Research Article

The Effects of Herbs as Feed Additives Through Feed and Drinking Water on Broiler Blood Parameters

Imbang Dwi Rahayu1, Ali Mahmud1*, Wahyu Widodo1, Adi Sutanto1, Apriliana Devi Anggraini1, Devi Dwi Siskawardani2, Wisnu Nurcahyo3, Tri Untari3

1Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Animal Science, University of Muhammadiyah Malang, Malang 651444, East Java, Indonesia; 2Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Animal Science, University of Muhammadiyah Malang, Malang 651444, East Java, Indonesia; 3Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia.

Received | May 03, 2023; Accepted | May 27, 2023; Published | August 26, 2023

*Correspondence | Ali Mahmud, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Animal Science, University of Muhammadiyah Malang, Malang 651444, East Java, Indonesia; Email: alimahmud58@umm.ac.id

Citation | Rahayu ID, Mahmud A, Widodo W, Sutanto A, Anggraini AD, Siskawardani DD, Nurcahyo W, Untari T (2023). The effects of herbs as feed additives through feed and drinking water on broiler blood parameters. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci., 11(9):1524-1531.

DOI | https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.aavs/2023/11.9.1524.1531

ISSN (Online) | 2307-8316

Copyright: 2023 by the authors. Licensee ResearchersLinks Ltd, England, UK.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Introduction

Indonesia has tremendous natural resources in the forms of potential biodiversities of herbal plants, such as garlic (Allium sativum L.), ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosch.), sand ginger (Kaempferia galanga L.), galangal (Alpinia galangal), turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn), curcuma (Curcuma xanthorrhiza) and cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) (Ardiansyah et al., 2022). Parts of herbal plants, including leaves, flowers, stems, and roots (rhizome), can be used to improve poultry health and productivity; these parts contain various active compounds with varying types and levels. These active compounds can act as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anthelmintic, and anti-oxidative properties (Denli and Demirel, 2018).

The use of herbs as feed additives in poultry aims to replace the antibiotic growth promoters (AGP), which have been banned by the government of the Republic of Indonesia Number 14/PERMENTAN/PK.350/5/2017 (Adli et al., 2023). AGP causes a negative impact, namely bacterial resistance to antibiotics, including tetracycline, erythromycin, streptomycin, and amoxicillin (Untari et al., 2021; Sholikin et al., 2023). In addition, the ban on the use of antibiotics is because antibiotics have prophylactic activity and reduce the health of broilers (Al-Khalaifah et al., 2022). In contrast, herbs have a positive effect because their bioactive compounds can stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria, such as Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria, and inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria, such as Salmonella spp. and Coliforms (Giannenas et al., 2018; Hussein et al., 2020). The lavender essential oil inhibits Escherichia coli and Coliform bacteria’s growth while increasing probiotic bacteria’s growth (Adaszynska and Szezerbinska, 2019).

In the body, the active substances contained in herbs undergo many processes, including absorption, distribution, metabolism (biotransformation), and elimination (Yekti et al., 2023). The speed of the biological process depends on the type and form of the compounds, the way to enter the body, and the condition of the tissues during the process (Yekti et al., 2022). After the absorption, the original compounds and metabolites would be carried by the blood and distributed to all body parts. Metabolism occurs in the organs, cells, and tissues. Elimination can be carried out by the excretory organs, especially the kidneys, in urine and through the intestines in feces. This study aimed to determine the effect of herbs as feed additives added to feed and drinking water on broiler blood parameters.

Materials and Methods

Experimental design

A total of 175 broiler chickens were used in this experiment. The animals were divided into seven levels of treatment with a completely randomized design (CRD). The herbal supplementation was given through feed and drinking water and five replications (each replication consisted of 5 broiler chickens). Approximately 3 mL of blood samples were collected from vena axillaris from each chicken at age 35 days.

The feed formulation for the starter and finisher phases of the broiler chickens is shown in Table 1. The feed consists of a mixture of feedstuff such as rice bran, yellow corn, fish flour, bone flour, meat flour, soybean pulp, coconut oil, calcium, salt, lysine, and methionine following the recommendation from Rahayu et al. (2019). The treatments consisted of T0 (feed without herbs), T1 (feed + 1% herbs), T2 (feed + 2% herbs), T3 (feed + 3% herbs), T4 (drinking water +1% herbs), T5 (drinking water + 2% herbs), T6 (drinking water + 3% herbs).

