Host Biotic Factors Affecting Virulence of Corn Cyst Nematode, Heterodera zeae on Corn in Egypt

Ahmed El-Sayed Ismail

Plant Pathology Department, Nematology Laboratory, National Research Center, 12622, Cairo, Egypt.

Received | May 10, 2023; Accepted | June 19, 2023; Published | June 28, 2023

*Correspondence | Ahmed El-Sayed Ismail, Plant Pathology Department, Nematology Laboratory, National Research Center, 12622, Cairo, Egypt; Email: [email protected]

Citation | Ismail, A.E-S., 2023. Host biotic factors affecting virulence of corn cyst nematode, Heterodera zeae on corn in Egypt. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 41(1): 65-69.

DOI | https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjn/2023/41.1.65.69

Keywords | Host, Biotic factors, Virulence, Heterodera zeae, Egypt

Copyright: 2023 by the authors. Licensee ResearchersLinks Ltd, England, UK.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Introduction

The successful establishment of a plant parasitic nematode species depends on how much the environmental conditions favors its survival. Such environmental conditions usually involve both biotic and a-biotic factors. The biotic factors in a nematode environment are defined as including all other organisms existing in the habitat. The host plant is one of the most important biotic factors influencing the nematode’s behaviour. The corn cyst nematode (CCN), Heterodera zeae, has been regarded as one of the most noxious nematodes to corn in several parts of the world. In Egypt, the CCN has been recorded in different localities by Aboul-Eid and Ghorab (1981), Ismail (1985), Abadir (1986), Moussa et al. (1988) and Ismail (2009). Some practical applications have been studied to take advantage of this case, which are discussed as follows:

Behaviour of H. zeae under stress of corn genotype in Egypt

The influence of host plants on the population behaviour of the pathogenic nematodes was extensively studied. Host cultivars are also one of the most influential factors affecting nematode infectivity and reproductivity. In the literature concerning cyst forming nematodes, there is ample information concerning the influence of susceptible and resistant hosts on nematode development and reproductivity. Koshy et al. (1970) in India found that Heterodera zeae cysts hatched and produced more cysts on maize cv. Ranjit than they did on other cultivars. Srivastava and Swarup (1975) reported that with maize cv. Rattan, the number of cysts per plant of the corn cyst nematode, H. zeae, ranged from 26 to 100, while with cv. Shakti, it appeared to be the maximum infestation as far as the cyst number was concerned, at almost 1000 cysts per plant. In Egypt, Aboul-Eid and Ghorab (1981) found that maize cv. Amricanibadri gave the highest final population of H. zeae cysts,whilemaize cv. Giza 102 produced the lowest final population of cysts. Ismail (1985) found that the highest number of H. zeae cysts and the nematode final population were found in corn cv. Giza 2, while the lowest value was obtained by Kahera 1. Hence, when two local corn cultivars, namely, Giza 2 (susceptible) and Kahera 1 (resistant), were subjected to the infection by H. zeae to determine the biotic effect of the host susceptibility on the development and reproduction of the nematode, Ismail and Kheir (2014a). They found that the final population and rate of build-up of the nematode were more remarkable on the Giza 2 cultivar than on Kahera 1. Due to the high suitability of Giza 2 for nematode reproduction, there was more pronounced damage to plant growth of Giza 2 than of Kahera 1. The same trend was observed with other species of cyst nematodes by several investigators: (Brown, 1974; Han and Lee, 1975; Phillips et al., 1982; Magnusson, 1984; Elliott et al.,1986; Bishnoi, 2009; Toktay et al., 2012).

Influence of the host age on development and virulence of H. zeae in Egypt

The host plant is one of the most important biotic factors influencing the nematode’s behaviour. Some investigators had covered this point using other nematode species on different hosts. Fedorko (1962), Jorgenson and Mussenlman (1966), Griffin (1981), and Olthof (1983) found that sugarbeet seedlings became less susceptible to damage by Heterodera schachtii as they grew older and larger. Sensitivity of susceptible tomatoes or onions to Meloidogyne incognita or Ditylenchus dipsaci decreased rapidly with age of the plant (Bergeson,1968; Riedel,1969). Bhatti and Sasser (1972) and Rawsthorne and Hague (1986) used five different host ages and found that the older seedlings were less prone to infestation by H. lespedezae or H. avenae as compared to the younger and tender seedlings. As for H. zeae, Ismail and Kheir (2014b) studied four ages of corn, Zea mays L., cultivar Giza 2, to evaluate its influence on the infectivity, development, and virulence of H. zeae. They stated that the nematode final population and rate of build-up correlated negatively with the host age. The nematode multiplied highly on the youngest seedlings and was more virulent on the youngest than on the oldest plants.

