), Puma group one month (mild injury, score: 1), Puma group two month (sever injury, score: 3), Puma group one month (very severe injury, score: 4), these summarized in Table 4.

 

Table 4: Percentage of histological injury for all experimental groups.

Score	Injury of liver	Injury of kidney	Group
0	%0	%0	Control group
1	%20	%19	Puma group (One month)
3	%67	%65	Puma group (Two months)
4	%81	%83	Puma group (Three months)

 

Histopathological changes

Histological study of kidney was found histological damages by Puma (Super fat) exposure, it involved hemorrhage among tubules, congestion, inflammation and structural disorders such as breakdown, death and absence of glomeruli with increasing of Bowman’s space. Also, Puma was led to histological lesions in liver, that included necrosis, fibrosis, congestion of central vein. hemorrhage as well as hypertrophy of hepatocytes with increasing of sinusoids (Figures 2-9).

 

 

The functions of kidney which studied in the current study were included urea and creatinine, these were elevated significantly (p≤0.05) after administration of Puma (super fat) at all exposure periods (one, two and three months) compared with control group. Also, the concentrations of urea and creatinine were increased significantly (p≤0.05) among groups that treated with Puma (super fat) by raising period of intake it. That raising in these parameters may be associated to effect Puma fattened on kidney, this result is accordance with Akande and Banjoko (2011) who reported to disturbances in functions of kidney belong to structural damages in kidney tissue. while the elevated of kidney functions did not agree with Abudal-Kadhum et al. (2016) who noted no significant differences in urea and creatinine concentration when dietary supplements intake.

Regarded of liver enzymes, the current study revealed to significant decrease (P≤ 0.05) in liver enzymes (ALT, AST and ALP) in all groups treated with Puma super fat when compared with control group, this decline in enzymes was increased significantly (P≤0.05) as a result of elevated receiving of Puma (Super fat). That decrease may be due to presence of caffeine in Puma super fat, this accordance with Abara et al. (2007) who found reduction of liver enzymes by caffeine. Also, this decline is identical with Kumar and Anandan (2007) who explained decreasing of ALT and AST by exposure for glutamin supplement, while that did not agree with Waldron et al. (2002) who mentioned to administration of nutritional supplements led to high liver enzymes.

 

 

 

 

Histological study of kidney was found histological damages by Puma (Super fat) exposure, it involved hemorrhage among tubules, congestion, inflammation and structural disorders such as breakdown, death and absence of glomeruli with increasing of Bowman’s space. Also, Puma was led to histological lesions in liver, that included necrosis, fibrosis, congestion of central vein, hemorrhage as well as hypertrophy of hepatocytes with increasing of sinusoids. All these changes were observed may be linked

 

 

 

to intake of Puma fattened at irregular and large doses, this accordance with Taner et al. (2010) who indicated to damages of kidney are occur when treatment with supplements. Blach (2010) reported to important role of nutritional supplements components which cause renal damages and histological lesions of kidney.

The histological lesions were observed in liver may be related to lipid peroxidation that caused by elevated intake of Puma supplement, this is identical with Al-Moutaery et al. (2003) who indicated to some components of nutritional supplements as caffeine were stimulated lipid peroxidation led to damages of nucleic acid and proteins of cells subsequently necrosis occurrence. Congestion of central vein was showed clearly may be belong to caffeine of Puma super fat, that is similar to Abd El-Ghany et al. (2012) who noticed congestion by caffeine. Also, another reason of hepatic damage may be due to increasing administration of Puma supplement that affected on liver enzymes, Pratt and Kaplan (2001) assessed the changes in ALT, AST considered indicator of liver damage and refer to necrosis and breakdown of hepatocytes.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

In the current study, it was concluded that exposure for Puma (Super fat) for three various periods (one, two and three months) lead to kidney and liver injury. In addition to accentuation of that by elevated of urea and creatinine with decline of ALT, AST and ALP. Further, the histopathological changes which indicated to renal-hepatic injury. We recommend not excessive using of nutritional supplements because they have significant effects on the body. We also recommend conducting other studies on the various types of supplements on the market that increase weight and explaining their effects on the body.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would like to introduce my thanks to university of Thi-Qar for the all support and assistance during the achievement of the present research.

List of abbreviations

ALT, Alanine transaminase; AST, Aspartate transaminase; ALP, Alkaline phosphatase; SPSS, Statistical package for social sciences; LSD, Least significant difference; H & E, Hematoxylene and eosin.

NOVELTY STATEMENT

The current study highlights potential damages caused by puma (super fat) administration on physiological and histological levels.

AUTHOR’S CONTRIBUTION

Author performed all the laboratory tests that belong to current work as well obtaining and treatment of animals. In addition to statistical analyses of data.

Ethical approval

Based on the guidelines of the animal interest committee, All experimental executions weref confirmed by the ethics committee in university of Thi-Qar /college of education for pure sciences (Accordance with No. 7/30/1776 in 31/1/2023).

Conflicts of interest

The author declares no conflict of interest.

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