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Influence of Different Variety and Wilting Treatment on the Nutritive Value of Whole Plant Sorghum Silage

AAVS_10_7_1649-1658

Research Article

Influence of Different Variety and Wilting Treatment on the Nutritive Value of Whole Plant Sorghum Silage

Teguh Wahyono1,2*, Wahidin Teguh Sasongko3, Wijaya Murti Indriatama4, Setiawan Martono5, Slamet Widodo3, Widhi Kurniawan6, Muhamad Nasir Rofiq7

1Research Center for Food Technology and Processing, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Gunungkidul 55861, Indonesia; 2Indonesian Forage Scientist Association, Kampus IPB Darmaga, 16680, Indonesia; 3Research Center for Animal Husbandry, BRIN, Bogor 16915, Indonesia; 4Research Center for Radiation Process Technology, BRIN, South Jakarta 12440, Indonesia; 5Directorate of Laboratory Management, Research Facilities, and Science and Technology Park, BRIN, Gunungkidul 55861, Indonesia; 6Faculty of Animal Husbandry, University of Halu Oleo, HEA Mokodompit St, Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi, 93232, Indonesia; 7Research Center for Sustainable Production System and Life Cycle Assessment, BRIN, South Tangerang 15314, Indonesia.

Abstract | Our objective was to investigate the effect of different variety and wilting treatment on silage quality and in vitro degradability of whole-plant sorghum. Three sorghum varieties (Numbu, Super 1 and Samurai 1) were ensiled either fresh or wilted and evaluated in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement. Based on sensory evaluation, colour, smell and sensory index increased after wilting treatment (P < 0.01). Based on chemical quality, pH and NH3-N values were lower in wilted groups than in unwilting sorghum silage (P < 0.01). Compared with non-wilted materials, higher dry-matter (DM) and organic-matter (OM) content were found in wilted materials (P < 0.01). Wilting did not affect crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), hemicellulose, cellulose, or non-fibre carbohydrate (NFC) content. Samurai 1 sorghum silage had the lowest NDF and ADF, both in non-wilted and wilted materials (P < 0.05). The interaction of wilting and different variety had a significant impact on NDF (P < 0.05), ADF, OM, and CP (P < 0.01). Wilting treatment had no significant impact on all aspects of in vitro degradability. In contrast, variety difference had a significant impact on in vitro degradability (P < 0.01). Results of the current study indicate that wilting treatment influences the sensory score and chemical quality of sorghum silage. There was no effect on nutrient composition or in vitro digestibility. The effect of different variety on the nutrient value of sorghum silage was more pronounced than the wilting variable.

Keywords | In vitro digestibility, Nutritive value, Silage, Sorghum, Variety


Received | January 22, 2022; Accepted | June 06, 2022; Published | July 04, 2022

*Correspondence | Teguh Wahyono, Research Center for Food Technology and Processing, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Gunungkidul 55861, Indonesia; Email: [email protected]

Citation | Wahyono T, Sasongko WT, Indriatama WM, Martono S, Widodo S, Kurniawan W, Rofiq MN (2022). Influence of different variety and wilting treatment on the nutritive value of whole plant sorghum silage. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 10(7):1649-1658.

DOI | https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.aavs/2022/10.7.1649.1658

ISSN (Online) | 2307-8316

Copyright: 2022 by the authors. Licensee ResearchersLinks Ltd, England, UK.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).



INTRODUCTION

In recent years, sorghum plants have been cultivated as high-quality forage in Indonesia. Low forage production in the dry season and lack of fertile land in some areas in Indonesia are classic problems in the supply of forage (Sriagtula et al., 2017; Wahyono et al., 2019). Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is a suitable forage source due its adaptive traits appropriate to marginal land. Sorghum plants are more tolerant to high temperature and drought environments than maize (Yucel and Erkan, 2020). Moreover, sorghum requires less fertilizer and has fewer soil preferences than maize. In Indonesia, sorghum is used for a variety of purposes, including human food, livestock feed, and bioethanol production. Numbu variety is a commonly grown forage type because of its high biomass production (Wahyono et al., 2019). Moreover, Super 1 sorghum, developed as a sweet sorghum variety, is also grown in Indonesia. Recently, the National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia (BATAN) developed and released a new cultivar of sweet sorghum for ruminant forage, namely Samurai 1 (Wahyono et al., 2017). In the past few years, sweet sorghum has become considered suitable for silage production due to its high soluble carbohydrate content.

