The Arabian Camel, Camelus dromedarius Interferon Alpha: Cloning, Expression in Escherichia coli, in vitro Refolding and Cytotoxicity on Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cell Line MDA-MB-231

Hesham Saeed1*, Manal Abdel-Fattah1, Ahmad Eldoksh1, Farid S. Ataya2 and Manal Shalaby3

1Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.

2Biochemistry Department, College of Science, Riyadh, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.

3Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications, New Borg Al-Arab City, Alexandria, Egypt.

ABSTRACT

The open reading frame encoding interferon alpha (IFNα) of the camel liver, Camelus dromedarius was isolated and cloned using reverse transcription-PCR. Sequence analysis of that gene showed a 564-bp encoding a protein of 187 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 21 kDa. Basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) sequence analysis revealed that C. dromedarius IFNα gene shares high sequence identity with IFNα genes of other species, including C. ferus, Vicugna pacos, and Homo sapiens. Expression of C. dromedarius IFNα cDNA in Escherichia coli revealed a fusion protein with a weight of 22.5 kDa after induction of expression with IPTG for 5 h. The recombinant IFNα was expressed in the form of inclusion bodies that were separated and solubilized in vitro and the protein was refolded using SDS and KCl. The folded protein is then purified using on Ni-NTA Agarose affinity chromatography and the purity was judged by SDS-PAGE. Moreover, the effect of the recombinant IFNα of the viability of cancer cell line was assessed by MTT assay. Morphological study showed that C. dromedarius IFNα protein inhibited cell survival of MDA-MB-231 triple negative breast cancer cells.

Article Information

Received 20 April 2020

Revised 30 May 2020

Accepted 02 June 2020

Available online 04 June 2021

Authors’ Contribution

HS supervised the experiments and prepared the manuscript. MA conducted the experiments evaluated the results. AE evaluated and validated the results. FA supervied the study and did some experiments. MS helped in manuscript revision and preparation.

Key words

Camelus dromedaries, Cloning, Expression, Inclusion bodies, Interferon

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/20200420000447

* Corresponding author: hsaeed1@ksu.edu.sa

0030-9923/2021/0004-1525 $ 9.00/0

Copyright 2021 Zoological Society of Pakistan

INTRODUCTION

The term interferon (IFN) was first coined by Alick Isaacs and Jean Lindemann in 1957 at the National Institute for Medical Research in London to describe an antiviral compound produced by virus infected chick cells that were able to interfere with viral infection (Isaacs and Lindemann, 1957). Since then, research pertaining to the discovery, characterization, and development of novel IFNs has continued for over 60 years (Meager, 2009). IFNs belong to a pleiotropic family of cytokines that play an important role in controlling cellular growth and apoptosis, and in the response to infections (Kaplan et al., 2017). IFNs are glycosylated proteins having molecular weight ranging from 20 to 25 kDa. They are produced in response to a variety stimuli including viral, bacterial, parasitic infections, inflammation, and tumorigenesis by various body cells like epithelia, endothelia, stroma, and cells of the immune system (Baldo, 2014; Borish and Steinke, 2003; Vacchelli et al., 2013; Peng et al., 2007). IFNs play important role in cell proliferation and differentiation, activation of immune cells, chemotaxis, inflammation, and apoptosis (Tayal and Kalra, 2008; Vacchelli et al., 2012). IFNs are classified-based on the receptors they interact with-into three major classes namely, type I, II, and III. Each type is encoded from different gene and has specific chromosomal localization, protein structures and biological activity (Fischer et al., 2018). Type II and III IFNs consist only of IFNγ and IFN while type I IFN consists of IFNα, β, δ, ε, ζ, κ ,, and ω (Klotz et al., 2017). The most common cytokine that has the longest record of use in clinical oncology is Type I IFNα as it is used in over 40 countries for the treatment of hematological malignancies and certain solid tumors such as melanoma, renal carcinoma, and Kaposi’s sarcoma (Meager, 2009; Ferrantini et al., 2007). Moreover, recombinant IFN-α2b is used for the treatment of recurrent melanomas (Cooksley, 2004) and IFN-α for the treatment of Hepatitis B and C, and HIV in combination with other antiviral drugs (Shepherd et al., 2000). Although different subtypes of IFNα essentially bind to the same receptors, they affect many biological functions and show distinct antiviral activities (Gibbert et al., 2013). Many interferon genes belonging to different classes have been cloned and expressed in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic hosts. Among these INFs types are from human, camel, pig, cat, horse, turkey, goose, zebra fish, and Atlantic salmon (Srikanth et al., 2019; Abdel-Fattah et al., 2019; Barathiraja et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2020; Steinbach et al., 2002; Suresh et al., 1995; Tian et al., 2014; Altmann et al., 2003; Guo et al., 2019; Robertsen et al., 2003). To the best of our knowledge, the IFNα from the Arabian one-humped camel, Camelus dromedarius, has not been reported yet. This camel is the most important animals in the Arabian Peninsula, for its high cultural and economic value beside the recent increasing research interest (Al-Swailem et al., 2010; Ataya et al., 2014; Malik et al., 2018). The aim of the present study was to clone, express, purify, and characterize IFNα found in the liver of C. dromedarius.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Chemicals and reagents