 

Table 1: Feed formulation of the treated broiler chickens.

Feedstuff	Starter	Finisher
	Amount (%)	Amount (%)
Feed formulation
Rice bran	0.6	0.4
Yellow corn	59.22	65.11
Fish flour	2.8	2.31
Bone flour	1	2
Meat flour	4.42	-
Soybean pulp	29	27
Coconut oil	1.22	1.12
Calcium	0.35	0.5
Salt	0.5	0.5
Lysine	0.7	0.9
Methionine	0.19	0.16
Total (%)	100.00	100.00
Feed composition
Metabolic energy (kcal/kg)	3000.00	3000.00
Crude protein (CP) (%)	23	20
Crude fat (CF) (%)	4.00	4.00
Crude fibre (CFB) (%)	3.55	3.47
Ca (%)	0.89	0.76
P (%)	0.42	0.36
Na (%)	0.15	0.15
Amino acids
Arginine (%)	0.88	0.98
Histidine (%)	0.35	0.38
Isoleucine (%)	0.77	0.82
Leucine (%)	0.98	1.02
Lysine (%)	0.99	1.00
Methionine (%)	0.46	0.40
Phenylalanine (%)	0.76	0.82
Threonine (%)	0.66	0.69
Tryptophan (%)	0.31	0.26
Valine (%)	1.23	1.09

 

Sources: Rahayu et al., 2019

 

Herbs materials and preparation

The herbs used in this study are a mixture of eight types of herbals, vitamins, and flour as a mixing ingredient. The composition and proportion of the herbal mixture are shown in Table 2. The rhizomes were initially sorted out to separate from any foreign materials; then, it was washed, drained, sliced, and dried in an oven at a temperature of 45°C until the water content reached 10% (Rahayu et al., 2019).

 

Table 2: Herbs mixture composition used in this study.

No	Ingredients	Proportion (%)
1	Aromatic ginger (Kaempferia galanga L.)	10
2	Garlic (Allium sativum L.)	10
3	Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc)	5
4	Galangal (Alpinia galangal)	5
5	Turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn)	5
6	Curcuma (Curcuma zanthorrhiza)	5
7	Betel leaf (Piper betle Linn)	2.5
8	Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum)	2.5
9	Vitamin	5
10	Mixing ingredient (flour)	50
Total		100

 

Hematological and biochemical analysis

The measured variables were protein profiles (total plasma protein (TPP), albumin, and globulin levels), fat profiles (triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL), hepatoprotective profile (alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and malondialdehyde (MDA)), and blood profiles (red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC), packed cell volume (PCV), and hemoglobin). 

The hemoglobin concentration is evaluated by matching acid hematin solution against a standard-colored solution in Shal’s hemoglobin meter. The capillary hematocrit method calculates the packed cell volume (PCV). The hemocytometer method determined the total red blood cell (RBC) count and the total leukocytes (Taweya et al., 2020).

The method of measuring total plasma protein, albumin, and globulin concentrations was carried out according to Taweya et al. (2020), while the process used to determine the activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and Malondialdehyde (MDA) was determined according to Attia et al. (2020).

Data analysis

The research data were tabulated in the Excel program. First, the serum biochemistry data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Then, the Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was applied when the results were significantly affected among treatments. The following model was used:

Yij = μ + Ti + eij

Where Yij was the parameters observed, μ was the overall mean, Ti was the treatment effect, and eij was the error number (Adli, 2021).

Results and Discussion

Protein profile

The effect of herbal supplementation on broiler chicken’s protein profile is presented in Table 3. The different method of herbal supplementation (through feed or drinking water) has given no differences in TPP and globulin values. Therefore, the two routes are suspected of providing the same ability in broilers in protein consumption, metabolic rate, and intensity of serum protein formation (Tóthová et al., 2019). The statistical result showed that the treatment level did not affect the TPP and globulin level, but significantly affected the albumin level.

 

Table 3: The protein profile of broiler chicken treated with herbs addition.