Some areas in Indonesia have a dry climate and low levels of rainfall and so need to apply silage technology to increase feed availability. Lyimo et al. (2016) reported that silage is one of the promising options for increasing forage availability, particularly in the dry season. Sorghum plants are high in nutrients, especially soluble carbohydrates, and thus are commonly used for silage production (Yucel and Erkan, 2020). We hypothesize that the variety of sorghum used will influence the chemical quality and nutrient value of sorghum silage. The evaluation of different cultivars of sorghum in silage form in relation to different purposes, such as grain, bioethanol production, forage, or dual-purpose, is required (Pinho et al., 2017). Previous studies have reported that the different sorghum varieties could lead to different product quality in the ensiling process (Junior et al., 2015; Neves et al., 2015; Yucel and Erkan, 2020). Different phenotypic traits of various sorghum cultivars might consequently modify the fermentation quality and nutritional value of silage (Perazzo et al., 2017). Moreover, Yucel and Erkan (2020) reported that sweet sorghum provides better quality for silage production due to its high soluble carbohydrate content, low buffering capacity, and high DM digestibility.

Pre-treatment of raw samples before ensiling also affects the quality of the silage produced. Dry-matter (DM) and soluble carbohydrate content significantly impact on silage quality (Gomes et al., 2017). As an example, wilting before ensiling results in better quality in taro silage compared with not wilting (Hung et al., 2020). Previous studies have demonstrated that wilting is recommended to increasing DM content (Lyimo et al., 2016), improve nutritional values of raw samples (Gomes et al., 2017), and depress clostridial fermentation in the silage process (Zheng et al., 2018). Overnight wilting also does not affect the content of C18:3n3 and C18:2n6 of plants (Liu et al., 2020). Conaghan et al. (2010) reported that rapid wilting before ensiling had been widely adopted in silage management as a means of increasing nutrient value. However, there is limited information on silage in Indonesia with regard to issues such as appropriate sorghum varieties and wilting methods for high nutritive value in silage. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the effects of different varieties and wilting treatments on silage quality and in vitro degradability of whole-plant sorghum.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Materials

Numbu, Super 1, and Samurai 1 sorghum varieties were planted in a laboratory field station, Research Center for Isotope and Radiation Application Technology, National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia (BATAN) (Elevation: 38 m, 6o17’38.9” S; 106o46’28.8” E). Sorghum plants were harvested at hard-dough phase (± 115 days after sowing). All edible parts (stems, leaves and panicles) were separately chopped and then uniformly mixed to create a representative sample.

Experimental design

Three sorghum varieties were ensiled either fresh or wilted and evaluated in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement. Each treatment had four replicates.

Sampling of raw sorghum

Before ensiling, representative samples were placed into individual paper bags, dried at 65oC for 48 h, and their dry-matter (DM) content determined. Dried samples were ground, passed through a 1 mm sieve and prepared for chemical analysis.

Preparation of silage

For ensiling process, all sorghum varieties were chopped manually using a machete into 20–30 mm particle sizes. All parts of the sorghum were prepared for ensiling in either fresh or wilted treatments. Wilting was achieved by spreading the chopped fresh sorghum for 12 h for use as low-moisture silage. About 300 g of raw material was ensiled in 24 sterile glass laboratory silos. Four replications were performed for each treatment. The silos were then stored at room temperature of 25oC in the laboratory for 30 days. At the end of the 30-day ensiling period, final silo weights were recorded and inspected for sensory evaluation. Some representative samples were also dried at 65oC for 48 h, ground, passed through a 1 mm sieve and analysed for chemical composition.

Sensory evaluation

The sensory scores (colour, smell and texture) of the silage samples were determined using methods developed by Jian et al. (2015). Smell and colour score indices were determined up to 15 points each, while texture indices were determined up to 10 points. Sensory quality was classified as follows: low grade (< 10 points), general (11–20 points), good (21–30 points) and excellent (31–40 points).

