Interactions between Urban Stream Structure and Waterbird Community Composition

Kyu-Jung Kim and Shin-Jae Rhim*

School of Bioresource and Bioscience, Chung-Ang University, Ansung, South Korea

ABSTRACT

This study sought to clarify the relationship between stream structure and waterbird community composition in the Jungnangcheon stream, Seoul metropolitan district, South Korea from February 2018 to November 2020. Stream structure was assessed along the stream corridor. There were differences in water width, depth, transparency, flow, bed materials, form of levee, and number of bends. The major waterbirds were cormorants, large wading birds, dabbling ducks, diving ducks, gulls, and small wading birds. The multiple linear regression analysis revealed close relationships between stream structure variables and major waterbirds. Waterbird community conservation requires wetland-based management programs that are applied to habitat complexes at the landscape scale to support the needs of waterbirds. The results of this study can help with the conservation of habitats and landscapes in urban streams. Further research should be conducted on the conservation of waterbirds and their habitat in the future.

Article Information

Received 08 June 2022

Revised 25 June 2022

Accepted 01 July 2022

Available online 22 September 2022

(early access)

Published 25 September 2023

Authors’ Contribution

KJK and SJR designed the study, performed field work, analyzed the data, and wrote the manuscript.

Key words

Conservation, Habitat, Management, Urban stream, Wetlands

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/20220608080644

* Corresponding author: sjrhim@cau.ac.kr

030-9923/2023/0006-2511 $ 9.00/0

Copyright 2023 by the authors. Licensee Zoological Society of Pakistan.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Introduction

Globally, there has been a dramatic increase in urban land area over the last decade (Seto et al., 2011; Andrade et al., 2018). Most of the human population inhabits cities and towns (Fuller and Gaston, 2009). The development of natural areas has affected behavior and the distribution of biota in urban ecosystems (Marzluff et al., 2001; Keten et al., 2020). Land use and biodiversity patterns have been changed by urbanization on a global scale (Dallimer et al., 2012).

Cities are usually built around rivers because of the benefits of food and transport (Groffman et al., 2003). Moreover, river and stream corridors are critically influenced by settlement (Rottenborn, 1999). River and stream wetlands are important in terms of landscape, ecology, and social benefits. These are crucial breeding, stopover, and wintering sites for many birds (Mitsch and Gosselink, 2000). Riparian areas provide wood debris, support biodiversity, ecological corridors, and food and cover for birds (Dallimer et al., 2012; Murgui and Hedblom, 2017; Keten et al., 2020). However, cities have been built and expanded along rivers and streams in the occupied habitats of waterbirds, which has reduced the population of waterbirds and their habitats (Kang et al., 2015).

Birds are a widely distributed group of animals that are sensitive to habitat disturbance (Xu et al., 2022). They are considered a good indicator of biodiversity because of their diverse and specific habitat needs, well known ecological information, and location in the food chain (Anderson and Davis, 2013). Waterbirds are the most important ecologically assets in wetlands (Wen et al., 2011). The degradation and loss of wetlands have negatively impacted waterbirds. The maintenance of high-quality habitats is an important issue in waterbird conservation (Taft et al., 2002; Ma et al., 2010).

Seoul is the capital city of South Korea. It is a metropolitan area with over 10,000,000 inhabitants. The Hangang river flows through Seoul. There are several branch streams around the Hangang river. This river and its branch streams are good habitats for waterbirds. The Jungnangcheon stream is a branch stream located in the northern part of the Hangang river (Seoul District Administration, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, 2012).

In this study, we aimed to demonstrate the patterns of the waterbird community along this urban stream. The objective of our study was to clarify the avian species abundance, richness, and composition in relation to stream structure along the Jungnangcheon stream, Seoul, South Korea.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study was conducted from February 2018 to November 2020 in the Jungnangcheon stream, Seoul, South Korea (Fig. 1). The Jungnanycheon flows for 36 km in a north to south direction. It has a drainage area of 296 km2. This stream flows into the Hangang river, which flows in the Yellow Sea (Seoul District Administration, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, 2012). The Hangang river is a watershed for populations that include the Seoul Metropolitan area. The mean annual precipitation is 1,362.3 mm. The mean annual temperature is 12.1°C.