Chemicals and reagents used in this study were chromatographic or molecular biology grade as appropriate. Water was either de-ionized or milli-Q-grade.

Tissue collection and total RNA isolation and purification

Liver tissue samples (1 g) from adult male C. dromedarius were collected immediately after scarification (The Northern Riyadh Slaughtering House, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia) submerged in 5 mL of RNA later solution (Ambion, Courtabeuf, France), and kept at 4 °C, overnight; thereafter samples were kept at -80 °C. Total RNA was isolated and purified from 100 mg of liver tissue using the RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen, Cat#80204, Ambion, Courtabeuf, France) with a DNase digestion step following the manufacturer’s protocol. Liver tissue was homogenized in 1.0 mL of RLT lysis solution containing 1% 2-mercaptoethanol using a rotor-stator homogenizer (Medic Tools, Switzerland). The total RNA was eluted by 100 µL nuclease free water and its concentration, purity, and integrity were determined using the Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer System and Agilent total RNA analysis kit, according to the manufacturer’s protocols (Agilent Technologies, Waldbronn, Germany). Purified RNA samples with an RNA integrity number in the 7-10 range were used for first strand cDNA synthesis.

Synthesis of first strand cDNA and isolation of C. dromedarius IFNα gene

The first strand cDNA was synthesized from 2 micrograms of total RNA following the manufacturer’s protocol of the ImProm-II Reverse Transcription System (A3800, Promega, Madison, USA). The full-length C. dromedarius IFNα cDNA was obtained by PCR in a final volume of 50 µL, consisting of 25 µL 2X high-fidelity master mix (GE Healthcare, USA), 3 µL (30 pmol) each of IFNα forward primer containing an EcoRI restriction site (5′-GAATTC ATGTCCCCAGTGGCTCGACC-3′) and reverse primer containing a HindIII restriction site (5′-AAGCTTTCTTTCTTGCAAGTGTCTCGC-3′), and 5 µL cDNA. Amplification was performed using the following cycling conditions; 1 cycle at 95°C for 5 min, followed by 30 cycles at 95°C for 30 s, 55°C for 30 s, and 72 °C for 1 min. A final extension step was carried out at 72°C for 5 min. The PCR products were resolved on a 1.5% agarose gel in TEA buffer, stained and visualized with 0.5 µg/mL ethidium bromide and UV light. The separated bands of the amplified gene of expected size were cut from the gel and purified using the QiAquick gel extraction kit (Qiagen, Cat # 28706, Ambion, Courtabeuf, France).