Behaviour of H. zeae under stress of host nutritional status in Egypt

Host nutritional status is also considered as one of the most influential factors affecting nematode behaviour. The relationship between host nutrition and the development of cyst nematodes has been the subject of much speculation since Ross (1959) stated that fertilization with NH4 NO3 prevented much of the damage caused by H. glycines to soybean even though the final population density also increased. Lehman (1969) observed that nitrogenous compounds inhibited the emergence of H. glycines juveniles from cysts. Ross (1969) showed that in microplot tests, fewer nematodes developed on a non-nodulating line of soybean fertilized with high rates of NaNO3 as compared to those fertilized at medium to low rates. The application of NaNO3 at 56 to 896 ppm N to the soil reduced H. glycines hatch, penetration and cyst development (Barker et al., 1971). Juhl (1975) found that maximum multiplication of H. avenea on oats and barley was at 46 kg N/ha, and with further increase in nitrogen level, the multiplication rate decreased progressively. In laboratory experiments, Grosse and Decker (1984) reported that 2-day action of 0.03% solutions of calcium ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium sulphate, or ammonium nitrate on soil infested with H. avenea almost completely prevented the hatching of juveniles. Urea caused a strong reduction in larval hatching even at 0.03% concentration for 2-days. As for H. zeae, studies on the effect of N, P and / or K fertilizers applied to Giza 2 corn on the behaviour of H. zeae by Ismail and Kheir (2014c) revealed that the nematode population greatly varied according to the fertilizer type and level. When N, P or K were used separately, the fertilized plants sustained the lowest nematode final population and rate of build-up as compared with those of the control plants; however, the recommended levels of these fertilizers caused the lower values amongst the applied fertilizers levels and achieved a higher increase in the plant growth parameters.

Population dynamics of H. zeae under stress of a cropping sequence regime

Seasonal variations in populations of the corn cyst nematode or of other nematode species are due to seasonal circumstances and host crops. The population dynamics of H. rostochiensis on potatoes were studied by Evans (1969); he found that hatching and invasion occurred early in the season at low temperatures, and most juveniles in the roots were observed in May and June. Gair et al. (1969) observed that populations of H. avenae decreased under continuous and rotational spring oats and subsequently under spring barley. Chawla and Prasad (1973) and Khan et al. (1973) reported that monoculture of some crops resulted in the build-up of nematode populations, but proper crop rotation practices reduced the populations to safe levels incapable of inflicting damage. The effect of the non-host crop cultivars (alfalfa, barley, bean, onion, potato, and wheat) on H. schachtii population dynamics was studied by Griffin (1980). He found that the nematode population greatly decreased with onions and bean, more so than with any of the other crops including fallow. Kerry et al. (1982) found that spring oats were the cereal most heavily invaded by H. avenae and produced the smallest shoots. The juveniles invaded cereal roots in decreasing numbers, as follows: Springoats>autumn oats>spring barley > spring wheat > autumn barley > autumn wheat. Studies by Brown (1984) showed that crop rotations that include periods of fallow or non-host crops reduced population levels of H. avenae and improved yields. The results by Srivastava and Sethi (1986) revealed one high peak of H. zeae under maize-cowpea-wheat rotation coinciding with maize maturity, indicating host specificity. Ismail (2009) found that H. zeae numbers fluctuated greatly according to the cropping system used. In broad bean-corn and Egyptian clover-corn rotations, the population densities were low during the growing season of the winter crops (broad bean and Egyptian clover), then the nematode gradually increased as corn was grown and peaked in September and October for juveniles and cysts, respectively. However, in barley-corn and wheat-corn rotations, the nematode population is relatively high during the winter season, leaving considerable initial populations for the next crop. Subsequently, in the corn crop, the nematode multiplied rapidly, reaching peaks in August and September for juveniles and cysts. Moreover, Ismail and Kheir (2014d) found that the population dynamics of juveniles and cysts of the corn cyst nematode, H. zeae, under the stress of a cropping sequence regime greatly fluctuated. The density of juveniles or cysts gradually increased with the favorable host (Giza 2 corn) to reach its peak at crop maturity, while the nematode population dropped sharply when the field became fallow. Likewise, the population densities of the previous stages declined gradually, even in the presence of the non host crop (Egyptian clover CV. Meskawii).

