Research Article

Evaluation of Phytochemicals, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Potential of Artemisia maritima Various Parts from Lower Dir Pakistan

Tabinda Nowsheen1, Sayed Wadood Ali Shah2, Ali Hazrat1*, Muhammad Yahya1, Gul Rahim1, Muhammad Mukhtiar4 and Muhammad Ajmal Khan3

1Department of Botany, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan; 2Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan; 3Center of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan; 4Department of Pharmacy, University of Poonch Rawalakot, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan.

Received | June 06, 2023; Accepted |December 12, 2023; Published | December 26, 2023

*Correspondence | Ali Hazrat, Department of Botany, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan; Email: [email protected], [email protected]

Citation | Nowsheen, T., S.W.A. Shah, A. Hazrat, M. Yahya, G. Rahim, M. Mukhtiar and M.A. Khan. 2023. Evaluation of phytochemicals, antioxidant, and antibacterial potential of Artemisia maritima various parts from Lower Dir Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Weed Science Research, 29(4): 213-220.

DOI | https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.PJWSR/2023/29.4.213.220

Keywords | ABTS, Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Artemisia maritima, Bacterial strain, DPPH, Phytochemicals

Copyright: 2023 by the authors. Licensee ResearchersLinks Ltd, England, UK.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Introduction

Plants have bioactive chemicals that are rich source of medicine for many ailments almost everywhere around the world (Khan et al., 2022, 2023). Medicinal plants have significant health effects on animals as well as human and documented to have emerging influence on pharmaceutical industries (Sen and Samanta, 2015). The medicinal value of plants has been utilized since ancient times, trace back to thousands of years (Bussmann and Sharon, 2006). The medicinal values of plants are attributed to the presence of various chemical constituents (Edeoga et al., 2005). These constituents have a distinct physiological action on human’s body. Most of the phytochemical constituents that medicinal plants possess have antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, phytotoxic and cytotoxic potential (Kotan et al., 2013). In many plants, a variety of bioactive molecules such as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, saponins phenolics etc. are presents (Shinwari et al., 2013). Treatment of various ailments are carried out through plants possessing curative nature. The use of natural products and secondary metabolites originated from living system, mainly from plants had shown a boost to health care since ancient time. Furthermore, the modern medical science success rate is also dependent on the drugs that are acquired from natural resources (Rahman et al., 2023). Plant extracts can improve the nutritional value by minimizing microbial growth and lipid oxidation (Zhang et al., 2016). Many plant species and herbs preservative effect, recommends the presence of antimicrobial and anti-oxidative ingredients in their tissues. Plants having phenols and flavonoids are considered to have potent antioxidant potential to avoid the oxidative effect produced by oxygen and photons (Zhang et al., 2013). In humans many pathogenic microorganisms had developed resistance to commercially available antimicrobial agents due to the unselective usage. Antibiotics that are effective against bacterial infections a decade ago had lost its effectiveness due to the emergence of bacterial resistance. The scientists are forced by this situation for finding novel antimicrobial compounds from many sources like plants. The medicinal nature of plants is consider a worthy source of innovative antimicrobial substances (Chassagne et al., 2021). The numerous phytochemicals which have repressing effects on different types of pathogenic microorganism are gaining interest of scientists for drug development. The presence of diverse active chemical groups and the ability to combat infectious diseases reinforces the ongoing identification and study of medicinal plants for their antibacterial and antioxidant properties.

Artemisia is one of the diverse Genra of the Asteraceae which is medically important having essential oils and secondary metabolites. This Genra is widely spread in the northern frontier region, Karakoram, Himalaya, Hindukush region Gilgit, Skardu and Kashmir (Mannan et al., 2010). The genus Artemisia known as “worm wood” a largest group comprising 800 species or more and are cosmopolitan distribution (Mirjalili et al., 2007; Wright, 2002). Many species had been reported of genus Artemisia from various countries. India reported 34 species whereas 15 species were recognized in the flora of Lahaul and Spiti, (Aswal and Mehrotra, 1994). A. meritima known as sea worm wood is an important member of the Asteraceae. Due to its strong aromatic shrub nature, grow in dry and stony regions having intense cold habitat (Kumar et al., 2011). The leaves powder was used as folk medicine for digestive disease treatment and stem for treating erythremia (Khan et al., 2011; Gilani et al., 2003). The goal of present work is the evaluation of antibacterial effect for A. meritima roots, stem and leaves against gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial strain relative to standard antibiotics ampicillin and ciprofloxacin at different concentration and antioxidant potential. The goal of present work is the evaluation of antibacterial effect for A. maritime roots, stem and leaves against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria strain to standard antibiotics e.g., ampicillin at different concentration and antioxidant potential.

Materials and Methods

Study area

The aerial parts (roots, stem and leaves) of A. maritima were collected form Timergara, Dopa and, Chakdara Lower Dir, Pakistan and were identified by Plant taxonomist, Dr. Ali Hazrat, Lecturer, Department, of Botany, University of Malakand. The specimen was deposited in the herbarium of University of Malakand under voucher number Am2/6/18 (Figure 1).

 

Sample preparation

After collection and authentication, leaves, stem, and roots of selected plant specimen was rinse with tap water and then shade dried. After drying the specimen was pulverized and soaked in methanol for a prescribed period with occasional shaking (Ahmad et al., 2016). The specimen was filtered by a rotary evaporator to produce a semisolid mass and the crude drug was packed in a clean beaker.