Cloning and sequencing of full-length IFNα cDNA

The plasmid cloning pGEM®-T Easy vector (Promega, Cat # A1360, Madison, USA) was used to clone the purified PCR product corresponding to IFNα cDNA to facilitate sequencing and sub-cloning into the pET28a (+) expression vector. The ligation reaction was using 4 µL of PCR product, 1 µL (50 ng) of pGEM®-T-Easy vector, 1 µL of 10X ligase buffer, and 1 U of ligase enzyme and 3µL nuclease free water to a final volume of 10 µL. Reaction tubes were incubated at 16 °C for 16 h, and 5 µL from the ligation mixure was used to transform E. coli JM109 competent cells, according to the previously published methods of Sambrook et al. (1989). Screening was carried out on selective LB/ isopropyl-β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG)/X-gal/ampicillin/agar plates. Recombinant plasmids were purified from selected mostly white colonies using the PureYield Plasmid Miniprep System (Promega, Cat #A1222, Madison, USA) and the cloned insert was sequenced according to the methods of Sanger et al. (1977) using the T7 (5′-TAATACGACTCACTATAGGG-3′) and SP6 (5′-TATTTAGGTGACACTATAG-3′) sequencing primers. Sequence analysis was carried out using the DNAStar, BioEdit, and ClustalW programs.

Phylogenetic tree and structural modeling analysis

A phylogenetic tree was constructed according to the methods of Dereeper et al. (2008), using the Phylogeny.fr software (http://www.phylogeny.fr). The nucleotide and protein sequences for C. dromedarius IFNα cDNA were analyzed using the basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) programs BLASTn and BLASTp (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov), respectively, and multiple sequence alignments were carried out using the ClustalW, BioEdit, DNAStar, and Jalview programs. The translated amino acid sequence from the cDNA sequence was obtained using the translation tool on the ExPasy server (http://web.expasy.org/translate/). The protein structure prediction was obtained by submitting and amino acid sequence to the Swiss-Model server, and the structural data were analyzed using the PDB viewer program. Finally, the predicted 3D structure model of IFNα was built based on multiple threading alignments using the local threading meta-server (LOMET) and iterative TASSER assembly simulation (Ortiz, et al., 2002; Roy et al., 2010).

Subcloning of IFNα gene into pET-28a (+) expression vector

The IFNα cDNA insert was liberated from the pGEM-T-Easy vector using 2 units each of EcoRI and HindIII restriction enzymes and the appropriate buffer according to the methods of Sambrook et al. (1989) and purified after electrophoresis from the agarose gel using the QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit (Qiagen, Cat # 28706, Ambion, Courtabeuf, France). The purified IFNα gene was ligated with pET-28a (+) expression vector cut with the same enzymes as previously described. Subsequently, 5 µL of the ligation reaction was used to transform E. coli BL21(DE3) pLysS (Promega, Cat. # P9801, USA) competent cells, according to the methods of Sambrook et al. (1989). Recombinant E. coli BL21(DE3) pLysS harboring the pET-28a (+) vector were screened for on selective LB/IPTG/X-gal/kanamycin/agar plates and by using the colony PCR strategy utilizing the IFNα gene-specific primers.

Expression of C. dromedarius IFNα cDNA in E. coli BL21(DE3) pLysS

E. coli BL21(DE3) pLysS containing the recombinant pET28a (+) plasmid were used to inoculate one liter of LB medium supplemented with 34 µg/mL kanamycin and incubated at 37°C for 4 h with shaking at 250 rpm. The induction of IFNα expression was initiated from 0.6 optical density culture at 600 nm by the addition of 1 mM IPTG and kept for 5 h incubation at 37°C under continuous shaking. The bacterial cells were harvested by centrifugation at 8000 rpm for 20 min at 4°C and the biomass was re-suspended in 10 mL of 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.5, containing 50% glycerol. The bacterial cell suspension was then ultrasonicated on an ice-bath using 4 x 30-s pulses, and the clear supernatant containing the expressed protein was collected from the cell debris by centrifugation at 10,000 rpm for 10 min at 4°C.

Protein determination

Protein concentration was determined using Coomassie brilliant blue G-250 (1976), using 0.5 mg/mL of bovine serum albumin as a standard.

Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and western blotting analysis

Expression of recombinant C. dromedarius IFNα in E. coli was evaluated by performing a 12% SDS-PAGE according to the methods of Laemmli (1970). After electrophoresis, the gel was stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250 followed by de-staining in a solution of 10% (v/v) methanol and 10% (v/v) acetic acid. Recombinant C. dromedarius IFNα protein was detected by western blotting using 6x-His-Tag monoclonal antibody (His. H8, Cat# MA1-21315, Thermo Fisher Scientific) at a 1:1000 dilution according to the methods of Towbin et al. (1979). Goat anti-mouse IgG labeled with horse radish peroxidase (Invitrogen Cat# G-21040) secondary antibody was used at a dilution of 1:2000. The membrane was developed using the chromogenic substrate 3, 3ʹ, 5, 5ʹ- tetramethylbenzidine liquid substrate system (Sigma-Aldrich, Cat# T0565).

Solubilization and refolding of C. dromedarius recombinant IFNα inclusion bodies

The inclusion bodies present in the pellets after ultrasonication were recovered by centrifugation and washed three times in 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0. Then, they were solubilized by continuous stirring on an ice-bath with denaturation buffer containing 50 mM M Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 0.3 M NaCl, and 2% SDS until the solution became clear and the product was kept at 4°C overnight. The excess precipitated SDS was eliminated by centrifugation for 10 min at 10,000 rpm and 4°C. Subsequently, 400 mM of KCl was added to the supernatant and the solution was kept at 4°C overnight. Thereafter, the precipitate was discarded by centrifugation and the clear supernatant was dialyzed overnight against 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) and applied to a nickel affinity column (He and Ohnishi, 2017; Bornhorst and Falke, 2000).

Single step affinity purification of C. dromedarius recombinant IFNα

Recombinant IFNα in the solubilized inclusion bodies was purified using a single-step High-Select High Flow nickel affinity chromatography column (1.0 cm × 1.0 cm) (Sigma-Aldrich, Cat. # H0537) previously washed with 5 bed volumes of de-ionized water, and equilibrated with 5-bed volumes of 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) containing 20 mM imidazole. A solution of solubilized inclusion bodies was applied to the column and the column was washed with 5-bed volumes of equilibration buffer. The bound recombinant IFNα was eluted with 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) containing 500 mM imidazole. The collected fractions were measured at 280 nm against blank buffer solution containing appropriate concentrations of imidazole and the fractions presented in the second peak were pooled together and dialyzed overnight against 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5). The purity of the dialyzed recombinant IFNα was evaluated by performing 12% SDS-PAGE.

Cytotoxicity of recombinant C. dromedarius IFNα on a breast cancer cell line

Cells from the MDA-MB-231 triple negative breast cancer line, obtained from ATCC, were cultured in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Sigma-Aldrich Co., USA), 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 mg/mL streptomycin, and maintained in 5% CO2 at 37°C. An MTT assay was performed by seeding the cells in 96 well plates at a density of 15,000 cells/well and after an incubation period of 24 h, the cells were treated with varied concentrations of IFNα protein; control cells received culturing medium in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution. A subsequent incubation was carried out for 24 h after which, cells were washed twice with PBS followed by the addition of 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5 diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) (Serva Co.) reagent to each well at a concentration of 10 µL of 5 mg/mL in 100 µL serum free medium. Incubation was continued for 4 h at 37°C, following which the medium was discarded, 100 µL of DMSO was added to each well, the plates were shaken for 10-15 min, and the absorbance was measured at 490 nm (Abdel-Fattah et al., 2019).

Statistical analysis

GraphPad Prism 6.0 Software was used to perform statistical analyses. One way or two way ANOVAs (followed by Tukey or Sidak’s posttest) were used where appropriate. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM or ± SD from at least two independent experiments.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Nucleotide sequence analysis of C. dromedarius IFNα