Treatment	TPP (g/dL)	Albumin (g/dL)	Globulin (g/dL)
T0	6.34 ± 1.28	3.53 ± 0.64c	6.52 ± 0.36
T1	6.16 ± 0.85	3.52 ± 0.71c	6.70 ± 0.51
T2	6.00 ± 1.00	3.41 ± 0.84c	7.50 ± 0.90
T3	6.46 ± 0.70	4.49 ± 0.43b	6.76 ± 0.62
T4	7.28 ± 0.28	5.06 ± 0.28ab	6.61 ± 0.34
T5	6.95 ± 0.16	4.44 ± 0.15b	6.46 ± 0.43
T6	6.86 ± 1.00	5.39 ± 0.35a	6.66 ± 0.30

 

TPP, total plasma protein. Different superscript within the same column indicated significant differences (p < 0.05).

 

Adding herbs influenced the albumin level increase in T3 – T6 treatments (ranging from 4.44 to 5.39 g/dL). However, the supplementation of 1% and 2% herbs (3.52±0.71 g/dL and 3.41±0.84 g/dL, respectively) through feed showed similar albumin levels with those of the control group (3.53±0.64 g/dL). This study indicated that the supplementation of herbs through feed up to 2% had a better effect since it has the lowest albumin level. It is suspected that the active substances contained in herbs given through feed are more durable in the digestive tract. Furthermore, improved liver digestive process, nutrient absorption, and protein metabolism, including albumin, were achieved. Albumin is the most abundant protein in blood plasma and has various physiological roles, including the transportation of fatty acid and bilirubin through the osmotic pressure of blood (Kajal and Pathania, 2021). It was in line with Liu et al. (2015), who stated that albumin determined the growth rate of chickens and was also used as an antibody and protein deposition.

In the control group, the control group’s TPP, albumin, and globulin (T0) were 6.34 ± 1.28 g/dL, 3.53 ± 0.64 g/dL, and 6.52 ± 0.36 g/dL, respectively. The TPP values were higher than reported in the previous study; 31.57±0.99 g/L (Khabirov et al., 2020) and 33.2±1.89 g/L (Tothova et al., 2019). Different measurement methods of the TPP might cause differences. In this study, we calculate the total protein in plasma, but the comparative study measured it in serum level. As it is known that the proteins contained in plasma include albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen, so the level is higher than in serum. The albumin and globulin levels in this study were also higher than according to Khabirov et al. (2020): 48.6 ± 3.12 g/L and 31.8 ± 2.88 g/L, respectively. This result might be due to the different ages in blood sampling collection. In this study, the blood samples were taken at the age of 35 days, whereas Khabirov et al. (2020) collected the blood samples at 42 days.

The three variables were interrelated: TPP, albumin, and globulin. Either the concentration of albumin and globulin influenced an increase or decrease of TPP in the blood. Both the increase and decrease in TPP concentration form an abnormality. The results showed that the globulin levels among treatments were not significantly different from those of the control. It indicated that adding herbs through feed or drinking water gave the same globulin levels. Following the research results by Alabi et al. (2019), high globulin values indicate increased immunoglobulin production.

Lipid profiles

The results of the DMRT test on the effects of providing herbs on the levels of TG, cholesterol, LDL, and HDL are presented in Table 4. The results of ANOVA indicated that the treatment had no significant effect on cholesterol and HDL but affected TG and LDL. Supplementing herbs through drinking water gave a lower mean of TG and LDL than those provided through feeds or the control.

 

Table 4: Herbs supplementation effects on the broiler’s lipid profiles.

Treatment	TG (mg/dL)	Cholesterol (mg/dL)	LDL (mg/dL)	HDL (mg/dL)
T0	24.86±4.04a	134.10±8.39	48.50±5.81ab	77.58±0.73
T1	24.90±2.03a	126.47±5.51	45.05±12.56ab	76.02±1.08
T2	21.52±5.33ab	128.56±9.75	53.92±11.05a	76.34±7.80
T3	22.85±2.66a	121.20±3.35	42.50±4.90b	81.57±5.86
T4	16.90±2.43bc	144.38±23.25	22.02±2.27c	75.60±6.18
T5	16.37±1.94c	138.25±19.72	18.47±4.56c	81.72±7.31
T6	18.06±2.23bc	124.50±19.39	20.04±3.03c	75.78±3.08

 

TG, Triglycerides; LDL, Low-Density Lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein. Different superscript within the same column indicated significant differences (p < 0.05).

