Expression Analysis of Oxidative Stress Induced Genes in Liver and Heart Tissues in Response to Doxorubicin

Uzma Jabeen1, Irfan Khan2, Nadia Naeem2, Asmat Salim2,* and Waseem Ahmed1

1Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Biotechnology Federal Urdu University of Arts Science and Technology, Gulshan-e-Iqbal Campus, Karachi-75300

2Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270

ABSTRACT

Drugs used in chemotherapy that target rapidly dividing cells, also exert toxic effects on healthy tissues. Doxorubicin (DOX) is a commonly used chemotherapeutic drug. Oxidative stress plays an important role in DOX-induced toxicity. This study was aimed at analyzing the expression levels of genes that are induced in response to oxidative stress in heart and liver tissues following DOX administration to rats. In this study, DOX was administered to rats intraperitoneally (i. p.) at 3 mg/kg at alternate days for two weeks. Heart and liver tissues were harvested and the mRNA levels of NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (Nqo1), glutathione peroxidase (Gpx1) and isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 (Idh1) were analyzed by RT-PCR. We observed variable pattern of gene expression was observed. Nqo1 and Idh1 genes were upregulated significantly in heart but not in liver tissue. Gpx1 seems to be unaffected both in heart and liver tissues. It is concluded from this study that toxicity due to doxorubicin is variable in terms of expression of certain oxidative stress induced genes and is tissue dependent. These genes therefore can be a potential target for future treatment of cardiotoxicity induced by doxorubicin.

Article Information

Received 31 December 2018

Revised 01 February 2019

Accepted 06 February 2019

Available online 12 July 2019

Authors’ Contribution

UJ did experiments and wrote the manuscript. IK and NN helped in experiments and interpretation of the data. AS conceived the idea and edited the manuscript. WA reviewed the final manuscript.

Key words

Chemotherapeutic drug, Oxidative stress, Gene expression, Cytotoxicity.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/2019.51.5.1899.1903

* Corresponding author: asmat.salim@iccs.edu

0030-9923/2019/0005-1899 $ 9.00/0

Copyright 2019 Zoological Society of Pakistan

Introduction

The cytotoxic drugs used in chemotherapy are targeted at rapidly dividing cells, but they commonly exert toxic effect on both tumor cells and healthy tissues with rapidly proliferating cells (Van et al., 2010). One of the cytotoxic drugs, doxorubicin, which is classified as an “anthracycline antiobiotic,” is a quinine-containing broad spectrum antitumor drug, and is used in many cancer therapies and induced cardiomyopathies. Oxidative stress plays a significant role in doxorubicin (DOX)-induced toxicity. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reductases catalyze the formation of doxorubicin semiquinone free radical, which in the presence of oxygen, generates superoxide free radicals (Rehman et al., 2014). Oxidative stress occurs when redox homoeostasis within the cell is altered. This imbalance is due to either an overproduction of ROS or a deficiency in an antioxidant system (Ray et al., 2012). Additionally, ROS may induce genomic alterations which affect cellular homoeostasis and may result in the onset of various diseases (Noreen et al., 2018). Role of oxidative stress as a modulator of transcription factors should therefore be carefully monitored.

Clinical use of doxorubicin results in multi-organ toxicity that leads to liver and kidneys damage (Tulubas et al., 2015; Ibrahim et al., 2014). Doxorubicin (DOX) is known to increase oxidative stress in several organs, especially in heart, liver, and kidney tissues (Kumral et al., 2015). Doxorubicin induced cardiomyopathy is also involved in the development of systolic dysfunction of the heart which is a major limiting factor for its use in clinic (Lakomkin et al., 2017).