 

Stream structure variables were sampled along the stream corridor. The 41 plots (250-m radius) were centered along the Jungnangcheon stream. The first sampling point was located at 37° 32′ 36.08′′ N, 127° 1′ 39.25′′ E (st. 1) and the final was at 37° 48′ 11.41′′ N, 127° 2′ 44.96′′ E (st. 41). Each plot was randomly selected in the study area. In each plot, we measured water width (m), water depth (cm), transparency of water (cloudy, moderate, clear), form of water flow (riffle, run, pool), bed material of water (sand, gravel, boulder, cobble), levee structure (concrete, stone, natural), and number of bends (Table I).

We conducted point counts of waterbirds in the center of each of the 41 sampling plots. Bird surveys were conducted in February, May, August, and November from 2018 to 2020. Twelve birds surveys were carried out in the study area. Surveys were performed by point count methodology (Bibby et al., 1992). Avian species were identified by sound and sight (Mullarney et al., 1999; Keten et al., 2020). Waterbirds were categorized into cormorants, large wading birds, dabbling ducks, diving ducks, gulls, and small wading birds (Table II).

Bird species richness and total abundance were analyzed. We used multiple linear regression analysis to assess the relationship between stream structure and waterbirds. Stream structure variables included water width, water depth, transparency, water flow, bed material, levee form, and number of bends.

RESULTS

Mean water width was 78.9 cm (range, 24–136 cm). Mean water depth was 62.8 cm (range, 30–110 cm). Transparency was most often moderate (63.4%), followed by clear (26.8%), and cloudy (9.8%). The water flow was running in 70–80% and pooling in less than 10% of samples. Most of bed material was sand. The levee form was dominantly stone and natural. The number of dominant bends was < 2 (Fig. 2).

 

Table I. Stream structure variables in this study.

Variable	Description
Water width	m
Water depth	cm
Transparency	cloudy	moderate	clear
Water flow	riffle (%)	run (%)	pool (%)
Bed material (particle size, cm)	sand (%) (0.2–0.4)	gravel (%) (0.4–6.4)	boulder (%) (6.4–25.6)	cobbles (%) (≥ 25.6)
Levee structure	concrete	stone	natural
No. of bends	0	1	2	3

 

Table II. Major group of waterbirds in this study.

Variable	Family name	Classification group	Species
Cormorants	Phalacrocoracidae	Cormorants	Phalacrocorax carbo
Large wading birds	Ardeidae	Heons	Nycticorax nycticorax, Butorides striata
		Egrets	Bubulcus ibis, Ardea alba alba, Ardea alba modesta, Egretta intermedia, Egretta garzetta, Ardea cinerea
Dabbling ducks	Anatidae	Dabbling Ducks	Aix galericulata, Anas platyrhynchos, Anas poecilorhyncha, Anas clypeata, Anas crecca, Anas strepera, Anas acuta
Diving ducks	Anatidae	Diving Ducks	Aythya ferina, Aythya fuligula
		Mergansers	Mergus merganser
Gulls	Laridae	Gulls	Larus argentatus, Larus crassirostris
Small wading birds	Charadriidae	Plovers	Charadrius dubius, Charadrius placidus
	Scolopacidae	Sandpipers	Tringa ochropus, Actitis hypoleucos
	Motacillidae	Wagtails	Motacilla cinerea, Motacilla alba, Motacilla alba lugens

 

We recorded 8,117 individuals from 33 bird species including 6 resident (18%), 11 summer visitor (33%), and 16 winter visitor (49%). The Eastern spot-billed duck (Anas zonorhyncha), mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo), Eurasian teal (Anas crecca), and mandarin duck (Aix galericulata) were the dominant bird species in our study.

The number of species was higher in large wading birds, dabbling ducks, and small wading birds, and lower in cormorants and gulls. There was higher number of individuals in dabbling ducks and lower in small wading birds (Fig. 3)

The multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the presences of cormorants was associated with water width. Boulder (bed material) and the number of bends was associated with the presence of large wading birds. Dabbling ducks was associated with water width, transparency, levee form, and number of bends. Water depth and the number of bends were associated with the occurrence of diving ducks. Gulls and small wading birds were associated with water width and run (water flow), respectively (Table III).