To date, most information about type I IFNs has originated from studies on IFNs from other species such as human, red-crowned crane, equine, porcine, goose, salmon, turkey, and cattle (Srikanth et al., 2019; Tian et al., 2014; Steinbach et al., 2002; Li et al., 2019; Guo et al., 2019; Robertsen et al., 2003; Suresh et al., 1995; Barathiraja et al., 2018), and limited data are available about IFNs from C. dromedarius, the one-humped Arabian camel (Abdel-Fattah et al., 2019). In the present study, the full-length cDNA open reading frame of C. dromedarius IFNα was isolated by reverse transcription-PCR using gene specific primers designed from the available expressed sequence tag camel genome project database (http://camel.Kacst.edu.sa/). The PCR product corresponding to 561 nucleotides represents the entire open reading frame of C. dromedarius IFNα (Fig. 1). The purified PCR product was cloned first into the pGEM-T-Easy vector and the cDNA insert was sequenced using T7 and SP6 primers. The generated nucleotide sequence was deposited in the GenBank database under the accession number MK055340. The nucleotide sequence of the putative C. dromedarius IFNα gene has a statistically significant similarity score to numerous IFNα genes from other species (Table I). To determine the relatedness of C. dromedarius IFNα with known amino acid sequences from other species available in the GenBank database, a multiple sequence alignment was conducted (Fig. 2). The percentage identity of C. dromedarius IFNα with other species was 98% for Camelus ferus (GenBank accession # XP_014408676), 73% for Equus asinus (XP_014686765), 70% for Sus scrofa (NP_001158321), and 66% for Homo sapiens (NP_002166). A phylogenetic tree constructed from

 

 

the amino acid sequences of the predicted IFNα proteins deposited in GenBank indicated that C. dromedarius IFNα diverged along a separate evolutionary path that is distinct from other ungulates and mammalian species including human (Fig. 3).

 

Structural annotations and predicted 3D structure

The primary structure and protein motif secondary structural annotation for C. dromedarius IFNα are shown in Figures 4 and 5. The C. dromedarius IFNα nucleotides and deduced amino acid sequence showed an open reading frame consisting of 564 bp and 187 amino acid residues with a molecular weight of 21.339 kDa. The predicted isoelectric point was determined to be 7.67 using a computer algorithm. Analysis of secondary structural elements of C. dromedarius IFNα revealed the presence of some conserved

 

Table I. Homology of the deduced amino acids of C. dromedarius interferon α with other species.

Animal species	Accession no.	% Identity
Camelus bacterianus Camelus ferus Vicugna pacos Equus asinus Equus przewalskii Sus scrofa Ceratotherium simum simum Balaenoptera acutorostrata scammoni Orcinus orca Nomascus leucogenys Pongo abelii Microcebus murinus Gorilla gorilla gorilla Rousettus aegyptiacus Homo sapiens	XP_010944312 XP_014408676 XP_015098135 XP_014686765 XP_008530158 NP_001158321 XP_004436883 XP_007176876 XP_004275088 XP_003260419 XP_002819800 XP_012625263 XP_004047912 XP_016015901 NP_002166	100 98 94 73 72 70 70 74 74 69 68 68 68 67 66

 

features. The first feature is the presence of 18 amino acid residues (Q31, 46, 118, T32, 114, 120, R38, 39, G45, W103, E104, 121, S106, L107, H109, R110, D117, A124) that represent the putative IFNAR-1 binding site, localized in helices A and C (Fig. 5), which is critical for receptor recognition and biological activity. The second conserved feature is the presence of a putative IFNAR-2 binding site as a part of the AB loop helix D and DE loop, which is represented by 27 amino acid residues (L56,74,144,155, K57,160, 161, D58, 61, R59,73,147,148,152, Q60,66,158, F62, G63, P65, E67,159, A145, H151, T154, E159, Y162, S163). Analysis of glycosylation sites in C. dromedarius IFNα led to the prediction of one potential glycation site not occurring within the common Asn-Xaa-Ser/Thr glycation signal and this site is represented by the conserved E104 residue (Fig. 5). Glycosylation sites are believed to play an important role in regulating protein solubility, folding, oligomerization, and stability as well as protection against proteolytic degradation (Samudzi et al., 1991). Other conserved amino acids residues involved in the binding

 

 

of different ligands and DNA are shown in Table II. The predicted three dimensional structure of C. dromedarius IFNα showed that the secondary structure of the protein consisted of five alpha helices labeled from A to E as shown in Figure 6A and B. Composition of the secondary structure revealed 65.78% α-helices and 34.22% coils and turns. Analysis of the 3D structure of C. dromedarius IFNα revealed that the overall folding was similar to that of H. sapiens IFNα2a and the percent similarity and conservation in the secondary structure location was 64.6% (Fig. 6C).

