Monitoring the Impact of Changes in Groundwater Quality Indicators in Western Karbala on Wheat Growth using Sentinel-2 Data
Monitoring the Impact of Changes in Groundwater Quality Indicators in Western Karbala on Wheat Growth using Sentinel-2 Data
Halla H. Ahmed, Aurass Muhi Taha Al-Waeli and Fadia W. Al-Azawi*
A, Region of interest (ROI) in relation to Iraq; B, ROI in Karbala Governorate; C, Distribution pattern (soils and groundwater) samples.
A, NDVI values in December 2023; B, NDVI values in January 2024; C, NDVI values in February 2024; D, NDVI values in March 2024.
The quality and suitability of groundwater for irrigation according to Johnson and Zhang (2009).
Contrast significant between NDVI values in ROI.
S, Groundwater quality and suitability for irrigation in December 2023; B, Groundwater quality and suitability for irrigation in December January 2024; C, Groundwater quality and suitability for irrigation in February 2024; D, Groundwater quality and suitability for irrigation in March 2024.
Hundred percentage for groundwater quality areas and its suitability for irrigation.
A, Groundwater salinity in December 2023; B, Groundwater salinity in January 2024; C, Groundwater salinity in February 2024; D, Groundwater salinity in March 2024.
Hundred percentage for groundwater salinity class areas.
The variation significance between groundwater salinity rates in ROI.
A, Simple linear regression between salinity and NDVI values in December 2023; B, Simple linear regression between salinity and NDVI values in January 2024; C, Simple linear regression between salinity and NDVI values in February 2024; D, Simple linear regression between salinity and NDVI values in March 2024
A, Sodium adsorption rate in groundwater in December 2023; B, Sodium adsorption rate in groundwater in January 2024; C, Sodium adsorption rate in groundwater in February 2024; D, Sodium adsorption rate in groundwater in March 2024.
Percentages of areas of sodium adsorption rate categories in groundwater.
Significant variation between sodium adsorption rates in groundwater in ROI.
A, Simple linear regression relationship between SARw and NDVI values in December 2023. B, simple linear regression relationship between SARw and NDVI values in January 2024; C, simple linear regression relationship between SARw and NDVI values in February 2024; D, Simple linear regression relationship between SARw and NDVI values in March 2024.
