Innovations and Challenges in Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Development: Bridging Traditional Methods with Emerging Technologies
Innovations and Challenges in Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Development: Bridging Traditional Methods with Emerging Technologies
Mostafa R. Zaher1,2*, Amir A. Shehata1, Azza M. El Amir2, Naglaa M. Hagag1, Reham H. Tammam3**
ABSTRACT
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most economically impactful emerging viral disease infecting cloven-hoofed animals. Vaccination is critical to controlling FMD infection and reducing its transmission. FMD vaccinations have been able to control and eradicate the infection in various countries or regions, however, it is still endemic in some areas of Asia and Africa. FMD vaccine technologies have substantially developed during past decades, yet more robust and flexible technologies suitable for developing countries’ situations are needed. This review offers an in-depth analysis of the status of FMD vaccine development, highlighting both conventional and innovative technologies that could enhance vaccination effectiveness and availability.Various types of FMD vaccines have been discussed, including inactivated, attenuated, virus-like particles, peptide, and nucleotide-based vaccines, highlighting their properties, drawbacks, and recent advancements. Besides, the use of adjuvants and delivery systems to boost vaccine performance was also reviewed. Furthermore, we explore state-of-the-art methodologies such as exosome-based vaccines, cell-free protein synthesis systems, self-amplifying RNA vaccines, and the application of artificial intelligence (AI) and computational biology in vaccine design. These methodologies may offer solutions for the challenges posed by the foot-and-mouth disease virus’s high mutation rate, antigenic variability, and the need for enhanced protection and thermostability.
Keywords | Foot-and-mouth disease, Vaccine, Exosomes, Cell-free, Artificial intelligence, Adjuvant
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