 

Based on the Table 4, there was a tendency for the average level of TG and LDL to be lower than that of either the feed group or the control. Researchers suspect that there is a role for water in the process of lipid metabolism. Orakpoghenor et al. (2021) state that water is essential for poultry, makes about 70-80% lean body mass, and plays critical roles in poultry metabolism and thermal homeostasis. Lack of drinking water in poultry caused a decrease in feed efficiency as water involved in the metabolic, circulated food essences to all parts of the body, and regulated livestock’s body temperature. The function of water was to form body fluids, transport nutritional elements, control body heat, and transport residual oxidation from the body. Waheed et al. (2017) reported that limonene compounds such as monoterpenes and polyphenols in Z. zerumbet could reduce cholesterol by suppressing cholesterol absorption and increasing bile acid excretion. Bile acid production is the essential cholesterol catabolic pathway; cholesterol conversion to bile acids in the liver prevents the body from burdening it with cholesterol. Gao et al. (2020) stated that adding astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis at a concentration of 50-100 mg/kg positively affected regulating fat metabolism.

The low percentage of TG and LDL in this study proved that the bioactive substances in herbs in the form of essential oils and curcumin had successfully demonstrated function in improving digestion and fat metabolism. Kuralkar and Kuralkar (2021) state that various herbs play a vital role in the production of animals and act as feed additives and growth promoters through different pharmacologically active ingredients. This statement is supported by Jachimowicz et al. (2022) that herbs and their bioactive components added to chicken diets can improve the broiler chicken meat by altering the content of fatty acids

Essential oils and curcumin in herbs could increase the activity of the pancreas to release lipase enzymes that could break down fat into fatty acids and glycerol so that the amount of fat reduced, including TG and LDL. Essential oils have an advantageous effect on broiler chicken through their role on many metabolic pathways, including lipid metabolism, stimulating digestive enzyme secretion and activity, acting as antimicrobial, and enhancing the gut integrity of chicken, leading to improved broiler performance (Puvača et al., 2022).

ALT, AST and MDA levels

The ALT, AST, and MDA values for each treatment’s level are provided in Table 5. The ANOVA result showed that the herbal addition significantly impacted the ALT and MDA levels but did not affect the levels of AST. The control had the lowest ALT level, followed by the herbal feed at 1%-2%. The supplementation of herbs achieved the highest level via feeds.

Based on Table 5, the administration of herbs to broiler chickens, both through feed and drinking water, showed higher serum ALT levels than the control group but did not cause macroscopic changes to the liver. This organ’s microscopic damage is unknown because this study did not conduct a histopathological examination, as it is known that ALT, among other enzymes, is a marker of liver function (Visaria et al., 2020). The results of this study are similar to the report of Arczewska-Wlosek et al. (2018), that the activity of the ALT enzyme was reduced in poultry fed a diet with normal or increased CP (21.6% or 23.6%) and without being given herbal extracts, but grew to almost two-fold in poultry given herbal extracts (Echinacea purpurea, Salvia officinalis, Thymus vulgaris, Rosmarinus officinalis, Allium sativum, Origanum vulgare) of 2g/kg feed.

 

Table 5: Herbs supplementation effects on hepatoprotective profile.

Treatment	ALT(U/L)	AST (U/L)	MDA (nmol/L)
T0	3.35 ± 0.55d	3.04 ± 0.60	1.74 ± 0.23a
T1	4.40 ± 0.83c	2.54 ± 0.48	1.75 ± 0.56a
T2	4.73 ± 0.59bc	2.54 ± 0.29	1.59 ± 0.07a
T3	5.83 ± 0.54a	3.15 ± 0.29	1.46 ± 0.20a
T4	5.12 ± 0.74ab	2.63 ± 0.32	1.13 ± 0.07b
T5	5.67 ± 0.76ab	2.85 ± 0.29	1.12 ± 0.08b
T6	5.51 ± 0.49ab	2.55 ± 0.21	1.11 ± 0.07b

 

ALT, alanine amino transferase; AST, aspartate amino transferase; MDA, Malondialdehyde. Numbers followed by the same letter in the column indicated no significant difference in Duncan’s 5% Test. The letter ab in the ALT column means no significant difference in ALT levels at 1%, 2%, and 3% herbal addition via drinking water. The letter bc implied no significant difference in ALT levels at the 2% and 1% levels of herbs supplementation via feed.

