Short Communication

Phenotypic Correlation Between Body Weight and Testicular Measurement Traits of Savanna Breeding Bucks

Katleho Lephuting, Lebelo Joyceline Selala, Kwena Mokoena, Thobela Louis Tyasi*

Department of Agricultural Economics and Animal Production, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, Limpopo, South Africa.

Received | February 03, 2023; Accepted | April 12, 2024; Published | May 18, 2024

*Correspondence | Thobela Louis Tyasi, Department of Agricultural Economics and Animal Production, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, Limpopo, South Africa; Email: louis.tyasi@ul.ac.za

Citation | Lephuting K, Selala LJ, Mokoena K, Tyasi TL (2024). Phenotypic correlation between body weight and testicular measurement traits of savanna breeding bucks. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci., 12(7):1286-1289.

DOI | https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.aavs/2024/12.7.1286.1289

ISSN (Online) | 2307-8316

Copyright: 2024 by the authors. Licensee ResearchersLinks Ltd, England, UK.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

INTRODUCTION

The Savanna goats is an indigenous breed of South Africa and was developed in 1955 with a group of indigenous does and a large white buck on Cilliers and Sons ranch (Maynard, 2015). They breed all year round, mature early, and have long productive lives (Mazhangara et al., 2019). Savanna goats are primarily meat goats; they produce delicious, mild-tasting chevon. Chevon is a good source of dietary protein that has lower saturated fatty acid, total fat, and cholesterol content which makes it a healthier product (Mazhangara et al., 2019). According to Tyasi et al. (2022), there is a positively strong correlation between body weight and testicular diameter, testicular length, and scrotal circumference. Testicular characteristics and body weight were identified as important indicators of animal breeding capacity (Kerketta et al., 2015). As such, the selection of highly fertile bucks is of paramount importance in goat production. Nonetheless, communal farmers find it challenging to select their bucks due to a lack of information about fertility tests and the high associated costs of getting such data from each buck in a herd (Waheed et al., 2011). According to Faith et al. (2016) buck fertility has a greater impact on herd growth and reproductive efficiency than individual doe fertility. However, fewer studies have been conducted on Savanna goats to determine the association between body weight and testicular measurement traits. Hence, the objectives of the study were to: (1) determine the relationship between testicular traits and body weight of Savanna goat bucks and (2) estimate body weight using testicular measurement traits in Savanna goat bucks. This information will help farmers to improve body weight by selecting testicular traits.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study area

The Bosveld Game Breeders (BGB) in Bylsteel, Limpopo, South Africa was used as a study area. The farm was situated in the Capricorn District Municipality. Winter temperatures range between 18°C to 32°C and summer temperatures range between 30°C to 32°C. The mean annual rainfall was approximately 478 mm (IDP, 2013). Longitude coordinates are 29°30’59”E and latitude coordinates are 23°32’17”S.

Experiment with animals and management

Descriptive research was conducted on a total of 19 Savanna bucks between the ages of 2 to 3 years old were used. The bucks were reared under the extensive system. They followed the traditional system of grazing which means that they were allowed to graze outside their camps in the early morning and then return in the afternoon. Licks, supplements, clean water, and feed were always availed to the bucks for usage when required.

Data collection

Body weight and testicular traits (testicular length, scrotal circumference, and testicular diameter) were observed parameters in this study. Buck’s body weight (BW) was determined by placing each buck on a weighing scale as outlined by Mathapo and Tyasi (2022). The buck’s body weight was recorded. Testicular length (TL) is defined as the distance along the caudal surface of the scrotum. It was measured from its place of attachment to the tip of the scrotum with extensible tape in centimeters (cm) as stated by Akpa et al. (2012).

After the testes were pressed firmly into the scrotal sac, the scrotal circumference (SC) was measured with the usage of a tape measure calibrated in centimeters (cm) at the maximum point of dimension around the distended scrotum (Akpa et al., 2012). The testicular diameter (TD) was measured in centimeters (cm) from the widest anterior-posterior length of the scrotum using a tailor’s flexible tape (Faith et al., 2016).

Statistical analysis

The statistical package for social sciences (IBM SPSS, 2020) version 27.0 software was utilized to analyze the data. Descriptive statistics were utilized for the summarization of measured traits. The relationship between testicular measurement traits and body weight was evaluated using Pearson’s correlation. Simple linear regression was used to estimate body weight using testicular measurement traits. The model below was used:

Where; Y= dependent variable (BW), a= intercept, b= regression coefficient, x= independent variables (Testicular measurement traits).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Goats are not only recognized for their quality meat but they are also appreciated as a source of liquid currency in the event of a financial emergency and for their leather (Patni et al., 2015). This study first focused on establishing the association between live body weight and testicular measurement traits of Savanna goat bucks using Pearson’s correlation. Table 1 illustrates a phenotypic correlation between BW and the testicular measurement traits of Savanna goat bucks. SC indicated a highly statistically significant correlation with BW. TL was highly statistically correlated with BW and SC. The outcome showed that live body weight had a positive relationship with the testicular diameter and a positively high significant relationship with scrotal circumference and testicular length. The current study is in harmony with the study of which concluded that the scrotal circumference accounted for variation in body weight in Nigerian Sokoto goats. The study reported by Mathapo and Tyasi (2022) partially agrees with the current study that there was a significant relationship between body weight and scrotal circumference, however, disagrees with the study that there was no correlation between body weight and testicular length. The variations may be attributable to differences in goat breeds. The current results are similar to the results of Varghese et al. (2019) which found a strong relationship between body weight with scrotal circumference and testicular length in Deoni bulls.