Chemical quality of silage

Wet silage samples of 20 g were blended for two minutes with 180 ml of distilled water using a kitchen blender (Cosmos CB-287, Cosmos) and then filtered through four layers of cheesecloth. Wet silage extract was then filtered through paper and left to stand for 10 minutes. An amount of 10 ml was collected to determine pH, total volatile fatty acids (TVFA; mM) (Kromann et al., 1967), ammonia (NH3-N; mg/100 ml) (Conway 1951), and sugar content (% Brix). The pH and stem sugar content stem were measured using an HI-2211 pH meter (Hanna instruments®, USA) and an Atago Refractometer (Atago® Co, Japan), respectively. Determination of Fleigh value was calculated as follows:

Fleigh point = 220 + (2 x %DM – 15) – (40 x pH)

Chemical analysis

The content of organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) of the silages and raw samples were measured by Association of Official Analytical Chemists method (AOAC, 2005). The content of non-fibre carbohydrate (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) were determined by ANKOM A200 fibre analyzer (ANKOM®, USA). The content of acid detergent lignin (ADL) was measured according to Van-Soest et al. (1991). Hemicellulose, cellulose and non-fibre carbohydrate (NFC) content were calculated using the equations described below.

Hemicellulose (%) = NDF (%) – ADF (%)

Cellulose (%) = ADF (%) – ADL (%)

NFC (%) = OM (%) – CP (%) – NDF (%) – EE (%)

In vitro digestibility evaluation

In vitro digestibility was determined using the in vitro gas technique described by Menke et al. (1979). Solutions were prepared according to Menke and Steingass (1988) and rumen fluid was obtained from two cannulated Holstein bulls (approximate live weight 525 kg) grazing Napier grass combined with 3 kg/d of concentrate based on pollard, rice bran, soybean meal, mineral and vitamin mix. The 200 mg dry-silage and raw-sorghum samples were weighed with four replications into calibrated 100 ml glass syringes (Fortuna®, Labortechnik, Germany). Four syringes containing only rumen-buffer fluids were incubated as blank data. The rumen-buffer fluid (30 ml) was filled into each syringe followed by incubation in a water bath at 39oC. Total gas production was recorded before incubation (0) and at 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h after incubation. The kinetics of gas production were fitted to the model of Ørskov and McDonald (1979) using non-linear regression and the SPSS 22.0 software program, as follows:

p = a + b (1-e-ct)

Where p represents cumulative gas production (ml), t represents incubation time (h), a represents gas production from the soluble fraction (ml/200 mg DM), b represents gas production from the insoluble fraction (ml/200 mg DM), and c represents rate of gas production (ml/h).

Total gas produced after 3 and 24 h of incubation was used to calculate the gas production caused by fermentation of the soluble (GPSF) and insoluble (GPNSF) fractions (Van-Gelder et al., 2005), respectively, as follows:

GPSF (ml) = (gas at 3 h x 0.99 x 5) – 3

GPNSF(ml) = (1.02 x (gas at 24 h x 5) – (gas at 3 h x 5)) + 2

In vitro OM digestibility (IVOMD) and metabolizable energy were calculated according to Menke et al. (1979) estimation from cumulative gas production at 24 h incubation (GP ml/200 mg DM), CP (% DM), and ash (% DM), as follows:

IVOMD (%) = 14.88 + 0.889 GP + 0.45 CP + 0.0651 ash

Amounts of 20 ml rumen-buffer from representative fluid samples were collected after 72 h incubation to determine pH, TVFA (mM) (Kromann et al., 1967), and NH3-N (mg/100 ml) (Conway, 1951).

Statistical analysis

Statistics and analysis of data were treated by ANOVA and Duncan multiple range test performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25 software. The interaction studies of sorghum variety and wilting treatment were analysed using GLM procedure.