 

Herbs supplementation to broilers through drinking water provides a lower MDA level than feed or control group supplementation. It is believed that the antioxidants contained in herbs play a role in suppressing oxidative stress. This explanation is to the statement of Skomorucha and Muchacka (2020) that adding herbal extracts to drinking water reduced MDA levels in broiler leg muscles. This finding may be related to increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in broiler leg muscles. The low MDA level in chicken muscle treated with an enriched antioxidant diet was also reported by Giannenas et al. (2018) and Sierżant et al. (2018).

RBC, WBC, PCV, and hemoglobin level

The blood profiles (RBC, WBC, PCV, and hemoglobin level) of the chicken treated with herbal addition are shown in Table 6. The statistical analysis described that supplementation herbs, either feed or drinking water, did not significantly affect the broilers’ blood’s erythrocytes, leukocytes, PCV, and hemoglobin.

 

Table 6: Herbs supplementation effects on blood profiles.

Treatment	RBC (x 106/mm3)	WBC (x 103/mm3)	PCV (%)	HB (g/dL)
T0	2.68±0.18	15.36±3.43	29.91±2.19	7.54±0.37
T1	2.65±0.16	16.37±2.15	33.78±8.78	8.12±0.63
T2	2.71±0.16	15.14±2.92	30.51±1.77	8.03±1.21
T3	2.81±0.44	15.95±2.54	29.08±3.61	7.64±0.65
T4	2.56±0.11	15.98±1.41	30.07±1.38	8.40±0.60
T5	2.65±0.78	16.97±0.64	29.93±1.27	8.10±0.55
T6	2.77±0.70	15.92±4.31	30.70±1.18	8.47±0.43

 

RBC, red blood cell; WBC, white blood cell; PCV, packed cell volume; HB, Hemoglobin.

 

Table 6 shows that the average number of erythrocytes, leukocytes, PCV, and hemoglobin levels were not significantly affected than the control. The average hematological values for chickens are 2.0-4.0 x 106/mm3 for RBC, 27-42% for PCV, and 7.0-11.0 g/dl for Hb (Joshua et al., 2022). It showed that the herbal supplementation, either through feed or drinking water, had a positive impact on the blood biochemistry of broiler chickens. Normal RBC, PCV, and Hb values in chickens show that erythropoiesis runs efficiently (Ezihe and Dagih, 2019). The supplementation of ginger and garlic herbs increases hematological blood components such as PCV, RBC, and WBC; this supports the health of poultry by increasing active immunity (Abd El-Hady et al., 2020).

Erythrocytes mainly function as hemoglobin carriers that bind oxygen from the lungs and circulate it to all tissue cells. This function is believed to be supported by the active substances in herbs, namely essential oils. Widjastuti et al. (2021) stated that the presence of essential oils in red ginger could help digestion by stimulating the secretory nervous system to secrete gastric juice, which contains enzymes such as lipase, amylase, and trypsin into the stomach and intestines so that the chicken can break down fat, amylose, and protein into easily absorbed compounds. Rahayu et al. (2019) also described that the essential oil in Zingiber zerumbet could increase digestibility as the crucial oil caused relaxation and reduced peristalsis of the small intestines. Therefore, the digestion and absorption of nutrients could be optimal.

The herbs from feed or drinking water improved the chicken’s digestive system. The digestion of nutrients and absorption occurred like usual, including protein, iron, folic acid, and vitamin B12 necessary for synthesizing erythrocyte cells. As a result, the hemoglobin levels for oxygen transport to all body tissues were also fulfilled. Most of the oxygen transported from the lungs to the tissues was bound to hemoglobin; only a tiny amount of oxygen was dissolved in plasma and blood cells.

