The Restorative Effect of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Synthesized with Origanum vulgare L., Carvacrol, Hypericum perforatum L., and Hypericin Loaded in Calcium Alginate Scaffold on Staphylococcus aureus-Infected Ulcers in Diabetic Rats
The Restorative Effect of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Synthesized with Origanum vulgare L., Carvacrol, Hypericum perforatum L., and Hypericin Loaded in Calcium Alginate Scaffold on Staphylococcus aureus-Infected Ulcers in Diabetic Rats
Dhiya Altememy1, Mohammad Darvishi2*, Samira Shokri3, Saber Abbaszadeh4
ABSTRACT
In this study, the restorative effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) synthesized with Origanum vulgare, carvacrol, Hypericum perforatum, and calcium alginate scaffold-loadable calcium alginate on infected wounds with Staphylococcus aureus was investigated in diabetic rats. Eight groups of 12 rats in any group were diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of alloxan. After the rats were anesthetized, 2cm2 wounds were created and inoculated with bacterial suspension of S. aureus (ATCC 12600) equivalent to the 0.5 MacFarland tube. The hydroalcoholic extracts of Origanum vulgare, Hypericum perforatum, and their active ingredients including carvacrol and hypericin, were prepared, and then TiO2N.Ps. were prepared from them using isopropoxide. The antibiotic methicillin and calcium alginate pad was also loaded as control of nanoparticles embedded in the calcium alginate pad and then the restorative effect on the wound was studied. On days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 21, hematoxylin-eosin slides (H&E) of the tissue, angiogenesis rate, and division of fibroblast cells and Masson’s trichrome slides were used to determine the rate of collagenization, wound, and extracellular matrix. After the treatment, the size of the wound in the Tio2 N.P. synthesis by Origanum vulgare, Tio2 N.P. synthesis by carvacrol, methicillin, Tio2 N.P., and alginate pad groups of diabetic rats and alginate pad group of non-diabetic rats were determined 7.03 ± 1, 11.12 ± 1, 10.72 ± 1 ± 15.48 ± 1, 11 ± 1, and 6.35 ± 1 mm, respectively. The serum level of TNFα in the Tio2 N.P. synthesis by Hypericum perforatum decreased from 62 ± 1 pg/mm on day 0 to 10 ± 1 pg/mm on day 21. Medicinal plants Origanum vulgare and Hypericum perforatum, especially their active ingredients hypericin and carvacrol, reduce wound microbial load and inflammation and ultimately repair wounds in diabetic rats due to antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. They can therefore be used as an effective remedy for healing wound infections in diabetics.
Keywords | Nanoparticle, Herbal plants, Diabetes, Staphylococcus aureus, Treatment
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