Doxorubicin side effects, such as cardiomyopathy, have been found to be related to the formation of free radicals after reacting with oxygen (Minotti et al., 2004). Doxorubicin-induced delayed cardiotoxicity is thought to be a complex multifactorial process, in which oxidative stress plays a crucial role. With the progress of oxidative stress, cardiomyocytes’ mitochondria become insufficient, leading to heart failure (Carvalho et al., 2014). It has been reported that a number of potential heat shock binding elements (heat shock factors) situated at the angiotensin II receptor type are involved in DOX-induced cardiomyocyte cell damage (Huang et al., 2017). Similarly, DOX-dependent ROS cellular effect could be expected in hepatocytes. Doxorubicin (DOX) intoxication promotes oxidative stress and subsequent apoptosis leading to kidney damage (Chmielewska et al., 2015) and induces hepatorenal toxicities via the suppression of oxidative stress (Guo et al., 2016).

In this current study, an optimized concentration of doxorubicin was used to induce oxidative stress in rats and expression of oxidative stress genes was analyzed in liver and heart tissues. Extensive pharmacological studies of doxorubicin have been reported however; to the best of our knowledge no study has revealed the molecular analysis of doxorubicin toxicity in terms of expression of certain oxidative stress induced genes. This study will be helpful in understanding the mechanism of action of doxorubicin toxicity in liver and heart tissues.

 

Materials and Methods

Animals

Male Spraque-Dawley rats (SD rats) weighing 180-200g were used in this study. All animal procedures were carried out in accordance with the international guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals. The study is approved by the local institutional committee. Animals were allowed to acclimatize for a period of 3-4 days prior to the start of the experiment. The animals were provided with sterile water and food with 12-h light:12-h dark cycle.

Experimental groups

The animals were divided into two groups: (i) Untreated control: Rats were administered normal saline (i.p.); (ii) Treated: Rats were given doxorubicin intraperitoneally (i.p.). Doxorubicin was dissolved in saline and injected 3 mg/kg after every 2 days for two weeks.

Tissue harvesting

Rats were sacrificed and heart and liver tissues were dissected at the end of the experimental period and stored at -80oC for analysis of gene expression.

Gene expression analysis

Total RNA was isolated from liver and heart tissues by using the SV total RNA isolation system kit (Promega, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instruction. Total RNA was reverse-transcribed using Reverse Transcription Kit (Promega, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions with 2 µg total RNA. Amplification of cDNA was performed using GoTaq(R) PCR kit (Promega, USA) with gene specific primers corresponding to Gpx1, Nqo1, and Idh1. Rat GAPDH primer was used as an internal standard. The primer sequences and their expected product sizes and calculated annealing temperatures are listed in Table I. cDNA was denatured for 1 min at 94°C, followed by 30 cycles of amplification: 1 min denaturation at 94°C, 1 min annealing at 59-63°C, and 10 min elongation at 72°C in thermal cycler. The PCR products were identified on 1 % agarose gel electrophoresis and visualized through scanning with an ultraviolet gel documentation system. Comparison of the gene expression was done by normalizing expression bands with that of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) that was used as the internal control.

Statistical analysis

All data are expressed as the means ± standard error of the mean. Data were subjected to Students’s t-test to determine significant differences in gene expression level; the level of significance was defined as p< 0.05.

 

Results and Discussion

Analysis of gene expression in heart and liver tissues

Analysis of oxidative stress genes, Gpx1, Nqo1, and Idh1 in liver and heart tissues was performed in response to doxorubicin. Several mechanisms of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity have been studied broadly but remain arguable. However, its medical use is limited due to a serious dose-dependent cardiotoxicity that leads to irreversible degenerative cardiomyopathy and heart failure (Ichikawa et al., 2014; Goyal et al., 2016).

 

Table I.- Genes and primer sequences with annealing temperatures and expected product sizes.

