Submit or Track your Manuscript LOG-IN

Monitoring the Impact of Changes in Groundwater Quality Indicators in Western Karbala on Wheat Growth using Sentinel-2 Data

Monitoring the Impact of Changes in Groundwater Quality Indicators in Western Karbala on Wheat Growth using Sentinel-2 Data

Halla H. Ahmed, Aurass Muhi Taha Al-Waeli and Fadia W. Al-Azawi*

Al-Karkh University of Science, Baghdad, Iraq.

 
*Correspondence | Fadia W. Al-Azawi, Al-Karkh University of Science, Baghdad, Iraq; Email: fadia.alazawi@kus.edu.iq 

Figure 1:

A, Region of interest (ROI) in relation to Iraq; B, ROI in Karbala Governorate; C,  Distribution pattern (soils and groundwater) samples.

Figure 2:

A, NDVI values in December 2023; B, NDVI values in January 2024; C, NDVI values in February 2024; D, NDVI values in March 2024.

Figure 2:

The quality and suitability of groundwater for irrigation according to Johnson and Zhang (2009).

Figure 3:

Contrast significant between NDVI values in ROI.

Figure 4:

S, Groundwater quality and suitability for irrigation in December 2023; B, Groundwater quality and suitability for irrigation in December January 2024; C, Groundwater quality and suitability for irrigation in February 2024; D, Groundwater quality and suitability for irrigation in March 2024.

Figure 5:

Hundred percentage for groundwater quality areas and its suitability for irrigation.

Figure 6:

A, Groundwater salinity in December 2023; B, Groundwater salinity in January 2024; C, Groundwater salinity in February 2024; D, Groundwater salinity in March 2024.

Figure 7:

Hundred percentage for groundwater salinity class areas.

Figure 8:

The variation significance between groundwater salinity rates in ROI.

Figure 9:

A, Simple linear regression between salinity and NDVI values in December 2023; B, Simple linear regression between salinity and NDVI values in January 2024; C, Simple linear regression between salinity and NDVI values in February 2024; D, Simple linear regression between salinity and NDVI values in March 2024

Figure 10:

A, Sodium adsorption rate in groundwater in December 2023; B, Sodium adsorption rate in groundwater in January 2024; C, Sodium adsorption rate in groundwater in February 2024; D, Sodium adsorption rate in groundwater in March 2024.

Figure 11:

Percentages of areas of sodium adsorption rate categories in groundwater.

Figure 12:

Significant variation between sodium adsorption rates in groundwater in ROI.

Figure 13:

A, Simple linear regression relationship between SARw and NDVI values ​​in December 2023. B, simple linear regression relationship between SARw and NDVI values ​​in January 2024; C, simple linear regression relationship between SARw and NDVI values ​​in February 2024; D, Simple linear regression relationship between SARw and NDVI values ​​in March 2024.

Equation 1
Equation 2
Equation 3
Equation 4

Pakistan Journal of Zoology

October

Pakistan J. Zool., Vol. 56, Iss. 5, pp. 2001-2500

Featuring

Click here for more

Subscribe Today

Receive free updates on new articles, opportunities and benefits


Subscribe Unsubscribe