RESULTS and Discussion

The nutrient and fibre content of whole-plant sorghum

Compared with fresh sorghum, overnight wilting increased the DM and OM content in whole-plant raw sorghum (P < 0.01) (Table 1). Except for EE, significant difference (P < 0.01) was observed for all content as influenced by different variety. Super 1 variety had the highest CP content (P < 0.05), both in fresh (7.02%) and wilted treatments (7.31%). Samurai 1 sorghum contained the lowest NDF, ADF and cellulose content (P < 0.05). Samurai 1 also had the highest NFC content (P < 0.05). There is a significant interaction between variety and wilting treatment in terms of CP, ADF (P < 0.05) and ADF (P < 0.01).

 

Table 1: The nutrient and fiber content of raw sorghum (% DM).

Items

Variety

DM

OM

CP

EE

NDF

ADF

ADL

Hemi

Cellu

NFC

Fresh

Numbu

22.04±

0.89a

87.51±

0.29bc

6.95±

0.26b

3.40±

1.06

65.28±

1.30bc

37.80±

1.42b

7.97±

0.59a

27.48±

0.19b

29.83±

1.42b

11.89±

0.79b

Super 1

27.78±

1.82a

86.04±

1.14a

7.02±

0.25bc

3.96±

1.03

66.53±

0.86cd

40.59±

1.14c

9.96±

0.87b

25.94±

0.43a

30.63±

0.60b

8.53±

2.37a

Samurai 1

34.93±

3.29b

88.41±

0.66cd

6.25±

0.27a

3.94±

1.14

63.23±

1.36ab

33.60±

0.88a

8.64±

0.86ab

29.64±

0.62c

24.96±

0.82a

14.98±

2.52c

Wilting

Numbu

36.95±

2.59b

89.00±

0.71d

6.25±

0.24a

4.07±

0.71

68.62±

0.96d

40.71±

0.99c

9.75±

1.91ab

27.90±

0.73b

30.96±

2.27b

10.06±

1.18ab

Super 1

41.96±

8.33b

86.72±

0.17ab

7.31±

0.08c

3.39±

1.41

66.03±

1.74c

39.95±

0.52c

9.91±

1.26b

26.08±

1.45a

30.03±

1.02b

10.00±

0.38ab

Samurai 1

56.83±

8.25c

88.65±

0.09d

6.74±

0.31b

4.35±

0.63

62.42±

1.89a

32.67±

1.51a

8.26±

0.85ab

29.75±

0.41c

24.41±

1.16a

15.14±

1.84c

Wilting

**

**

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

Variety

**

**

**

NS

**

**

*

**

**

**

Wilting x Variety

NS

NS

**

NS

*

**

NS

NS

NS

NS

 

Dry matter (DM); organic matter (OM); crude protein (CP); ether extract (EE); neutral detergent fiber (NDF); acid detergent fiber (ADF); acid detergent lignin (ADL); hemicellulose (hemi); cellulose (cellu); non fiber carbodydrate (NFC)

 

Table 2: The sensory score of sorghum silage.

Items

Variety

Index score

Total score

Grade

Color

Smell

Texture

Fresh

Numbu

10.84±0.52a

10.55±0.37a

7.68±0.27a

29.06±0.78a

good

Super 1

11.15±0.55a

11.43±0.76b

7.93±0.22a

30.50±1.08b

good

Samurai 1

11.19±0.17a

11.50±0.37b

7.95±0.13a

30.64±0.40b

good

Wilting

Numbu

12.21±0.77b

12.40±0.26cd

8.88±0.26c

33.48±1.09c

excelence

Super 1

11.13±0.16a

11.79±0.28bc

8.33±0.26b

31.24±0.48b

excelence

Samurai 1

12.09±0.31b

12.55±0.24d

8.55±0.13bc

33.19±0.37c

excelence

Wilting

**

**

**

**

Variety

NS

*

NS

*

Wilting x Variety

*

**

**

**

 

Different superscript in the same column mean significant difference (P<0.05); * mean P<0.05; ** mean P<0.01; NS mean non-significant

 

Sensory evaluation of sorghum silage

After wilting, all of the sensory scores of sorghum silage were significantly increased (Table 2). The colour, smell and sensory index all increased after wilting treatment (P < 0.01). Overnight wilting also increased the grade score from good to excellent. Sorghum variety affected the smell index score (P < 0.05). There was a significant interaction between variety and wilting treatment for colour (P < 0.05), smell and texture index scores (P < 0.01).

