Special Issue:

Emerging and Re-emerging Animal Health Challenges in Low and Middle-Income Countries

Experimental Evaluation for Graviola Extracts and Eucalyptus Extract’s Capacity to Induce Healing of Hepatocytes in Rabbits Model

Heba Saleh Shaheed1, Zainab J. Malik2*, Ghusoon A.A. Alneamah1, Salih T.H.2

1Department of Surgical and Obstetric, Collage of Veterinary Medicine, Al-Qasim Green University, Babylon 51013, Iraq; 2Department of Pathology and Poultry Diseases, Collage of Veterinary Medicine, Al-Qasim Green University, Babylon 51013, Iraq.

Received | July 05, 2024; Accepted | October 09, 2024; Published | December 05, 2024

*Correspondence | Zainab J. Malik, Department of Pathology and Poultry Diseases, Collage of Veterinary Medicine, Al-Qasim Green University, Babylon 51013, Iraq; Email: [email protected]

Citation | Shaheed HS, Malik ZJ, Alneamah GAA, Salih TH (2024). Experimental evaluation for graviola extracts and eucalyptus extract’s capacity to induce healing of hepatocytes in rabbits model. J. Anim. Health Prod. 12(s1): 213-217.

DOI | https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.jahp/2024/12.s1.213.217

ISSN (Online) | 2308-2801

Copyright: 2024 by the authors. Licensee ResearchersLinks Ltd, England, UK.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Introduction

The Graviola (Annona muricata) is one of the wonderful evergreen trees found in New York City, America. This small tree is considered one of the most common trees in liberal herbal medicine and has different names such as: Soursop, Paw, Guanabana (Chang, 2003). Graviola, as an antidepressant, is due to the new class of alkaloids found in it in stores and seeds. However, it must be very careful during treatment, because of those alkaloids may be toxic to the nervous system (Rottscholl et al., 2016).

The Eucalyptus tree is classified as an extension of one of the three genera, which is known as Eucalyptus, while the other genera are called Corymbia and Angophora. Which includes many species and many species and is widespread, although it cannot be determined definitively in any case due to the fact that it is the strict decision maker sorting out the prolific Keno from any coincidence (Gledhill, 2008).

Materials and Methods

Sample collection

The Eucalyptus leaf specimen was obtain commencing from the park of the College of Veterinary Medicine at Al-Qasim Green University, and to get rid d of dusts the leaves was washed and then dried in the hot air oven at (100°C) and then pulverize into fine powder and set aside in the plastic bags. Latterly, stored in the refrigerator until use. 20 gm were in use from the leaves powder and extract with using 70% of ethanol through soxhlet apparatus for 24 hours to preparation the ethanolic extract of (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) then the extract was possessed and culture in a petri-dish and put inside the oven at 40°C for 48 hours and store at 4°C until it’s use (Harborne, 1999).

Design of experimental

The experimental applied by using sixteen adult male rabbits at average age were (10-12) months, and there weight were between (1.5-3) kg. and at the animal house the rabbits were adopted for two weeks before starting the experiment. The experimental groups spilt into two groups , and the partial hepatoctomy from the third lobe of liver had done to all groups as following:

1. The first group of experimental were (8 animals): The Graviola give orally for 15 days after doing partial hepatoctomy.
2. The second group of experimental were (8 animals): The ethanolic extract of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves (200 mg/kg b.w.) give orally for 15 days after doing partial hepatoctomy.

Surgical procedure

As described previously the hepatic resection was done according to (Higgins and Anderson, 2002). By using 0.8 mg/kg intra-muscular acepromazine, 0.05 mg/kg buprenorphine and 40 mg/kg ketamine the rabbits were anesthetized and then performed a midline laparotomy. In the upper abdomen, a surgical incision was made and the third lobe of the liver was exposed (Figure 1) by using thump forceps the liver was handling (Figure 2), Using a 3-0 silk suture, the partial lobe is gently amputated (2*1.5 cm) and as possible the origin of the lobe of liver placed underneath it and positioned proximally, At the base of the liver and near the inferior vena cava, sutures were tied over the liver lobe (Figure 3) by using surgical scissors to cut the tied lobe away from the suture, three knots were tied and then the abdominal wall was re-approximated with a management by using 3-0 Polyglactin suture, By using surgical scissors to cut the tied lobe away from the distal part after tying three knots with a management by using 3-0 Polyglactin suture the abdominal wall was re-approximated, and with a management by using 2-0 polyamide suture the skin was closed (Foster et al., 2007; Yacine et al., 2014).

