Zafar Waheed, Khalid Usman, Iftikhar Ali
...5 to 30 plants m-2). The threshold level of Rumex dentatus was observed in T5 and became worse with further increase in population density of Rumex dentatus. It is concluded that yield and yield related parameters were adversely affected in case of higher infestation of Rumex dentatus as it competes with the major crop for resources and exhibits auto-toxicity when grown in association with wheat crop....
Naime Zülâl Elekcioğlu*
... The lower developmental threshold for C. phyllocnistoides estimated was 8.93°C. Mortality rate of immature stages decreased as the temperature increased, ranged from 27% at 15ºC to 8% at 35°C. Longevity of both sexes were different at all temperatures studied (except 30 and 32.5°C), ranged from 22.1 days at 15°C to 8.0 days at 35°C for males and 23.8 days at 15°C to 8.3 days at 35°C for females. Parasitization rate of <...
1S. A. Khan and 2S. Jha
Effect of dates of sowing, moisture regimes, varieties and weather factors on incidences of aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) in rape and mustard
...s concluded that weather thresholds as identified and regression models developed, along with medium range weather forecasts of 5 days available from India Meteorological Department (IMD), could be useful to forewarn aphid 2 days in advance for farmers. To escape critical aphid incidence, rape and mustard crops need to be sown by 15 October, because crops sown beyond this period are likely to be adversely affected by aphid. Keywords : Aphid, sowing date, moist...
Amitava Konar and N. Johnson Singh
Occurrence of aphids on various potato germplasms in eastern gangetic plains of West Bengal
...December and crossed the threshold limit (20 aphids/100 compound leaves) during first to second week of January in Kufri Chandramukhi whereas in Kufri Jyoti and Kufri Joawhar, the pest was observed first by fourth week of December and attained the critical level during second to third week of January. The pest initially occurred during early to mid January in K.Chipsona-1, K.Chipsona-2 and Atlantic and reached the threshold ...
Lu Liu1, Sher Khan Panhwar2, Tianxiang Gao3, Zhiqiang Han3, Chunhou Li4, Dianrong Sun4 and Na Song1,*
... 14.74%, higher than the threshold for species delimitation. The results confirmed the taxonomic validity of the three Liza species and verified that the COI gene could provide effective DNA barcoding for identification.
...
Asad Abdullah1, Muhammad Irfan Ullah1,*, Muhammad Waqar Hassan2, Samina Khalid3, Yasir Iftikhar4, Muhammad Arshad1 and Jaime Molina-Ochoa5,6
...d upon reaching economic threshold levels of B. tabaci and A. biguttula. The insect pest population was recorded 24 hours before and 24h, 72h and 168h after spray. Maximum reduction of 60.20% of B. tabaci on Bt cotton was recorded at 6% NSE while at 2% concentration of NSE after 148 hrs, 39. 16% reduction was observed. While maximum reduction on non-Bt cotton at 6% recorded as 66.60% and minimum at 2% concentration recorded a...
Muhammad Saqlain1, Humaira Kalsoom1, Muhammad Fiaz1,2, Abid Mahmood1, Rizwan Aziz Qazi4 ,Waseem Safdar5, Pakeeza Arzoo Shaiq1,Bernard M.Y. Cheung3 and Ghazala Kaukab Raja1,*
...odds ratios (ORs) with a threshold of p≤0.05 to determine statistical significance. The frequency of 54Thr allele of FABP2 significantly associated with MetS risk in Pakistani population. Our results showed that frequency of the FABP2 54Thr allele was significantly higher (67%) in MetS cases as compared to controls (35%)(p<0.0001). The 54Thr allele carriers were at increased risk of MetS (OR=3.93, CI=2.09-7.39, p<0.0001) and obesi...
Muhammad Zahid1*, Muhammad Ather Javed Khan2, Muhammad Idrees3 and Ahmad Kamran Khan4
...s were aware of economic threshold level of harmful insects, use of pesticides at economic threshold level and clean cotton picking respectively. 94.7% growers adopted thinning of plants, 91.3% knew pest scouting, 87.3% used pesticides after pest scouting while 74% farmers used pesticides both at morning and evening. It was concluded that integrated pest management project enhanced the skills of farmers and resulted in highe...
Muhammad Shoaib Saleem*, Muhammad Faheem Akbar, Amjad Sultan and Saqib Ali
...ests reached at economic threshold level (ETL). Pre-treatment data were taken before 24 hours and post-treatment data were recorded after 24, 72, 168 and 336 hours of each spray. In this manner the data of three sprays were collected. Amongst neonicotinoids Clothianidin was found to be very effective with 84% reduction in jassid population even after 7 days of application, followed by Nitenpyram 71% and Momentum 67%, while buprofezin showed moderate effectiven...