Chemical quality of whole-plant sorghum silage

The interaction of wilting treatment and variety significantly influenced pH and NH3-N concentration (P < 0.01) but did not influence Brix, TVFA and Fleigh value (Table 3). Except for TVFA production, wilting treatment and different variety influenced the chemical quality of whole-plant sorghum silage. The pH value was lower in the wilting treatment groups than in the unwilted sorghum silage (P < 0.01). Furthermore, overnight wilting also increased Fleigh value (P < 0.01). Samurai 1 wilted sorghum silage had the highest Brix and Fleigh values (P < 0.05).

The nutrient and fibre content of whole-plant sorghum silage

As shown in Table 4, compared with non-wilted materials, higher DM and OM content were found in wilted materials (P < 0.01). However, wilting treatment did not affect CP, EE, NDF, ADF, hemicellulose, cellulose and NFC content. In contrast, variety significantly influenced nutrient and fibre composition of whole-plant sorghum silage (P < 0.01), except for EE content. Samurai 1 sorghum silage had the lowest NDF and ADF content, both in non-wilted and wilted materials (P < 0.05). The NFC content in Samurai 1 silage was also significantly higher than that of Numbu and Super 1 varieties (P <0.05). The interaction of wilting and different varieties had significant impact on NDF (P < 0.05), ADF, OM and CP (P < 0.01) content.

 

Table 3: The chemical quality of sorghum silage.

Items

Variety

pH

NH3-N

Brix

TVFA

Fleigh

(mg/100ml)

(%)

(mM)

Fresh

Numbu

4.65±0.06c

1.43±0.26bc

0.78±0.09a

75.91±19.09

63.65±2.27a

Super 1

4.92±0.02d

2.02±0.11d

0.88±0.05a

75.91±12.76

63.87±3.88b

Samurai 1

4.87±0.06d

1.65±0.31c

0.98±0.05a

59.49±9.77

76.48±11.81ab

Wilting

Numbu

4.24±0.11a

1.26±0.14b

0.95±0.31a

59.49±16.58

100.39±7.16cd

Super 1

4.50±0.06b

1.29±0.29b

0.95±0.10a

68.73±13.14

89.38±7.51bc

Samurai 1

4.75±0.10c

0.63±0.03a

1.38±0.36b

57.44±6.70

112.12±14.10d

Wilting

**

**

*

NS

**

Variety

**

**

*

NS

**

Wilting x Variety

**

**

NS

NS

NS

 

N ammonia (NH3-N); total volatile fatty acids (TVFA). Different superscript in the same column mean significant difference (P<0.05); * mean P<0.05; ** mean P<0.01; NS mean non-significant.

 

Table 4: The nutrient and fiber content of sorghum silage (% DM).