Genes	Accession No.	Primer sequence (5’-3’)	Annealing temp. (°C)	Product size (bp)
Gpx1 (L)	NM_030826	ATAGAAGCCCTGCTGTCCAA	56	216
Gpx1 (R)		GAAACCGCCTTTCTTTAGGC
Idh1 (L)	NM_031510	GCTTCATCTGGGCCTGTAAG	58	246
Idh1 (R)		GCTTTGCTCTGTGGGCTAAC
Nqo1 (L)	NM_017000	GCCCGGATATTGTAGCTGA	56	202
Nqo1 (R)		GTGGTGATGGAAAGCAAGGT
GAPDH (F)	BC09593	GGAAAGCTGTGGCGTGATGG	60	414
GAPDH (R)		GTAGGCCATGAGGTCCACCA

 

We found differential gene expression which depends on the tissue type. It was observed that doxorubicin caused toxicity by means of oxidative stress and in response genes to this, certain genes are upregulated; however, the pattern of regulation varies or in other words the level of stress varies with the tissue type. We studied the pattern of expression of NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1(Nqo1), Glutathione peroxidase (Gpx1) and Isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 (Idh1) genes in liver and heart tissues. Following sections are the description of comparative gene analysis, their role in oxidative stress and possible relationship with doxorubicin cytotoxicity.

NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (Nqo1)

Nqo1 gene is an endogenous antioxidant enzyme. It catalyzes reactions having cytoprotective effect against redox cycling and oxidative stress (Sharma et al., 2016). The capability to protect cells from oxidative challenge and the ability to reduce quinones via an obligate two electron mechanism, which precludes generation of reactive oxygen radicals, demonstrates that Nqo1 is a chemoprotective enzyme (Ross et al., 2004; Wu et al., 2016). In our study, we observed that Nqo1 gene expression was significantly increased in the heart tissue (Fig. 1), while it was only slightly increased in the liver (Fig. 2) as compared to untreated control. The upregulation of Nqo1 gene expression may reflect an endogenous defense response against reactive oxygen species-mediated cellular toxicity. Cardiotoxicity induced by doxorubicin can be prevented with the upregulation of Nqo1 gene expression. Nqo1 therefore, can be a potential target for future treatment of cardiotoxicity induced by doxorubicin.

Glutathione peroxidase (Gpx1)

Glutathione peroxidase (Gpx) is a class of antioxidant enzymes using glutathione as a reducing agent and is expressed in all kidney cells (Muse et al., 1994). It protects cells from oxidative damage by catalyzing the reduction of both organic and hydrogen peroxides to water and removes peroxides and peroxynitrite that can cause renal damage. In our study, the Gpx1 gene expression was decreased in heart (Fig. 1) and liver tissues (Fig. 2) significantly in doxorubicin treated rats than the control. It seems that GPx is not involved in the oxidative induced cytotoxicity by doxorubicin.

Isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 (Idh1)

It has also been reported that isocitrate dehydrogenases are highly expressed in heart, kidney, and brown fat but only a low level in other tissues, including liver (Haraguchi et al., 2003). In our study, we observed that Idh1 expression was increased in the heart (Fig. 1), but slightly reduced in liver (Fig. 2) as compared to untreated control. Significant role of Idh1 gene in antioxidant defense function in the liver has been reported with an increase in the NADP(+)/NADPH ratio and in limiting liver inflammation (Itsumi et al., 2015). Isocitrate dehydrogenases show highest activity and expression in the heart, where it is confined to cardiomyocytes (Jo et al., 2001; Haraguchi et al., 2003). Idh1 can therefore be targeted to reduce cardiotoxicity induced by doxorubicin.

 

 

We can conclude from this study that toxicity due to doxorubicin is variable in terms of expression of certain oxidative stress induced genes and is tissue dependent. Cardiotoxicity but not liver toxicity was observed in terms of upregulation of oxidative stress genes Nqo1 and Idh1 in heart tissues. Genes upregulated by doxorubicin as a homeostasis mechanism can be used to overcome toxicity and stress caused by this chemotherapeutic agent so that targeted therapy can be achieved. Nqo1 and Idh1 therefore can be a potential target for future treatment of cardiotoxicity induced by doxorubicin.

 

Acknowledgment

This work is supported by the Higher Education Commission (HEC), Pakistan.

 

Statement of conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

 

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