Table 1: Phenotypic correlation between body weight and testicular measurement traits

BW= body weight, SC= scrotal circumference, TD= testicular diameter, TL= testicular length, **= significant at p < 0.01, *= significant at p < 0.05.

Table 2: Prediction of body weight from testicular measurement traits.

TD= testicular diameter, TL= testicular length, SC= scrotal circumference, R2= Coefficient of determination, RMSE= Root mean square error.

The coefficient of correlation merely shows the relationship between traits without finding the effect of each testicular measurement trait to live body weight (Mathapo and Tyasi, 2022). Hence, simple linear regression was utilized to predict the effect of testicular measurement traits on the live body weight of Savanna breeding bucks. Simple linear regression results for the prediction of live BW from testicular measurement traits are depicted in Table 2. The results indicate that the model with the SC can be used to predict BW of the Savanna breeding bucks due to the highest coefficient of determination (R2= 0.81) and low mean square error (RMSE= 108.80). The findings revealed a high coefficient of determination in scrotal circumference than testicular length. Scrotal circumference was reported to be the recommended predictor of body weight in Yankas rams (Mabu et al., 2020). According to Ezihe et al. (2017), African Dwarf bucks with larger testicular measurement traits might have larger live body weight. This study suggests that scrotal circumference may be used as a selection basis for breeding bucks.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The results of this study indicated a relationship between testicular measurement traits and body weight in Savanna goat bucks. Therefore, the improvement of the measured testicular measurement traits might result in the improvement of body weight. The results of simple linear regression point to a positive statistically significant effect of scrotal circumference on the live body weight of Savanna goat bucks. This implies that scrotal circumference might be used to improve the live body weight of the Savanna breeding bucks.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors would like to extend their warm regards to the Strydom Family of Game breeders for allowing them to use their animals during the conduction of the research.

NOVELTY STATEMENT

This is the first report on the relationship between body weight and testicular measurement traits of Savanna goat bucks.

AUTHOR’S CONTRIBUTION

KL and TLT designed the experiment. KL, LJS and KM collected the data. KL, TLT and KM analysed the data. KL, LJS and KM wrote the manuscript. TLT revised and edit the manuscript. All authors reviewed the final draft of the manuscript.

Ethical approval

The study was conducted following the rules and regulations of the University of Limpopo Animal Research Ethics Committee with the approval of AREC/17/2023:UG.

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared no conflict of interest.

REFERENCES

Akpa GN, Alphonsus C, Suleiman IO (2012). Relationship between body and scrotal measurements, and semen characteristics in Yakansa Ram. Continental J. Anim. Vet. Res., 1: 7-10.

Ezihe CO, Namo AV, Sule D (2017). Reproductive parameters of the West African Dwarf bucks raised in the Guinea Savannah Zone of Nigeria. Niger. J. Biotechnol., 32: 15-19. https://doi.org/10.4314/njb.v32i1.3

Faith EA, Yakubu A, Ayodele OO, Usman TM (2016). Phenotypic relationship between body weight, body condition score and testicular traits of Yakansa rams. Patnsuk J., 1: 141-149.

IBM SPSS. 2020. Statistical packages for social sciences for windows: basesystem user’s guide, IBM statistics, 27. Chicago: SPSS Inc. doi:10.2527/jas.2013-6967

IDP (2013). Annual Report, 2012-2013.

Kerketta S, Singh M, Patel BHM, Dutt T, Upadhyay D, Bharti PK, Sahu S, Kamal R (2015). Relationships between age, body measurements, testicular measurements and total ejaculation of semen in local goat of Rohilkhand region. IVRI, 130: 193-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2015.07.006

Mabu MI, Mabu JM, Anka BA, Saheed Y (2020). Relationship of testicular biometrics with body weight in rams: A Slaughterhouse Study in Yobe State, Africa. Asian J. Biotechnol. Genet. Eng., 3: 39-46.

Mathapo MC, Tyasi TL (2022). Relationship between testicular traits, body measurements and body weight in Boer goat bucks. Pak. J. Zool., 1: 1-2. https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/20210508200550

Maynard JN (2015). Live and carcass characteristics of Boer- and Savannah-Cross kid buckling goats fed dried distillers grain with solubles. Master’s thesis , Louisiana State University. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.08.111

Mazhangara IR, Chivandi E, Mupangwa JF, Muchenje V (2019). The potential of goat meat in the red meat industry. Multidis. Digital Publ. Inst., 11: 1-5. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11133671

Patni M, Singh SK, Singh DV, Palod J, Kumar A, Singh MK, Sathapathy S (2015). Studies on body weight, body measurements and scrotal morphology in local Pantja goats. Indian J. Anim. Res., 50(1): 105-111. https://doi.org/10.18805/ijar.5718

Raji AO, Igwebuike JU, Aliyu J (2008). Testicular biometry and its relationship with body weight of indigenous goats in a semi-arid region of Nigeria. ARPN J. Agric. biol. Sci., 3: 4.

Tyasi TL, Mohlabeng IM, Selala LJ (2022). Phenotypic relationship between body weight, body condition score and testicular measurement traits in Dorper rams raised in Syferkuil Farm, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Pak. J. Zool., 1: 1-4. https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/20210508160534

Varghese MR, Mukund A, Kataktalware S, Jeyakumar DN, Das K, Ramesha P, Pratik RW (2019). Testicular biometry and its relationship with age and body weight in young Deoni males. Indian J. Anim. Res., 53: 1624-1628. https://doi.org/10.18805/ijar.B-3703

Waheed A, Khan MS, Ahmed AN, Tariq MM, Rauf M, Eyduran E (2011). Relationships among Testicular Traits, Body Measurements and Body Weight in Beetal Male Goats in Pakistan. Iğdır Univ. J. Inst. Sci. Tech., 1: 59-62.