Latrine Site Selection by the Asian Badger (Meles leucurus) in a Temperate Forest of South Korea

Ho-Kyoung Bae, Jae-Kang Lee, Tae-Kyung Eom, Dong-Ho Lee, Hyeongyu Ko, Joo-Hee Kim, Sung-Hyun Ahn and Shin-Jae Rhim*

School of Bioresource and Bioscience, Chung-Ang University, Ansung, South Korea

ABSTRACT

This study was conducted to clarify the latrine site selection preference of the Asian badger Meles leucurus in a temperate forest, Pyeongchang, South Korea. Logistic regression models were used to determine which habitat variables affect latrine site selection. The relationship between elevation and latrine location was examined using the Mann-Whitney U test, and we used Jacob’s index to examine the relationship between latrine site selection and forest type. Badger field signs were negatively affected by human presence. Dense overstory vegetation and the percent ground cover of rock, grass, and bare land were positively correlated with latrine site selection by the logistic regression models that displayed good predictive performance (a ROC-AUC value ≥ 0.65). The latrines were found at higher elevations, rather than lower to aviod higher temperatures, and we found that Asian badgers tend to make their latrines in deciduous forest. For the conservation of the species and their habitat, these habitat variables should be considered and addressed by forest managers.

Article Information

Received 12 April 2023

Revised 06 May 2023

Accepted 25 May 2023

Available online 20 July 2023

(early access)

Published 08 November 2024

Authors’ Contribution

HKB and SJR designed the study and wrote the manuscript. HKB, JKL, TKE, DHL, HK, JHK, and SHA performed the field work. HKB, JKL, and SJR analyzed the data.

Key words

Conservation, Deciduous forest, Elevation, Habitat variable, Logistic regression model

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/20230412120425

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

0030-9923/2024/0006-2989 $ 9.00/00

Copyright 2024 by the authors. Licensee Zoological Society of Pakistan.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Identification and interpretation of a species distribution and habitat preferences are essential for its conservation (Krebs, 2002). Moreover, information on species habitat use patterns is essential for understanding their ecology (Kauhala and Salonen, 2012). Habitat selection information is particularly useful for habitat management (Tsukada et al., 2020).

Badgers are medium-sized mustelids distributed in Europe and Asia. These mammals are macro-osmatic nocturnal species, difficult to detect visually in their habitat (Johnson et al., 2001; Prigioni and Deflorian, 2005). The presence of badgers is frequently related to climate, potential sett sites, food, and disturbance, such as human hunting pressure, roads, and human population density (Roca et al., 2014; Silva et al., 2021).

Badgers use scent marking as an olfactory signal (Buesching et al., 2016). They are known to make latrines, which receive high inflows of urine and feces all year long (Hutchings et al., 2001). Badgers use feces, urine, and gland secretions for scent marking (Service et al., 2001; Buesching et al., 2003). While urine is invisible, feces can be easily detected in their home ranges.

Scat surveys give valuable information on the distribution, density, and social behavior of carnivore species (Browne et al., 2006; Delahay et al., 2007). Badger latrines appear both at the territorial border and in the territorial hinterland (Roper et al., 1993; Kaneko et al., 2009), often marking individual territories (Byrne et al., 2012). These latrines are one or more shallow pits and usually contain multiple droppings (Stewart et al., 2001). Moreover, latrines act as an exchange site for olfactory information (Kilshaw et al., 2009).

The Asian badger Meles leucurus is native to Kazakhstan, China, Russia east of the Urals, and the Korean peninsula. Its ecological and environmental characteristics are believed to be similar to those of the European badger Meles meles (Yao et al., 2013). Both species are regarded as forest-dwelling mammals (Yoon, 1992). In South Korea, over 60% of the land cover is forest and field signs such as setts (badger’s den) and latrines, can easily be found in forest ecosystems. However, scientific information on the ecology of the Asian badger is lacking in South Korea.

The aim of this study is to clarify Asian badger latrine site selection and the effects of environmental factors on latrine site location in a temperate forest, South Korea. We studied latrine characteristics and habitat variables, alayzing the habitat variables to determine which influence latrine site location.

Materials and methods

The study area is located in a temperate forest, Mt. Gariwang (37° 27′–37° 29′ N, 128° 32′–128° 34′ E), Pyeongchang, South Korea. The annual precipitation is 1305 mm, and the annual mean temperature is 11℃ (range –17.8 to 36.0℃). The altitudinal range of the study area is 423 to 1546 m a.s.l. Natural deciduous forest is dominant, but some areas are planted with conifers. The dominant tree species are oak Quercus spp., Korean pine Pinus densiflora, and Japanese larch Larix kaempferi (Bae et al., 2021).

The field survey was carried out from September to October 2019 and April to September 2020. We searched for field signs of badgers foot-prints, hair, scats, and setts to identify activity of the species and recorded latrine points using GPS (GPSMAP64s, Garmin) (Bae, 2021).