Items

Variety

DM

OM

CP

EE

NDF

ADF

ADL

Hemi

Cellu

NFC

Fresh

Numbu

22.32±

1.74a

87.60±

0.18c

6.97±

0.29c

2.99±

0.61ab

68.23±

2.08c

41.85±

1.74b

5.51±

1.66ab

26.38±

1.33b

36.34±

2.79c

9.41±

1.74ab

Super 1

27.78±

0.35b

83.78±

0.35a

6.03±

0.16ab

3.38±

1.09abc

67.60±

0.99c

43.01±

0.85b

7.32±

1.13ab

24.59±

0.44a

35.69±

1.31bc

6.77±

1.59a

Samurai 1

30.65±

0.28b

87.97±

0.28c

6.29±

0.01ab

3.39±

0.39abc

62.79±

1.24a

34.80±

0.72a

5.45±

3.09ab

27.99±

1.04cd

29.35±

3.03a

15.49±

1.26d

Wilting

Numbu

32.39±

0.36b

88.46±

0.36d

5.97±

0.05a

2.81±

1.19a

69.12±

2.37c

42.39±

1.55b

5.71±

1.56ab

26.73±

1.05bc

36.68±

2.57c

10.56±

2.95bc

Super 1

32.24±

0.31b

86.40±

0.31b

6.26±

0.75ab

4.15±

0.39bc

66.40±

2.29bc

43.02±

1.80b

7.83±

3.18b

23.38±

0.68a

35.19±

3.16bc

9.59±

2.45ab

Samurai 1

48.46±

0.07c

88.60±

0.07d

6.54±

0.23bc

4.64±

0.81c

63.89±

2.91ab

35.57±

1.75a

3.93±

1.25a

28.31±

1.23d

31.64±

2.35ab

13.53±

2.22cd

Wilting

**

**

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

Variety

**

**

**

NS

**

**

*

**

**

**

Wilting x Variety

NS

**

**

NS

*

**

NS

NS

NS

NS

 

Dry matter (DM); organic matter (OM); crude protein (CP); ether extract (EE); neutral detergent fiber (NDF); acid detergent fiber (ADF); acid detergent lignin (ADL); hemicellulose (hemi); cellulose (cellu); non fiber carbodydrate (NFC). Different superscript in the same column mean significant difference (P<0.05); * mean P<0.05; ** mean P<0.01; NS mean non-significant.

 

The in vitro degradability of whole-plant sorghum silage

The effect of ensiling on cumulative gas production after nine hours of incubation was significant (P < 0.01). Wilting treatments had no significant impact on all in vitro gas production parameters (Table 5). In contrast, variety differences had a significant impact on in vitro gas production (P < 0.01). Except for gas production rate (c), the interaction of wilted and different variety had a significant impact on all in vitro gas production parameters (P < 0.01). Fresh Samurai 1 and wilted Numbu sorghum had the greatest gas production (a+b) value (P < 0.05). As shown in Table 6, ensiling and different varieties had a significant effect on TVFA and IVOMD (P < 0.01). The ensiling process tended to decrease IVOMD in sorghum forage. In the ensiled groups, the Samurai 1 variety had the highest IVOMD values (P < 0.05).

Overnight wilting increases DM content both in conventional and sweet sorghum. In this study, the DM content of whole-plant sorghum was about 36.95–56.83% after wilting. Silage materials are often wilted to above 30% DM content before ensiling to reduce the chance of clostridial fermentation (Zheng et al., 2018). The increase in DM content after wilting was similar as reported by Oliveira et al. (2018), Agarussi et al. (2019) and Liu et al. (2020) in studies on elephant grass, alfalfa and whole-plant oats, respectively. The moisture of raw material was decreased after wilting treatments and at the same time soluble carbohydrate content was relatively improved (Jian et al., 2015). Agarussi et al. (2019) reported that the wilting process also increased lactic acid bacteria (LAB)

 

 

Table 6: The in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics of sorghum silage.

Item

variety

pH

NH3-N

TVFA

IVOMD

mg/100 ml

mM

%

Raw material

Fresh

Numbu

6.60±0.22abc

3.86±0.42

40.00±7.01ab

51.46±1.74cd

Super 1

6.71±0.09bc

3.95±0.43

66.67±5.16de

48.69±1.23abc

Samurai 1

6.58±0.14ab

3.58±0.66

43.08±8.54ab

56.61±0.93f

Wilting

Numbu

6.55±0.14ab

3.65±0.24

46.16±3.93abc

55.39±1.04ef

Super 1

6.52±0.10ab

3.69±0.20

40.00±9.10ab

49.72±0.99bc

Samurai 1

6.41±0.13a

3.94±0.20

37.95±7.77a

53.41±2.62de

Silage

Fresh

Numbu

6.63±0.03bc

3.37±0.35

69.24±5.89e

51.42±1.86cd

Super 1

6.61±0.12bc

3.91±0.40

50.26±9.10abc

46.09±0.68a

Samurai 1

6.62±0.08bc

3.44±0.55

51.29±5.30bc

53.41±1.87de

Wilting

Numbu

6.79±0.06c

3.63±0.23

64.11±12.01de

50.33±3.38c

Super 1

6.60±0.07abc

3.60±0.21

56.42±7.01cd

47.14±1.85ab

Samurai 1

6.66±0.13bc

3.72±0.24

49.24±7.49abc

50.93±1.39cd

Ensiling

**

NS

**

**

Wilting

NS

NS

NS

NS

Variety

NS

NS

**

**

Ensiling x wilting

**

NS

NS

NS

Ensiling x variety

NS

NS

**

NS

Wilting x variety

NS

NS

NS

**

Ensiling x wilting x variety

NS

NS

**

NS

 

N ammonia (NH3-N); total volatile fatty acids (TVFA); in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD). Different superscript in the same column mean significant difference (P<0.05); * mean P<0.05; ** mean P<0.01; NS mean non-significant.