The average WBC count in this study (15.14 -16.97 x 103/mm3) was higher than the standard in the Joshua et al. (2022), which ranging 3.0 - 6.0 x 103/mm3, thought to be related to an increase in the immune response. This result can be explained as follows, phagocytic cells that play an essential role in the immune system are components of white blood cells (leukocytes) called monocytes. Monocytes are present in blood circulation and then migrate to the tissues, where they will differentiate into macrophages (Dillasamola et al., 2019). Macrophages are cells that play an essential role in the immune system against pathogens. One of the primary roles of macrophages in the natural immune system is the function of phagocytosis, which aims to eliminate extracellular particles and damaged or dead cells (Dillasamola et al., 2019; Song et al., 2021).

Conclusions and Recommendations

It could be concluded that the herbal supplementation as feed additives had the significant potency to maintain the health of the biochemical parameters of broiler chickens’ blood. Herbs’ addition through feed and drinking water could maintain normal blood parameters, including total plasma protein, globulins, cholesterol, HDL, AST, erythrocyte count, leukocyte count, PCV, and hemoglobin level. Giving herbs through feed maintained the normal albumin levels and ALT. Herbs supplementation through drinking water resulted in the normal range for LDL and MDA levels.

Novelty Statement

The government has outlawed antibiotic growth promoters (AGP). Thus, using herbs as feed additives in chicken tries to replace them. Various active ingredients found in herbs have been shown to have antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anthelmintic, and anti-oxidative properties. This study found that up to 3% of herbs added to feed and water could keep blood parameters regular. Giving herbs through feed in amounts up to 2% preserved the normal ALT and albumin levels. LDL and MDA levels returned to normal when 3% of herbs were added to drinking water.

Author’s Contribution

IDR and AM designed and coordinated the study. AM and WW supervised the experiment. AS, ADA, and DDS experimented, analyzed the data, and drafted the manuscript. IDR, AM, WN, and TU took part in preparing and critically checking this manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Ethical approval

All methods involving animals in the study followed national or institutional criteria for animal care and use and the institution’s or practice’s ethical standards. This study has been authorized and approved with the Ethical Clearance Certificate of The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of the Brawijaya University, with the approval number: 155-KEP-UB-2022.

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared no conflict of interest.

References

Abd El-Hady AM, El Ashry GM, El-Ghalid OAH (2020). Effect of natural phytogenic extract herbs on physiological status and carcass traits of broiler chickens. Open J. Anim. Sci., 10(1): 134-151. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojas.2020.101007

Adaszýnska-Skwirzýnska M, Szczerbínska D (2019). The effect of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) essential oil as a drinking water supplement on the production performance, blood biochemical parameters, and ileal microflora in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci., 98(1): 358-365. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey385

Adli DN (2021). The effect of replacing fish meal with Sago larvae meal (SLM) on egg production and quality of laying hens. Livest. Res. Rur. Dev., 33(7): 1-8.

Adli DN, Sjofjan O, Sholikin MM, Hidayat C, Utama DT, Jayanegara A, Natsir MH, Nuningtyas YF, Pramujo M, Puspita PS (2023). The effects of lactic acid bacteria and yeast as probiotics on the performance, blood parameters, nutrient digestibility, and carcase quality of rabbits: A meta-analysis. Ital. J. Anim. Sci., 22(1): 157-168. https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2023.2172467

Alabi JO, Fafiolu AO, Oluwatosin OO, Sogunle OM, Adeleye OO, Oso AO, Anise EO, Dada ID, Orimogunje AA, Otakoya IO (2019). Feed storage conditions influenced the growth response, blood profile, intestinal morphology and microflora of broiler chicks. Indian J. Poult. Sci., 54(3): 263-274. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-8180.2019.00042.4

Al-Khalaifah H, Al-Nasser A, Al-Surrayai T, Sultan H, Al-Attal D, Al-Kandari R, Al-Saleem H, Al-Holi A, Dashti F (2022). Effect of ginger powder on production performance, antioxidant status, hematological parameters, digestibility, and plasma cholesterol content in broiler chickens. Animals, 12(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12070901