 

DISCUSSION

Food, water, space, and cover are major factors in habitat selection for wildlife (Jiang et al., 2012; Jin and Qin, 2020). Water flow, topography, food availability, and human disturbance have a primary influence on habitat selection in waterbirds (Mckinney et al., 2007). The variation in habitat requirements among waterbirds suggests that wetland conservation should be based on region-specific information of waterbird communities (Ma et al., 2010).

 

Table III. Results of the multiple linear regression analysis between stream structure and major waterbirds in Jungnangcheon stream, Seoul, South Korea.

Variable		Site 01 ~ Site 41 (N=492)
		Cormorants		Large wading birds		Dabbling ducks		Diving ducks		Gulls		Small wading birds
		B	t(p)	B	t(p)	B	t(p)	B	t(p)	B	t(p)	B	t(p)
Water width (m)		0.073	7.047***	0.064	1.359	0.186	7.694***	0.011	3.52***	0.016	3.183**	0.076	1.678
Water depth (cm)		-0.002	-0.037	0.004	0.074	-0.040	-0.766	-0.078	-1.482	-0.097	-1.895	0.078	1.707
Transparency (cloudy/ moderate/ clear)		0.058	1.338	0.061	1.330	9.817	5.195***	0.053	1.189	0.044	0.992	0.012	0.261
Water flow
	Riffle (%)	0.032	0.723	-0.038	-0.715	0.036	0.678	-0.038	-0.769	-0.001	-0.027	-0.084	-0.767
	Run (%)	-0.015	-0.352	0.078	1.550	0.004	0.075	0.069	1.435	0.002	0.053	-0.076	-2.435*
	Pool (%)	-0.041	-0.938	-0.075	-1.671	-0.074	-1.613	-0.063	-1.384	-0.003	-0.057	0.035	0.767
Bed material
	Sand (%)	0.004	0.101	-0.036	-0.590	-0.036	-0.856	-0.017	-0.390	-0.021	-0.471	0.025	0.526
	Gravel (%)	0.037	0.837	0.021	0.470	-0.031	-0.674	-0.020	-0.429	0.034	0.724	-0.023	-0.499
	Boulder (%)	0.002	0.050	0.612	2.772**	0.075	1.638	0.068	1.429	0.058	1.204	0.010	0.215
	Cobbles (%)	-0.061	-1.415	0.028	0.602	-0.026	-0.597	-0.030	-0.668	-0.053	-1.171	0.000	-0.002
Levee form (concrete/stone/ natural)		0.021	0.486	0.013	0.278	6.955	4.241***	0.033	0.734	0.011	0.248	-0.063	-1.353
No. of bends (ea)		-0.043	-0.995	1.213	4.500***	4.769	3.643***	0.466	2.873**	0.045	1.008	0.002	0.034
Constant		-4.132		-0.107		-47.57		-0.939		-0.667		0.773
F(p)		49.657***		14.924***		24.939***		9.304***		10.129**		5.930*
adj. R2		0.090		0.054		0.163		0.033		0.018		0.010
Durbin-Watson		2.102		1.945		1.830		2.052		2.062		2.021

 

*p<.05, **p<.01, ***p<.001

 

Previous studies have shown that agricultural, industrial, and urbanizing development degrade the aquatic condition of urban streams. This decreases the populations of many water birds in urban areas (Zhang et al., 2012). Thus, a good aquatic environment is essential for habitat of waterbirds (Jin and Qin, 2020). The loss of habitat variables caused by urbanization may be an important factor in the decline of waterbird populations (Wilson, 2010).

Urbanization has led the demand for construction. Vegetative and natural areas are reduced or even lost due to urbanization. Dams, canalization, and many hydraulic facilities reduce the habitat heterogeneity of rivers and streams (Souza et al., 2019). Thus, the intensity of urbanization is an essential factor for waterbirds (Zhang et al., 2016). In addition, hydrology is one of the most important factors in determining the maintenance and development of stream functions and structure (Euliss et al., 2008). Hydrology greatly influences the response of waterbirds to stream dynamics (Hoover, 2009).