Shoaib Nawaz1, Muhammad Razaq1, Zahid Mahmood Sarwar1*, Muhammad Sajjad1*, Syeda Aneeza Ubaid1, Muhammad Asif Zulfiqar2 and Usman Haider1
Tongliang Wang1, Lele Jia1, Xiaofei Zhai1, Jianguo Cui2 and Jichao Wang1,*
...exhibited lower auditory thresholds than males across 600–2400 Hz frequency range. The relationship between vocalizations and hearing corresponded to the matched filter hypothesis, suggesting that male call spectral structure and hearing sensitivity in males and females may have co-evolved under sexual selection in D. melanostictus.
... 
Muhammad Usman Asif*, Raza Muhammad, Waseem Akbar, Mubasshir Sohail and Muhammad Awais
... remained below economic threshold level (ETL) during the period of study.
...
Rishen Liang*, Meng Zhou, Zhenxiang Lin, Guozhang Li, Yuan Chen, Xuan Lin and Zaohe Wu
...largely greater than the threshold of species diagnosis divergence value of 2%. Inner individual divergence values of each species were less than 0.5%. In the molecular phylogenetic trees, the longer branch length also clearly distinguished the independent placement of the two species. These results revealed great genetic differences between P. orientalis and P. vittatus, and strongly suggested that they might be two distinct species and should n...
Zeshan Siraj1*, Amjad Farooq1 and Zahid Mehmood2
...orded above the economic threshold level (ETL) in all three years. Jassids infestation was non-significantly correlated with temperature, relative humidity and average rainfall in all consecutive years 2011-2013. Data revealed that jassids population had a positive non-significant correlation with minimum temperature and minimum relative humidity in 2011 and 2013. A positive association of jassids with maximum temperature was observed in 2012-2013 whereas it w...
Muhammad Ishaque Mastoi1*, Ibtasam Riaz2, Syed Muneeb Haider2, Arfan Ahmed Gilal3, Anjum Shehzad4, Ahmed Zia4 and Abdul Rauf Bhatti4
...ep its populations below threshold level. ...
Muhammad Zeeshan Manzoor1*, Ghulam Sarwar1, Mukkram Ali Tahir1, Noor-Us-Sabah1, Ayesha Zafar1 and Sher Muhammad2
...h species has a critical threshold value where it was started showing negative response. Leaching fractions may help keeping salt concentration low in the root zone when irrigation water is saline. In this experiment three types of water (canal, EC = 2 and 3 dS m-1) were used as such and with leaching fraction of 10 and 20 %. This experiment was conducted in the field and RCBD design was used to make its layout. All the treatments were replicated four times. S...
Bo Gao1,2, Fengmei Yang3, Wei Chen2, Xiaojia Song4, Xiaobo Liu5 and Dongmin Li1*
...alysis, their diagnostic threshold values were calculated. MDR1 expression levels were the highest in malignant tumor tissues, followed by adjacent tissues, and the lowest in non-cancerous tissues. Differences in expression level between varying degrees of differentiation and/or lymphatic metastasis, as well as variations in negative and positive expression between survival and recurrence times, were statistically significant. The level of tumor markers at 6 m...
Asif Nawaz1*, Muhammad Zafarullah Khan1, Rehmat Ullah1, Arshad Farooq2 and Abdul Hassan2
Assessment of Weed Management Competency of Field Assistants in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
...rol followed by critical threshold level of weeds and critical period of weed competition. Findings of Rank Based Quotient revealed that lack of promotion, training opportunities and incentives or motivation were the top most constraints that respondents faced in building the required competencies. Therefore, it is a dire need to provide practical in-service training to the Field Assistants in the identified areas for the adequate acquisition of weeds manageme...
Zahir Shah1*, Saima Munawar1, Ihsan Ullah2, Taif Shah3, Haq Aman Ullah1, Saqib Nawaz1, Farhan Anwar Khan1 and Manoj Kumar Shah4
Combined Physico-chemical and Analgesic Effects of Electroacupuncture Plus Clonidine in Goats
...dine, respectively. Pain threshold, cardio-respiratory effects, rectal temperature, hematological and biochemical variables were assessed in all groups. Clonidine at the dosage of 20µg/kg increased the pain threshold, and decreased cardio-respiratory rates and rectal temperature in goats. EA plus 10µg/kg of clonidine resulted higher pain threshold for 45-60 min than those goats...
Syed Mazuan, Syed Mohamed, Insyirah Ishak, Dzolkhifli Omar and Norhayu Asib*
...ation below the economic threshold level (10 larvae/ frond) within 15 DAT. Both cypermethrin and MPOB Bt1 resulted in the highest mortality of bagworms which was 83%. Then, flubendiamide, chlorantraniliprole and Btk resulted in mortality rate of 82%, 75%, and 70% respectively. All aforementioned, insecticides applied were able to suppress the population up to 30 DAT....