Habitat variables were surveyed at all latrine points in September 2020, and randomly selected points were surveyed for a control group. Habitat data related to foliage layer coverage, ground type coverage, and distance from the nearest structure were collected within a 5.56 m radius (Bae, 2021). The foliage layer was categorized as ground, understory, mid-understory, sub-overstory, and overstory vegetation. Foliage layer coverage: v0, ground vegetation (0–1 m) coverage; v1; understory vegetation (1–2 m) coverage; v2, Mid-story vegetation (2–8 m) coverage; v8; sub-overstory vegetation (8–20 m) coverage; v20; overstory vegetation (20–30 m) coverage. The ground types were classified as grass, rock, and bare land. Coverage of each foliage layer and ground type was estimated and placed into four categories: 0 (percentage coverage = 0%), 1 (1–33%), 2 (34–66%), and 3 (67–100%), ground type coverage: GC, grass area coverage; RC, rock area coverage; BC, bare land coverage. Distance from the nearest structure: DS, distance from the nearest shrub < 2 m: 0, > 2 m: 1; DR, distance from the nearest boulder < 2 m: 0, > 2 m: 1 *boulder volume > 2 m³. Additionally, the distance from the nearest shrub and boulder were recorded. We also recorded each point’s elevation above sea level, and each point’s forest type was categorized as coniferous, deciduous, mixed, or non-forest (Bae et al., 2021).

Logistic regression models were used to determine which habitat variables affected latrine site selection. The Akaike information criterion (AIC) was used to select the best models from a set of models. The Akaike weights of each model were calculated and compared among predictive models with ΔAICc < 2. Receiver operating characteristic-area under the curve (ROC-AUC) statistics were calculated to assess the accuracy of the models. Moreover, the total Akaike weight of the factors in each model was analyzed.

The relationship between elevation and latrine site selection was examined by comparing the elevation of latrine and control points using the Mann-Whitney U test. We used Jacob’s index to examine the relationship between latrine site selection and forest type. The formula of Jacob’s index is D = (r – p)/(r + p – 2rp) where r is the proportion of habitat used and p is the proportion of the habitat type in the total survey area (Bae et al., 2021). Jacob’s index ranges from –1 (total avoidance) to 1 (maximun preference). All statistical analyses were conducted with the R (ver. 4.0) and IBM SPSS statistics (ver. 27) software platforms.

Results and discussion

The six logistic regression models of the habitat variables affecting latrine site selection by Asian badgers with ΔAICc < 2 are shown in Table I. These models together included five habitat variables: Overstory vegetation coverage (v20), rock area coverage (RC), grass area coverage (GC), bare land coverage (BC), and distance from the nearest shrub (DS). The variable v20 was present in four of the models, and three factors RC, GC, and BC were present in three models. Dense overstory vegetation and the coverage of rock, grass, and bare land were positively correlated with latrine site selection. These models displayed good predictive performance, having high ROC-AUC values (≥ 0.65).

 

Table I. Statistics and habitat variables of the models predicting latrine site selection by the Asian badger Meles leucurus.

Model	Habitat variables	AICc	ΔAICc	Weight	ROC-AUC
1	RC + v20	106.45	0.00	0.20	0.67
2	BC + GC + v20	106.67	0.22	0.18	0.70
3	RC + DS + v20	106.82	0.37	0.17	0.70
4	BC+GC+DS+v20	106.94	0.49	0.16	0.73
5	BC + GC	107.08	0.63	0.15	0.68
6	RC	107.10	0.65	0.15	0.65

 

RC, rock area coverage; v20, overstory vegetation (20–30 m) coverage; BC, bare land coverage; DS, distance from the nearest shrubs < 2 m: 0, > 2 m: 1; GC, grass area coverage; AICc, Akaike information criterion, -->; ΔAICc, changes in corrected Akaike information criterion; ROC-AUC, receiver operating characteristics-area under curve.

 

 

There was a significant difference in elevation between the latrine and control points (Mann-Whitney U test, Z = 522.50, P = 0.01). We found that the mean elevation of latrine points (1069 m) was higher than that of control points (931 m). Most latrines were recorded at elevations higher than 1000 m a.s.l. in this study (Fig. 1).

Jacob’s index indicated that forest type affected latrine site selection by Asian badgers. Only the deciduous forest showed a positive association with latrine presence (Jacob’s index > 0). For other forest types, the association was negative (Jacob’s index < 0; Fig. 2).

 

Badgers are known to occur in various habitats, such as mountains, arid areas, and farms (Virgós and Casanovas, 1999). In this study, we found that setts and latrines were not recorded around villages and human settlements. Badger field signs have previously been found to be negatively affected by human presence (Lara-Romero et al., 2012).

We carried out a logistic regression using Asian badger latrine presence/absence as the response variable in a temperate forest. Overstory vegetation, rock area, grass area, bare land area, and distance from the nearest shrub influenced the location of latrines. Trees and large rocks can serve as thermal cover and shelter for mammals. Latrines may be effective methods for badgers to communicate estrous status (Buesching and Macdonald, 2004; Kaneko et al., 2009), and the presence of latrines can be easily identified in grass areas and on bare land. Moreover, dense ground vegetation is favorable for food and cover (Prigioni and Deflorian, 2005; Bae et al., 2021).

Latrines were found at higher elevations rather than lower. Temperature is an important environmental variable for badger species (Kaneko et al., 2006). In this study, Asian badgers selected higher elevation areas to avoid higher temperatures because temperature decreases with increasing elevation, as does solar radiation exposure (Wang et al., 2021).

Asian badger latrine site location can be influenced by forest type. Deciduous forests are also known as important habitats for the European badger (Kaneko et al., 2006). In this study, deciduous forests were highly selected as latrine sites by the Asian badgers. The litter of deciduous forests can increase the availability of earthworms (Yao et al., 2013), and the increased food resources ensure this habitat’s appeal.

The latrine selection by the Asian badger was strongly related to overstory vegetation cover, ground characteristics, the proximity of shrubs, elevation, and forest type. For the conservation of the species and their habitat, these habitat variables should be considered and addressed by forest managers.

Funding

There was no external funding source for this study.

Ethics statement

Not applicable.

Statement of conflict of interest

The authors have declared no conflict of interest.

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