Many studies have shown that water width and depth are critical variables for waterbirds (Isola et al., 2002). In our study, cormorants, dabbling ducks, and diving ducks were influenced by water width because of human activity. There are higher frequencies of walking, running, and cycling along the stream. Moreover, the stream structure, such as levee form and number of bends, affected dabbling ducks, diving ducks, and large wading birds. Levees in wetlands are used as roosting, preening, resting sites by waterbirds (Warnock et al., 2002). Topography combination and spatial heterogeneity can provide accessible habitats for waterbird diversity (Taft et al., 2002; Li et al., 2019).

Waterbird community conservation requires the application of wetland-based management programs to habitat complexes at the landscape scale for the needs of waterbirds (Ma et al., 2010). Moreover, social conditions and needs influence how urban streams are managed. Information exchanges and communication between scientists, managers of stream management practices, and the public are required (Nakamura et al., 2006).

The results of this study can help with the conservation of habitats and landscapes in urban streams. We examined the correlation between different stream structural factors and the waterbird community in the Jungnangcheon stream; however, we did not consider the effect of multiple factors on waterbirds. Further research should be conducted to assess the best conservation and management of waterbirds and their habitat.

Statement of conflict of interest

The authors have declared no conflict of interests.

REFERENCES

Andrade, R., Bateman, H.L., Franklin, J., and Allen, D., 2018. Waterbird community composition, abundance, and diversity along an urban gradient. Landsc. Urban Plan., 170: 103-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.11.003

Anderson, J.T. and Davis, G.A., 2013. Wetland techniques. Volume 3: applications and management. Springer, USA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6907-6

Bibby, C.J., Burgess, N.D. and Hill, D.A., 1992. Bird census techniques, 2nd ed. San Diego, USA.

Dallimer, M., Rouquette, J.R., Skinner, A.M., Armsworth, P.R., Maltby, L.M., Warren, P.H. and Gaston, K.J., 2012. Contrasting patterns in species richness of birds, butterflies, and plant along riparian corridors in an urban landscape. Divers. Distrib., 18: 742-753. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2012.00891.x

Euliss, N.H. Jr., Smith, L.M., Wilcox, D.A. and Browne, B.A., 2008. Linking ecosystem processes with wetland management goals: Charting a course for a sustainable future. Wetlands, 28: 553-562. https://doi.org/10.1672/07-154.1

Fuller, R.A. and Gaston, K.J., 2009. The scaling of green space coverage in European cities. Biol. Lett., 5: 353-355. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0010

Groffman, P.M., Bain, D.J., Band, L.E., Belt, K.T., Brush, G.S., Grove, J.M., Pouyat, R.V., Yesilonis, I.G. and Zipperer, W.C., 2003. Down by the riverside: urban riparian ecology. Front. Ecol. Environ., 1: 315-321. https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2003)001[0315:DBTRUR]2.0.CO;2

Hoover, J.P., 2009. Effects of hydrologic restoration on birds breeding in forested wetlands. Wetlands, 29: 563-573. https://doi.org/10.1672/08-75.1

Isola, C.R., Colwell, M.A., Taft, O.W. and Safran, R.J., 2002. Interspecific differences in habitat use of shorebirds and waterfowl foraging in managed wetlands of California’s San Joaquin Valley. Waterbirds, 25(Suppl. 2): 196-203.

Jiang, A.W., Zhou, F., Qin, Y. and Liu, N.F., 2012. 10-years of bird habitat selection studies in mainland China: A review. Acta Ecol. Sin., 32: 5918-5923. https://doi.org/10.5846/stxb201108151194

Jin, Z.Y. and Qin, M., 2020. Habitat selection of scarly-sided merganser under multiple area scales in water systems of Poyang Lake, China. Pakistan J. Zool., 52: 1355-1362. https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/20190824090851

Kang, W., Minor, E.S., Park, C.R. and Lee, D., 2015. Effects of habitat structure human disturbance, and habitat connectivity on urban forest bird communities. Urban Ecosyst., 18: 857-870. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-014-0433-5

Keten, A., Eroglu, E., Kaya, S. and Anderson, J.T., 2020. Bird diversity along a riparian corridor in a moderate urban landscape. Ecol. Indic., 118: 106751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106751