 

from 5.28 log cfu/g to 6.88 log cfu/g. Silage quality could be improved after the raw material was wilted by several mechanisms: (1) reduced moisture content; (2) improved soluble carbohydrate content; (3) increased LAB activity; and (4) reduced pH value (Jian et al., 2015; Lyimo et al., 2016). Samurai 1 variety had the lowest fibre fraction content and the greatest NFC content, reflecting its characteristics as a sweet sorghum particularly used in the bioethanol industry (Wahyono et al., 2017). Sweet sorghum varieties are suitable materials for silage due to their rich fermentable sugar compounds which facilitate lactic acid fermentation (Yucel and Erkan, 2020).

Sensory evaluation is commonly used mainly by smallholders as an alternative way to determine the nutritive value of silage (Bretschneider et al., 2015). Despite Numbu and Samurai 1 varieties having higher total sensory score values than Super 1, all varieties were in the excellent category after wilting treatment. In the present study, overnight wilting improved all of the sensory scores, in line with most previous results. Lyimo et al. (2016) reported that wilted fodder grass had higher sensory scores than unwilted fodder grass. Fermentation and sensory quality of naked oats and alfalfa silage were significantly increased after overnight wilting (Jian et al., 2015). The difference in sensory score might be due to the difference in soluble carbohydrate availability, as used as an energy source for LAB fermentation and to increase DM content of silage (Rajabi et al., 2017). Higher scores for smell, colour and texture might have been due to increased concentration of DM and soluble carbohydrate content having led to a better fermentation process (Lyimo et al., 2016).

The pH values of sorghum silage in this study were about 4.24–4.92 while another recent study found the pH values of sweet sorghum as varying between 3.21–3.82 (Yucel and Erkan, 2020). The differences between these findings might be due to differences in ensiling times and microbial starter additions. We assume that the ensiling process in our study was aerobically unstable and that this would have affected inhibition of the fermentation process, as represented by a pH value above 4. However, this assumption needs to be further investigated. The variation of pH values in sorghum silage is considerably affected by levels of soluble carbohydrate, which in turn influence the development of LAB and cause pH reduction (Fernandes et al., 2020). After wilting, NH3-N concentration in sorghum silage tends to decrease. This might be influenced by the higher DM content of wilted raw materials. High DM content in silage produces lower levels of NH3-N (Vendramini et al., 2016). The reduction of NH3-N concentration in wilted silage indicates that the decomposition of amino acids and protein has decreased (Jian et al., 2015). The decrease of proteolysis might be due to reduced moisture created by the wilting process, which in turn provides better conditions for fermentation (Lyimo et al., 2016). Wilting creates a more rapid fall in pH value, thus lowering proteolysis and deamination (Zheng et al., 2018). The greatest Brix value found in Samurai 1 represents either the high soluble carbohydrate contained in this variety (Wahyono et al., 2017) or that the ensiling process did not run perfectly due to soluble carbohydrate not having been maximally utilized by LAB. This is reflected by silage pH of above 4. This result might be due to the absence of LAB addition at the beginning of the ensiling process. The use of LAB inoculant is necessary to avoid poor ensiling (Borreani et al., 2009). According to the Fleigh point scale, the sorghum silage quality increased with wilting treatment before ensiling. Fleigh scale increased from good to very good. This might be due to the lower pH value in the wilted treatments than in unwilted materials. Wang et al. (2018) highlight that pH is an important indicator determining the quality of silage.