Nehafta Bibi1,2, Faiq Jan3, Munawar Saleem Ahmad4 and Haitao Wang1,5,*
...compared light intensity threshold of activity in two groups of passerines, i.e. secondary cavity and non-cavity nesting. For this purpose, different species of secondary cavity and non-cavity nesting passerines were subjected to two phases of trials: in the first trial birds were released in an experimental cage and allowed them to accommodate themselves in darkness for 10 min. In the second trial we turned on the dimmer to a given luminance for 2...
Muhammad Nasir1, Muhammad Usman Asif2*, Abdul Hayee Abid1, Qurat ul Ain Haneef1 and Muhammad Awais2
Syed Ismat Hussain1, Khalid Mehmood2, Mudassar Khaliq3, Habib Anwar1, Syed Muhammad Zaka4, Ateeq ur Rehman5*, Muhammad Shahid6, Syed Atif Hasan Naqvi5*, Ummad ud Din Umar5 and Muhammad Asif Zulfiqar7
...the spots above economic threshold level (AETL) was varying between 0.4% in districts viz., D G Khan and Rajanpur to a maximum of 5.0% in district Vehari. Below economic threshold level (BETL) was varying between 0.4% in districts D G Khan and Rajanpur to a maximum infestation found in district Vehari at 23.1%. The population peaks indicate the overlapping seven generations of pink boll worm out of which 5 active generations...
Liyun Chang1, Yingbin Chen1, Qian Kang1, JianhuaQin1,* and Zhiyong Liu2,*
...expression. Fluorescence threshold (Ct value) obtained from RT-QPCR2-ΔΔCt method with GAPDH standard curve (linearity R2=1), followed by sequencing analysis showed that all tested cytokines were amplified. The PCR products exhibited consistent melting curves, suggesting reliable specificity of the cytokine primers. Compared with the control group, the expression levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6 of infected ...
Inam Ur Rahman1, Sanam Wagma Khattak2*, Muhammad Israr3 and Saima Hashim4
... study has developed two thresholds each one for overall developing countries and regional countries (South Asia). The food security situation of Pakistan is compared to both thresholds. The results show that Pakistan is comparatively a food insecure country. It lags behind in terms of food availability and utilization that makes the overall food security scores lower. The study suggests that food security situation in Pakis...
Hongqun Li1,*, Liganag Xing1, Xiaoli Liu2, Yonglan Pu3, Yuqing Yang3 and Yongyao Fu1
... coldest month, with the thresholds 30.5~31.8°C, 27.5~28.7°C, ≤ 400 m, ≥ 17.5°C, and ≥ 2.3°C, respectively. Under the current conditions for the years 1950-2000, 9.22% of total areas, located in the central district of Chongqing, were identified as the suitable areas including increased three districts of Jiangbei, Dadukou and Jiulongpo for the nematode while 29.27% of the areas as the moderately suitable areas. During the periods of 2...
Chukwudi Njoku1*, Inyang Etim-Inyang2, Prince-Charles Itu1 and Arinze Uzoezie1
...nsity). The criteria and threshold for siting Tilapia cage culture were adopted from previous studies and processes such as classification, buffering, interpolation, slope analyses, single and multiple Structured Query Languages (SQL). The analyses divulged 23 river sites that are suitable for setting up Tilapia cage culture in the State, all covering a total of 18.44 square kilometers (4.49 percent) of the water bodies in the area. The result is an essential ...
Muhammad Shaheen1* and Abdullah2
...tion on the basis of the threshold value. The threshold value of the outlier named as clus_span is computed by taking distance of each point from each other point and dividing it by the total number of points. All the points of a dataset that do not qualify the value of the minimum threshold are considered as outliers. New K Means with this add-in is tested on benchmark dataset for identif...
Noor Muhammad Khan1,2, Tariq Mahmood Khalil1,3*, Rashid Rehan2 and Iftikhar Zeb4
...on exceeds the limits of thresholds values. For phytoremediation the T.l was tested in both on-site (in-situ) and laboratory conditions (ex-situ) while A.d was applied only in an ex-situ setup. For T.l, the average uptake of copper (Cu) was 5.40 and 6.46 mg kg-1, similarly for the lead (Pb) average uptake was 4.55 and 4.55mg kg-1, while for nickel (Ni) the average uptake was, 2.80 and 2.76 mg kg-1 in ex-situ and in-situ plantation respectively. Whereas for A.d...
Umair Faheem1*, Qurban Ali2, Mussurat Hussain1, Abrar Ahmad3, Tamsila Nazir2, Ghayour Ahmad3, Idrees Ahmad3, Madiha Mobeen4, Hammad Hussnain3 and Nadia Hussain Ahmad3
...ation below the economic threshold level. Population of insect pests and parasitoids significantly reduced using insecticides. In Pakistan, environmental friendly insecticides need to be encouraged to avoid their deleterious effects on beneficial insects....