Arczewska-Wlosek A, Swiatkiew S, Ognik K, Jozefiak D (2018). Effect of dietary crude protein level and supplemental herbal extract blend on selected blood variables in broiler chickens vaccinated against coccidiosis. Animals, 8(208). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani8110208

Ardiansyah W, Sjofjan O, Widodo E, Suyadi S, Adli DN (2022). Effects of combinations of α-Lactobacillus sp. and Curcuma longa flour on production, egg quality, and intestinal profile of Mojosari ducks. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci., 10(8): 1668-1677. https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.aavs/2022/10.8.1668.1677

Attia YA, Al-Khalaifah H, Abd El-Hamid HS, Al-Harthi MA, El-Shafey AA (2020). Effect of different levels of multienzymes on immune response, blood hematology and biochemistry, antioxidants status and organs histology of broiler chicks fed standard and low-density diets. Front. Vet. Sci., 6: 510. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00510

Denli M, Demirel R (2018). Replacement of antibiotics in poultry diets. CAB Rev., 13(35): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1079/PAVSNNR201813035

Dillasamola D, Aldi Y, Kolobinti M (2019). The effect of coriander ethanol extract (Coriandrum sativum L.) against phagocytosis activity and capacity of the macrophage cells and the percentage of leukocyte cells in white male mice. Pharmacogn. J., 11(6): 1290–1298. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2019.11.200

Ezihe CO, Dagih AA (2019). Effect of molasses on performance, haematology and serum chemistry of broiler chickens. Sokoto J. Vet. Sci., 17(2): 60–64. https://doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v17i2.8

Gao S, Li R, Heng N, Chen Y, Wang L, Li Z, Guo Y, Sheng X, Wang X, Xing K, Ni H, Qi X (2020). Effects of dietary supplementation of natural astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis on antioxidant capacity, lipid metabolism, and accumulation in the egg yolk of laying hens. Poult. Sci., 99(11): 5874–5882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.08.029

Giannenas I, Bonos E, Skoufos I, Tzora A, Stylianaki I, Lazari D, Tsinas A, Christaki E, Florou-Paneri P (2018). Effect of herbal feed additives on performance parameters, intestinal microbiota, intestinal morphology and meat lipid oxidation of broiler chickens. Br. Poult. Sci., 59(5): 545–553. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2018.1483577

Hussein EOS, Ahmed SH, Abudabos AM, Suliman GM, El-Hack MEA, Swelum AA, Alowaimer AN (2020). Ameliorative effects of antibiotic, probiotic and phytobiotic supplemented diets on the performance, intestinal health, carcass traits, and meat quality of clostridium perfringens-infected broilers. Animals, 10(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10040669

Jachimowicz K, Winiarska-Mieczan A, Tomaszewska E (2022). The impact of herbal additives for poultry feed on the fatty acid profile of meat. Animals, 12(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12091054

Joshua BI, Luka HS, Elisha IL, Nyam LS, Suleiman I, Gambo RA, Audu S, Saidu AJ, Dominic UA, Jummai BD, Gunya DY, Samuel NS (2022). Haematological and serum biochemical parameters of broilers slaughtered at Bukuru live bird market of Jos South Local Government Plateau State Nigeria. Acta Sci. Vet. Sci., 4(6): 5-11. https://doi.org/10.31080/ASVS.2022.04.0399

Kajal, Pathania AR (2021). Chemistry behind serum albumin: A review. E3S Web Conf., 309: 01086. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130901086

Khabirov A, Khaziakhmetov F, Kuznetsov V, Tagirov H, Rebezov M, ndreyeva A, Basharov A, Yessimbekov Z, Ayaz M (2020). Effect of Normosil Probiotic Supplementation on the Growth Performance and Blood Parameters of Broiler Chickens. Indian J. Pharm. Educ. Res., 54(4): 1046-1055. doi:10.5530/ijper.54.4.199

Kuralkar P, Kuralkar SV (2021). Role of herbal products in animal production. An updated review. J. Ethnopharmacol., 278: 114246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.114246

Liu J, Jin Y, Lin S, Jones GS, Chen F (2015). Purification and identification of novel antioxidant peptides from egg white protein and their antioxidant activities. Food Chem., 175: 258–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.11.142