Conclusions and Recommendations

Some host biotic factors, such as host genotype, host age, host nutritional status, and a cropping sequence regime,directly affect the virulence of the corn cyst nematode, H. zeae. Some practical applications have been studied to take advantage of this state to manage nematodes.

Novelty Statement

This manuscript deals with the most important host biotic factors affecting the population density of the corn cyst nematode, H. zeae.

Author Contribution

Ahmed El-Sayed Ismail: Suggested the idea, collected the literature necessary for the manuscript, wrote and reviewed the manuscript. Also, the author read and approved the manuscript.

Conflict of interest

The author has declared no conflict of interest.

References

Abadir, S.K., 1986. Studies on the corn cyst nematode, Heterodera zeae: Infra-species variation in some Egyptian populations (Ph D thesis), Cairo: Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University. pp. 90.

Aboul-Eid, H.Z. and Ghorab, A.I., 1981. The occurrence of Heterodera zeae in maize fields in Egypt. Egypt. J. Phytopathol., 13: 51-61.

Barker, K.R., Lehman, P.S. and Huisingh, D., 1971. Influence of nitrogen and Rhizobium jabonicum on the activity of Heterodera glycines. Nematologica, 17: 377-385. https://doi.org/10.1163/187529271X00602

Bergeson, G.B., 1968. Evaluation of factors contributing to the pathogenicity of Meloidogyne incognita. Phytopathology, 58: 49-54.

Bhatti, D.S. and Sasser, J.N., 1972. Pathogenicity of Heterodera lespedezea on Kobe lespedeza. Indian J. Nematol., 2: 25-34.

Bishnoi, S.P., 2009. Importance of cereal cyst nematode in Rajasthan, India and its control through breeding resistance. In: Cereal cyst nematodes: Status, research and outlook. (eds. I.T. Riley, J.M. Nicol, A.A. Dababat). pp. 143-148. (CIMMYT: Ankara,Turkey).

Brown, J.A.M., 1974. Test tube reproduction of Heterodera avenae on resistant and susceptible wheats. Nematologica, 20: 192-203. https://doi.org/10.1163/187529274X00177

Brown, R.H., 1984. Ecology and control of cereal cyst nematode, Heterodera avenae in southern Australia. J. Nematol., 16: 216-222.

Chawla, M.L. and Prasad, S.K., 1973. Multiple cropping and nematodes.1-Effects of fertility management and intensive rotations on nematode populations and crop yield. Indian J. Nematol., 3: 34-49.

Elliott, A.P., Phipps, P.M. and Terrill, R., 1986. Effects of continuous cropping of resistant and susceptible cultivars on reproduction potentials of Heterodera glycines and Globodera tabacum solanacearum. J. Nematol., 18: 375-379.

Evans, K., 1969. Changes in a Heterodera rostochiensis population through the growing season. Ann. Appl. Biol., 64: 31-41. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1969.tb02852.x

Fedorko, A., 1962. Influence of the age of plants on the infestation of rape by Heterodera schachtii. Nematologica, 7: 14-16.

Gair, R., Mathias, P.L. and Harvey, P.N., 1969. Studies of cereal nematode populations and cereal yields under continuous or intensive culture. Ann. Appl. Biol., 63: 503. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1969.tb02846.x

Griffin, G.D., 1980. Effect of non host cultivars on Heterodera schachti ipopulation dynamics. J. Nematol., 12: 53-57.

Griffin, G.D., 1981. The relationship of plant age, soil temperature and population density of Heterodera schachtii on the growth of sugar beet. J. Nematol., 13: 184-190.

Grosse, E. and Decker, H., 1984. Studies on the influence of fertilizer nitrogen on larval hatching and population dynamics of Heterodera avenae. Arhiv. Phytopathol. Pflanzenschutz, 20: 135-143. https://doi.org/10.1080/03235408409437651

Han, S.C. and Lee, Y.B., 1975. The influence of susceptible and resistant soybean varieties on the development of the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines (Heteroderidae, Nematode). Korean J. Plant Protection, 14: 113-136.

Ismail, A.E., 1985. Biological and pathological studies on pathogenic nematodes of some field crops in Egypt [M Sc thesis]. Cairo: Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, pp. 121.

Ismail, A.E. and Kheir, A.M., 2014a. Behaviour of Heterodera zeae under stress of corn genotype in Egypt. Arch. Phytopathol. Plant Prot., 47(8): 973-976. https://doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2013.827409

Ismail, A.E. and Kheir, A.M., 2014b. Influence of the host age on development and virulence of Heterodera zeae in Egypt. Pak. J. Nematol., 32(1): 73-76.