Overnight wilting increases DM and OM content of sorghum silage. This fact can be explained by the low moisture of the raw material leading to improved fermentation (Gomes et al., 2017). Organic content and microbial population are significantly increased by wilting (Wang et al., 2018). Wilting treatment did not affect the CP content or cell wall constituents (NDF, ADF, hemicellulose, cellulose, and ADL). A similar result was found by Jian et al. (2015) and Feng et al. (2019), these studies highlighting that wilting treatment did not influence the CP, NDF, and ADF content of naked oats, alfalfa and sweet sorghum silage, respectively. Furthermore, overnight wilting could lead to the raw materials containing high DM content, thus improving soluble carbohydrate availability.

Conversely, Liu et al. (2020) reported that overnight wilting increases NDF and ADF content due to epiphytic microbes (e.g. aerobic bacteria and yeasts) consuming increased soluble carbohydrates, thus increasing structural carbohydrate concentration. The lack of change in fibre fraction after wilting and ensiling also represents a suboptimal fermentation process. This is reflected in the pH value, which is above 4 (Table 3). Junior et al. (2015) demonstrated that the average pH value of sorghum silage was 3.64, and so pH values higher than 4 indicate the growth of undesirable microorganisms. In this case, the addition of LAB is necessary to improve the quality of silage products (Wang et al., 2018; Weinberg et al., 2010). Contradictory results were also demonstrated by Lymo et al. (2016) and Hung et al. (2020). The concentration of CP content of wilted taro (Colocasia esculenta) was higher than in taro silage made from fresh material (Hung et al., 2020). This difference might be due to different levels of protein solubility in the raw materials and the duration of ensiling. The differences in sorghum variety influence the composition of cell wall fractions in sorghum silage. Super 1 and Samurai 1 tends to produce a relatively low fibre fraction compared to Numbu. Sweet sorghum with its high soluble carbohydrate content is more suitable for silage production (Junior et al., 2015; Yucel and Erkan, 2020).

In vitro gas production and rumen fermentation represent nutrient quality and level of digestibility of feed materials (Wahyono et al., 2019, 2021). Wilting treatment had no significant impact on any of the degradability parameters as reflected by non-significant differences in CP, EE, NDF and ADF content. Differences in in vitro degradability characteristics are influenced by ADF and NFC content (Jayanegara et al., 2009; Wahyono et al., 2019). The volume of in vitro cumulative gases depends on the content of fibrous fractions and soluble carbohydrates, as well as on their total degradability (Oliveira et al., 2018). It is interesting to note that the IVOMD value of sorghum silages tends to be lower than non-silaged sorghum. Junior et al. (2015) demonstrated that the more digestible a sorghum variety is, the greater the loss of quality after the ensiling process, especially if the ensiling process does not proceed effectively.

CONCLUSIONs and Recommendation

Wilting treatment influences the sensory score and chemical quality of sorghum silage. However, there is no effect on nutrient composition or in vitro digestibility. The effect of different varieties on the nutrient value of sorghum silage is more pronounced than the wilting variable. There is a significant interaction between variety and wilting treatment on sensory score and in vitro degradability. For good silage quality, wilted sweet sorghum is the choice of best material. Further studies are necessary to determine the nutrient value of whole-plant sorghum silage after LAB addition with a longer ensiling period.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This study was financially supported by National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia (BRIN). We want to thank the kind support from Prof. Soeranto Human and Sihono, SP for providing research materials.

Novelty Statement

Our results focused on the interaction between wilting treatment and sorghum varieties, and their effect on silage quality. Our findings report that there is an interaction between variety and wilting treatment on sensory score and in vitro degradability. Furthermore, our study introduces two varieties of local sweet sorghum from Indonesia as raw material for silage (Super 1 and Samurai 1). Our results shows that overnight wilted sweet sorghum produces high quality silage.

AUTHOR’S CONTRIBUTION

Teguh Wahyono designed the experiments, collected the data, wrote the first-draft and revised the manuscript. Wijaya Murti Indriatama, Setiawan Martono and Slamet Widodo prepared raw sample, performed chemical analyses and in vitro measurements. Widhi Kurniawan and Wahidin Teguh Sasongko checked data and revised the article draft. Muhamad Nasir Rofiq supervised the experiments and revised the article draft.

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared no conflict of interest.

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