Li, C., Yang, Y., Wang, Z., Yang, L., Zhang, D. and Zhou, L., 2019. The relationship between seasonal water level fluctuation and habitat availability for wintering waterbirds at Shengjin lake, China. Bird Conserv. Int., 29: 100-114. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959270918000035

Ma, J., Cai, Y., Li, B. and Chen, J., 2010. Managing wetlands habitats for waterbirds: An international perspective. Wetlands, 30: 15-27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-009-0001-6

Marzluff, J.M., Bowman, R., and Donnelly, R., 2001. Avian ecology and conservation in urbanizing world. Springer, USA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1531-9

Mckinney, R.A., McWilliams, S.R. and Charpentier, M.A., 2007. Habitat characteristics associated with the distribution and abundance of Histrionicus histrionicus (harlequin duck) wintering in southern New England. Northeast Natl., 14: 159-170. https://doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194(2007)14[159:HCAWTD]2.0.CO;2

Mitsch, W.J. and Gosselink, J.G., 2000. The value of wetlands: importance of scale and landscape setting. Ecol. Econ., 35: 25-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(00)00165-8

Mullarney, K., Svenson, L., Zetterström, D. and Grant, P.J., 1999. Bird guide: The most complete field guide to the birds of Britain and Europe. Harper Collins, UK.

Murgui, E. and Hedblom, M., 2017. Ecology and conservation of birds in urban environments. Springer, USA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43314-1

Nakamura, K., Tockner, K. and Amano, K., 2006. River and wetland restoration: Lessons from Japan. Bioscience, 56: 419-429. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2006)056[0419:RAWRLF]2.0.CO;2

Rottenborn, S.C., 1999. Predicting the impacts of urbanization on riparian bird communities. Biol. Conserv., 88: 289-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00128-1

Seoul District Administration, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, 2012. Riparian basic plan report for Jungnangcheon stream (Seoul Metropolitan). Seoul Branch Administration, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, Korea.

Seto, K.C., Fragkias, M., Güneralp, B. and Reilly, M.K., 2011. A meta-analysis of global urban land expansion. PLoS One, 6: e23777. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0023777

Souza, F.L., Valente-Neto, F., Severo-Neto, F., Bueno, B., Ochoa-Quintero, J.M., Laps, R.R., Bolzan, F. and De Oliveira Roque, F., 2019. Impervious surface and heterogeneity are opposite drivers to maintain bird richness in a Cerrado city. Landsc. Urban Plan., 192: 103643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2019.103643

Taft, O.W., Colwell, M.A., Isola, C.R. and Safran, R.J., 2010. Waterbird responses to experimental drawdown: Implications for multispecies management of wetland mosaics. J. appl. Ecol., 39: 987-1001. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.2002.00763.x

Warnock, N., Page, G.W., Ruhlen, T.D., Nur, N., Takekawa, J.Y. and Hanson, J.T., 2002. Management and conservation of San Francisco Bay salt ponds: effects of pond salinity, area, tide, and season on Pacific flyway waterbirds. Waterbirds, 25(Suppl. 2): 79-92.

Wen, L., Rogers, K., Saintilan, N. and Ling, J., 2011. The influences of climate and hydrology on population dynamics of waterbirds in the lower Murrumbidgee river floodplains in southeast Australia: Implications for environmental water management. Ecol. Model., 222: 154-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2010.09.016

Wilson, R.M., 2010. Seeking refuge: Birds and landscapes of the Pacific flyway. University of Washington Press, USA.

Xu, Q., Zhou, L., Xia, S. and Zhou, J., 2022. Impact of urbanization intensity on bird diversity in river wetlands around Chaohu Lake, China. Animals, 12: 473. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12040473

Zhang, C., Yuan, Y., Zeng, G., Liang, J., Guo, S., Huang, L., Hua, S., Wu, H, Zhu, Y. and An, H., 2016. Influence of hydrological regime and climatic factor on waterbird abundance in Dongting Lake wetland, China: implications for biological conservation. Ecol. Eng., 90: 473-481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.01.076

Zhang, Z.Q., Xia, J.H., Wang, A. and Luo, Z.H., 2012. Wintering habitat selection of scaly-sided merganser (Mergus squamatus) in Jiangxi Province. Chinese Agric. Sci. Bull., 28: 29-32.