 

 

Results and Discussion

Clinical examination

During first week post operation the clinical and physical examination results showed: Heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature, urination, and defecation revealed that minor increased in heart rate, rate of respiration and temperature, with seen normal urination and defecation overall experimental animals. Since the second days post-operation there is Significant assemblage in the results between the control group and treated group but respectively post-operation there is early disappeared in treated group when compared with control group at 3rd and 5th days, that may be due to increase in the blood flow to the operative area. In addition the blood vessels dilatation increase with increase in the permeability of capillaries was agreed with other researcher (Verma et al., 2006), whom mentioned that the clinical parameters before and after surgical operation were no significantly changes recorded.

 

The animal performance which was represent by posture of animal, alert to the surrounding and motion) with observing that the appetite were not altered in present study. In the control group there were limited movement during three days postoperatively and but about four animals have a normal appetite, this is maybe refers to visceral pain or adhesion formation. postoperatively Adhesion formation reported in previous researches as well as the visceral pain during the first hours after surgical intervention or pain is recorded (Nakajima et al., 2009; Lu et al., 2017).

Adhesions in graviola treated group the adhesions in the intra-abdomen was more than frequent in Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves treated group assessments and occurred between liver, different organs and abdominal wall were in variable degrees, evaluation of quantitative (MSAS) (Table 1) showed that the graviola group had a high number (3 animals) of adhesions at grade II, while the group treated with Eucalyptus camaldulensis had a high number (5 animals) of adhesions at grade 0, (1 animal) in the first row and (2 animals) in the second row, thus accessing the abdominal cavity and making it easy to clearly see the abdominal organs. The qualitative evaluation (ATTS) (Table 2) showed that the graviola group had grade II adhesions in (5 animals).While treated group had grade 0 adhesions at (8 animals). Therefore, the release of adhesions was easy to perform and the adhesions in the treated group had little effect compared to the control group and showed that the formation of adhesions is part of the natural healing process (Betsabee et al., 2017). Surgical trauma is considered one of the strongest triggers for initiating the inflammatory response that leads to the formation of adhesions. There are several factors, some of which include routine surgical procedures, which include varying degrees of tissue handling that lead to tissue erosion, bleeding, ischemia, dehydration, infection, and exposure to foreign materials. Any of these factors can lead to inflammatory responses that lead to end to adhesion formation (Laikakos et al., 2001).

 

Table 1: Multiple sites adhesions schemes (MSAS).

Animals number of each grade					Groups
Grade 4	Grade 3	Grade 2	Grade 1	Grade 0
0	1	3	3	1	First group
0	0	2	1	5	Second group

 

Table 2: Adhesive tissue tenacity schemes (ATTS).

Animals number of each grade					Groups
Grade 4	Grade 3	Grade 2	Grade 1	Grade 0
0	0	4	2	2	First group
0	0	1	2	3	Second group

 

 

Histopathological rustles

After partial hepatectomy liver histopathologically showed as follow: in treated group by Graviola the histopathological examination revealed there was dilation in the central vein with early epithelization, While in extract of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves treated group the histopathological examination showed granulation area with inflammatory cells present when compared with other section showed the bile duct is dilated, the histopathological results revealed that the graviola ensuing through 15th days liver had a good healing because of the new alkaloid it contains in the seeds and roots and because of its many properties it can be an antidepressant (2). As well as, have useful elements containing anti-inflammatory properties, anti-parasite and antiviral (2). In the second group of extracts of Eucalyptus treated the liver showed histopathologicaly magnification of regeneration and healing but lower than occurs in first group treated with Graviola (Nagpal et al., 2010; Serafino et al., 2008; Zhou et al., 2007).

 

 

 

 

 

 

Acknowledgements

We thanks all staff of Surgical and Obstetric, Collage of Veterinary Medicine, Al-Qasim Green University for supported in this work.

Novelty Statement

This study influence of Graviola and eucalyptus extract and their relationship to liver cell regeneration.

Author’s Contribution

All authors certify that they have participated sufficiently in the work to take public responsibility for the content, including participation in the concept, design, analysis, writing, or revision of the manuscript.

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared no conflict of interest.

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