Expression, solubilization, and in vitro refolding of IFNα

C. dromedarius IFNα was overexpressed in E. coli cells upon induction with 1 mM IPTG and appeared in insoluble inclusion bodies that were easily separated upon sonication and centrifugation at 12,000 rpm for 10 min at 4°C, leaving behind a supernatant devoid of IFNα protein as shown in Figure 7A. Western blotting analysis for recombinant C. dromedarius IFNα inclusion bodies protein with 6x-His-Tag monoclonal antibody revealed an immune-reacted band at 22.5 kDa (Fig. 7B and C). To recover soluble IFNα from the inclusion bodies, the SDS/KCl method was performed (Fig. 8A Lanes 3-7). Recovered, solubilized, and refolded IFNα inclusion bodies were then subjected to nickel-affinity chromatography and bound IFNα was eluted using 500 mM imidazole (Fig. 8B). The purified IFNα showed a unique single protein band at 22.5 kDa (Fig. 8C).

Cytotoxicity of C. dromedarius IFNα on a breast cancer cell line

IFNα has shown potential beneficial effects in various types of tumours such as hepatocellular carcinoma

 

Table II. Conserved amino acid residues of C. dromedarius interferon α involved in different ligands and metal ions binding.

Annotation features	Amino acid residues
Contact(s) to ligands - N-Acetyl-2-Deoxy-2-Amino-Galactose - 1,2-Ethanediol - Acetate ion - 4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-1-Piperazine ethanesulfonic acid - Sulfate ion - Beta-D-Glucose, G6D=6-Deoxy-Alpha-D-Glucose Contact(s) to metals -Nickel (ii) ion -Zinc ion -Chloride ion Nucleic acids binding residues	Gln133,   Gly134 Thr37,  Gly45,   Arg48,   Val87,   Gln118,   Phe178 His33 Arg48,   Ser51 Gln31,   Arg38,   Arg39,   Val42,   Gln46 Glu104,   Ser106,   Leu107,   Arg110 Cys27,   His33 His33,   Ala145 His33,   Leu35 Leu35, 41, Ala36, 124, Arg38, 39, Val41, His 109,183, Thr113,120, Gly114, Gln117, Glu121, 186, Ser179

 

 

(Zhang et al., 2019), ovarian cancer (Green et al., 2016), and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (Yang et al. 2019). However, the effects of recombinant C. dromedarius IFNα on human cancer cells have not been fully elucidated. To study the effects of C. dromedarius IFNα on the MDA-MB-231 triple negative breast cancer cell line, cells were treated with varied concentrations of the purified recombinant protein and the morphology and viability of the cells were examined. The morphological changes observed after 24 h of treatment are shown in Figure 9.

 

Cells appeared rounded up, were easily detachable, and exhibited shrinkage and reduction in size as the concentrations of the recombinant protein increased compared with that of untreated control cells (Fig. 9) suggesting inhibition of cell viability. To investigate the effect of C. dromedarius IFNα protein on cell viability, MTT assays were performed. The results demonstrated that IFNα inhibits the viability of cells in a dose dependent manner and the IC50 was calculated as 0.2714 µmole (Fig. 10). Type I IFNs are among the most widely used human recombinant therapeutic proteins for the treatment of several cancers and various viral infections. In addition, within the 13 alpha subtypes, only IFNα2A (Roferon A) and IFNα2b (Intron A) have been approved by the FDA and marketed for therapeutic use. Since these proteins are not glycosylated, the biopharmaceutical industry is able to use E. coli as a host cell factory to produce them (Ghasriani et al., 2013).

In conclusion, in this study, we presented cloning, expression, in vitro re-folding, and characterization of a novel C. dromedarius IFNα protein. Additionally, cytotoxicity of the recombinant protein was addressed using a triple negative breast cancer cell line; however, further research is required to unravel the role of C. dromedarius IFNα as a potential anti-cancer agent.

Declarations of interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest for this article and there is no financial employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants or patents received or pending, royalties related to this manuscript. Moreover, the authors declare that this work has not been published nor simultaneously submitted for publication elsewhere. All authors agree to the submission of this manuscript.

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