Gawhara Ahmed-Abdelmonem1*, Zeinab Aboezz2, Ahmed Habashi1, Saad Sharawi2
...according to their cycle threshold (Ct) values. Moreover, the serotype A amplicons were subjected to sequencing of the VP1 gene. Through phylogenic analysis of three FMDV serotype A isolates, it has been deduced that two isolates were clustered to Asian Iran-05 topotype with close similarities (99.42-99.57%) to the local vaccine strain, while the other one belonged to African topotype genotype IV (GIV) and was genetically different from the local vaccine strai...
Emel Hulya Yukseloglu1, Fatma Cavus Yonar1*, Omer Karatas1, Gulten Rayimoglu1, Faruk Asicioglu1, Elif Canpolat1, Onur Ozturk2 and Itir Erkan3
...antification, stochastic threshold study, reproducibility and repeatability, mixture and contamination study parameters. Validation parameters and population genetics data were calculated by using Arlequin v 3.5.2.2 version. According to our results, SE33 (PM=0.014) locus showed the greatest power of discrimination and TPOX (PM=0.132) has the least power of discrimination power in Turkish population. Combined power of exclusion and combined power of discrimina...
A.M. Korayem, M.M.M. Mohamed† and S.M. EL-Ashry1
...00 g soil. While, damage threshold level (DT); nematode
density at which yield begin to decrease; was estimated by 3 J2/200 g soil. For the second season, no significant
relation (P = 0.05) between nematode population density and bean yield was found (r = 0.33). DT was estimated as
22 J2/200 g soil. Total protein and nitrogen element decreased in seeds of infected plants compared with those of
healthy ones.
...
Mostafa Mohamed Attia Hammam, Moawad Mohamed Mohamed Mohamed* and Mahfouz Mohamed Mostafa Abd-Elgawad
...of faba bean. Using gain thresholds, the study compares costs of a biological versus a chemical nematicide for M. arenaria control on faba bean. Meloidogyne arenaria was not detected at pre-planting soil samples of two consecutive field seasons. However, the potential of field weeds as hosts/reservoirs for M. arenaria to transfer from weeds and build-up on ‘Giza 843’ faba bean roots was apparent at harvest. Significant relations were established be...
Yisi Chen*, Jun Zhang and Fayin Li
... 15). The paw withdrawal threshold was used to evaluate the mechanical pain before and after the incision. L3-L5 was taken 1h after incision. The phosphorylation level of GluN2b, p38MAPK, ERK, JNK and EPAC was measured by Western blot and immunofluorescence. We found that the mechanical pain induced by plantar incision peaked at 1h after surgery and lasted for 3 days. Compared with the isoflurane group, the mechanical pain in propofol group was significantly r...
Khwaja Junaid and Shah Alam Khan
...opulation below economic threshold level. Growing resistant varieties is considered as safe and cost-effective method for the control of (RLF). Keeping in view the importance of the pest and economic value of the crop this experiment is designed to screen thirty five genotypes for resistance against rice leaf folder. These genotypes were evaluated for resistance against RLF in green house in the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Agriculture University...
Hazrat Usman1, Shakeel Ahmad2*, Salah Uddin3, Humaira Wasila3 and Yasser Durrani4
...pliance with recommended thresholds and evaluate potential health implications. Unfortunately, based on the guidelines set by the World Health Organization (WHO, 2011), the majority of the well water samples collected, except for those from Kharkai, Malangy, Laradagai, Raghagan, and Zubandar, were found to be unsuitable for human consumption. The researchers hope that this study will increase public awareness in the studied areas and encourage people to avoid ...
Shiferaw Demissie Tola1, Diriba Muleta2, Fassil Assefa2 and Beira Hailu Meressa1*
Zhimin Wu1,2, Yaping Yang1, Arshad Zahoor1, Aftab Shaukat1 and Ganzhen Deng1,2*
...ale the normal parameter threshold, and patients with respiratory diseases and obvious clinical syndromes (n=57) were selected as trials to evaluate and confirm the availability of these indexes for the diagnosis of canine pulmonary function. The most valuable indexes for the clinical diagnosis of abnormal pulmonary function were selected with correlation analysis and single factor analysis of variance. The posterior lung field angles and the thoracic indexes ...
Aliya Irshad Sani1, Shumaila Usman2*, Zile Rubab1, Sufyan Ahmed3, Sana Iqbal3 and Zehra Ahmed4
...erence between the cycle threshold (Ct) values in the saliva and blood of OX40 (p value=<0.001) and OX40L (p value=<0.001) in OSCC patients. The fold change overexpression in blood and saliva is also compared in relation to histological gradings and clinical staging. Based on our observations we suggest these particular markers can be evaluated in blood and saliva less invasively compared to tumor biopsies....