Orakpoghenor O, Ogbuagu NE, Sa’ldu L (2021). Effect of environmental temperature on water intake in poultry. In Advances in Poultry Nutrition Research, Intech Open Limited. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95695

Puvača N, Tufarelli V, Giannenas I (2022). Essential oils in broiler chicken production, immunity and meat quality: Review of Thymus vulgaris, Origanum vulgare, and Rosmarinus officinalis. Agriculture, 12(6): 874. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12060874

Rahayu ID, Widodo W, Prihartini I, Winaya A, Zalizar L, Untari T, Mel M (2019). The potential of extract of Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith as a feed additive to improve the production performances and meat nutritional composition of broiler chickens. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci., 293: 012023. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/293/1/012023

Sholikin MM, Irawan A, Sofyan A, Jayanegara A, Rumhayati B, Hidayat C, Adli DN, Julendra H, Herdian H, Manzila I, Hudaya MH, Harahap MA, Qomariyah N, Budiarto R, Krisnan R, Asmarasari SA, Hayanti SY, Wahyono T, Priyatno TP, Ujilestari T, Negara W, Wulandari W, Nahrowi N (2022). A meta-analysis of the effects of clay mineral supplementation on alkaline phosphatase, broiler health, and performance. Poult. Sci., 102(3): 102456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2022.102456

Sierżant K, Korzeniowska M, Król B, Orda J, Wojdyło A (2018). Oxidative stability of the meat of broilers fed diets supplemented with various levels of blackcurrant extract (Ribes nigrum L.) during different time period. J. Chem., 2018: 3403975. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3403975

Skomorucha I, Muchacka R (2020). Effects of supplementing drinking water with mixed herb extract or outdoor access on meat quality characteristics in broiler chickens. Ann. Anim. Sci., 20(2): 647–660. https://doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2019-0076

Song B, Tang D, Yan S, Fan H, Li G, Shahid MS, Mahmood T, Guo Y (2021). Effects of age on immune function in broiler chickens. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol., 12(1): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-021-00559-1

Taweya D, Waktole H, Tolossa YH (2020). Hematological and serum changes associated with gastrointestinal helminthes infection in naturally infected scavenging chicken in and around Bishoftu, Ethiopia. Adv. Biol. Res., 14(3): 119–125.

Tóthová C, Sesztáková E, Bielik B, Nagy O (2019). Changes of total protein and protein fractions in broiler chickens during the fattening period. Vet. World, 12(4): 598–604. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2019.598-604

Untari T, Herawati O, Anggita M, Asmara W, Wahyuni AETH, Haryadi MW (2021). The effect of Antibiotic Growth Promoters (AGP) on antibiotic resistance and the digestive system of broiler chicken in Sleman, Yogyakarta. BIO Web Conf., 33: 04005. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20213304005

Visaria A, Pai S, Fayngersh A, Khotari N (2020). Association between alanine aminotransferase within the normal range and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: A nationwide cohort study. Agriculture, 12: 874. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242431

Waheed S, Hasnain A, Ahmad A, Tarar OM, Yaqeen Z, Ali TM (2017). Effect of spices and sweet violet extracts to replace antibiotics and antioxidants in feed on broiler performance, hematology, lipid profile and immunity. J. Anim. Plant Sci., 27(3): 714–724.

Widjastuti T, Ismail P, Garinda D (2021). The effect of use of mixed red ginger (Zingiber Officinale Var. Rubrum) and turmeric (Curcuma Longa) in the ration on performance and carcass quality of broiler. Sci. Pap. Ser. D Anim. Sci., 64(1): 216-221.

Yekti APA, Prafitri R, Kuswati, Huda AN, Kusmartono, Susilawati T (2022). The success rate of double dose artificial insemination at different times in Ongole Crossbred cattle. Am. J. Anim. Vet. Sci., 17(1): 26-30. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajavsp.2022.26.30

Yekti APA, Rahayu S, Ciptadi G, Susilawati T (2023). The quality and proportion of spermatozoa x and y in sexed frozen semen separated with percoll density gradient centrifugation method on Friesian Holstein bull. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci., 387(1): 12-29. https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.aavs/2023/11.3.371.378