Ismail, A.E. and Kheir, A.M., 2014c. Behaviour of Heterodera zeae under stress of host nutritional status in Egypt. Arch. Phytopathol. Plant Prot., 47(9): 1103-1111. https://doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2013.830808

Ismail, A.E. and Kheir, A.M., 2014d. Population dynamics of Heterodera zeae under stress of a cropping sequence regime in Egypt. Pak. J. Nematol., 32(1): 7-10.

Ismail, A.E., 2009. Impact of winter wheat, barley, broad bean and clover as preceding crops on population densities of corn cyst nematode, Heterodera zeae on corn in Egypt. In: Riley, I.T., Nicol, J.M. and Dababat, A.A. (Eds.). Cereal cyst nematodes: Status, research and outlook. CIMMYT: Ankara, Turkey, pp. 237-241.

Jorgenson, E.C. and Mussenlman, J.R., 1966. Influence of seedling age on susceptibility of sugar beet to Heterodera schachtii. Phytopathology, 56: 883-884.

Juhl, M., 1975. The influence of increasing amount of nitrogen on the propagation of cereal cyst nematode. Heterodera avenae. Nematologica, 21: 232-234.

Kerry, B.R., Crump, D.H. and Mullen, L.A., 1982. Studies of the cereal cyst-nematode, Heterodera avenae under continuous cereals, 1974-1978. I. Plant growth and nematode multiplication. Annu. Appl. Biol., 100: 477-487. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1982.tb01414.x

Khan, M.W., Khan, A.M. and Saxena, S.K., 1973. Fungi and nematodes in vegetable fields with different cropping patterns. Indian J. Phytopathol., 26: 437-446.

Koshy, P.K., Swarup, G. and Sethi, C.L., 1970. Heterodera zeae n. sp. (Nematode: Heteroderidae), a cyst- forming nematode on Zea mays. Nematologica, 16: 511-516. https://doi.org/10.1163/187529270X00694

Lehman, P.S., 1969. Hatching response of Heterodera glycines to hydrogen ion concentrations and inorganic ions. J. Nematol., 1: 14-15.

Magnusson, M.L., 1984. Reprodution of Globodera rostochiensis (Woll.) Behrens on resistant and susceptible potatoes in Finland. Nematologica, 30: 339-347. https://doi.org/10.1163/187529284X00248

Moussa, F.F., Kheir, A.M., El-Gindi, D.M. and Ismail, A.E., 1988. Plant parasitic nematodes in maize and soybean fields in Egypt. Bull. Zool. Soc., Egypt. 37: 217-225.

Olthof, H.A., 1983. Effect of plant age and transplanting damage on sugar beet infected by Heterodera schachtii. J. Nematol., 15: 555-559.

Phillips, M.S., Forret, J.M.S. and Farrer, L.A., 1982. Invasion and development of juveniles of Globodera pallida in hybrids of Solanumvernei x S. tuberosum. Ann. Appl. Biol., 100: 337-344. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1982.tb01947.x

Rawsthorne, D. and Hague, N.G.M., 1986. The effect of Heterodera avenae on the root system of susceptible and resistant oat seedlings. Ann. Appl. Biol., 108: 89-98. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1986.tb01969.x

Riedel, R.M., 1969. The influence of onion seedling age on the development of symptoms caused by Ditylenchus dipsaci. J. Nematol., 1: 24-25.

Ross, J.P., 1959. Nitrogen fertilization on the response of soybean infected with Heterodera glycines. Plant Dis. Rep., 43: 1284-1286.

Ross, J.P., 1969. Effect of Heterodera glycines on yields of nonnodulating soybeans grown at various nitrogen levels. J. Nematol., 1: 40-42.

Srivastava, A.N. and Swarup, G., 1975. Preliminary studies on some graminaceous plants for their susceptibility to the maize cyst nematode, Heterodera zeae. Indian J. Nematol., 5: 257-259.

Srivastava, A.N. and Sethi, C.L., 1986. Seasonal population fluctuations of Heterodera zeae, Rotylenchulus reniformis and Tylenchorhynchus vulgaris in maize-cowpea-wheat rotation. Indian J. Nematol., 16: 16-18.

Toktay, H., Imren, M., Bozbuga, R., Dababat, A., Nicol, J.M. and Elekcioglu, I.H., 2012. Screening of spring wheat germplasm from Mixico against the root lesion nematodes and cereal cyst nematodes under controlled conditions in Turkey. In: 31st International Symposium of the European Society of Nematologists. Adana, Turkey, September 23-27, 2012, pp. 324.