Phytochemical analysis

For the presence of bioactive compounds, various chemical tests were carried out on each fraction of plant species by using standard procedures of for tannins test, (De Silva et al., 2017) for phenolic and protein test, (Mir et al., 2013) for saponins and terpenoid test, (Prabhavathi et al., 2016) for flavonoid and carbohydrate test and (Islam et al., 2016) for steroid test.

Antibacterial activity

The methanolic crude extract of A. maritime roots, stem, and leaves (AmR, AmS, AmL) were tested against P. aeruginosa, (gram negative), S. aureus and B. subtilis (gram positive), with the application of agar well diffusion technique (Jagessar et al., 2008). The prepared media (1000-ml distil water containing 28 g Nutrient agar) were sterilely poured onto the sterile Petri plates (20ml/plate) and allowed to solidification. The bacterial culture (106 to 108 CFU/ml) with sterile cotton swab was spread on media and then wells were bored in each plate with sterilized cork-borer (6mm diameter). 100µl drugs were added from each concentration (25, 50 and 100µg/ml) to different labeled well and allowed to diffuse by refrigerating for 30min. The plates were incubated for 24 hours at 37 ºC. Each treatment was performed in triplicate, and the zone of inhibition (ZOI) was measured in millimetres (mm). As a negative control, DMSO (dimethyl sulphonic acid) was used. The measurement was work out through the ZOI in millimeters (mm) and antibacterial potential was find out in comparison of ampicillin and ciprofloxacin (Shoaib et al., 2016).

Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)

The MIC values were calculated by using the methanol crude extract from selected parts of A. maritime against tested microorganisms. Broth dilution technique was used for the determination of MIC values. The tubes were incubated for turbidity at 37ºC for 24 hours and examined. No antimicrobial agent was added to a control tube and ciprofloxacin was used as standard. The lowest concentration was regarded as MIC on which the growth and activity of bacteria cease (Shoaib et al., 2016).

Antioxidant activities

Antioxidant potential of plant extracts was screened through DPPH and ABTS free radicals.

DPPH assay

1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay (DPPH) assay was used for the determination of antioxidant potential of crude extract of A. maritima leaves, stem, and roots. 5 ml of 0.004% (w/v) methanolic solution of DPPH and 50 µL of 2mg/mL leaf extract was added with reference to 80% methanol as blank. After 30 min of incubation, absorbance was measured at 517 nm. The free radical scavenging activity of DPPH (%) was calculated using the following formula.

DPPH scavenging activity %= A0 - A1A0× 100

Where the absorbance of the plant sample is A1, and the control absorbance is A0. The scavenging percentage of A. maritima different parts extract (roots, stem and leaves) were compared with positive controls i.e., Vitamin C (Oktay et al., 2003).

ABTS assay

The antioxidant capacity of plant extract was estimated using the 2,2’-Azino-Bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid radical cation depolarization assay. ABTSradical cation was created in water by the reaction between 07mM ABTS and 2.45mM potassium persulfate (1:1) and then placed in dark at normal temperature for a period of 12-16 hours. After the initial mixing, 5μl of crude drug was added to 3.995ml of diluted ABTS·+ solution and the absorbance was measured after 30 min. In each assay methanol (solvent) blank was run as a reference. The whole process was performed several times for accurate value. By using the formula described by (Rajurkar and Hande, 2011), percent inhibition of absorbance at 734 nm was calculated.

ABTS+ scavenging effect (%) = ((AB –AA)/AB) ×100 (2), where AB is absorbance of ABTS radical + methanol; AA is absorbance of ABTS radical + sample extract/standard. 

Results and Discussion

Phytochemical screening

Different tests were conducted for the detection of various metabolites like saponin, tannins, terpenoids, protein, carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, steroids, and flavonoids in extract of A. maritima. The screening for phytochemicals showed the existence of carbohydrates, terpenoids, tannins steroids, saponins and flavonoids while proteins were absent. Results were displayed in the (Table 1) indicate that A. maritima leaves, roots and stem contain various phytochemicals which suggests the medicinal value of the selected species. A study explored that the presence of different phytochemical constituents (alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and steroids) in the extracts are responsible for antifungal and antibacterial activities (Salhi et al., 2017). Our analysis showed the presence of phenolic and flavonoid contents which are known as “biological response modifiers” because of its role in modifying virus and allergens and their role as an antioxidant and antimicrobial. In accordance to our data (Umamaheswari and Sangeetha, 2015) showed that presence of phenolic and flavonoid content can induce antibacterial response. The medicinal virtue of A. maritimacan be attributed to the presence of a variety of phytochemicals and need to be further elucidated.

 

Table 1: Phytochemical screening of A. maritima roots, stem, and leaves.

Phytochemicals	Leaves	Stem	Root
Carbohydrates	++	++	++
Proteins	_ _	_ _	_ _
Phenolics	++	++	++
Saponins	++	++	++
Flavonoids	++	++	++
Tannins	++	++	++
Terpenoids	++	++	++
Steroids	++	++	++

 

Anti-bacterial activities

The crude methanolic extract from selected parts of A. maritima was screened against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria species through agar well diffusion method. The data obtained was presented in Table 2. The results showed that highest ZOI was observed by using AmRat 100µg/ml against gram-negative bacteria P. aeruginosa (23.78±1.31mm), followed by gram-positive bacteria B. subtills and S. aureus (21.51±1.71mm) and (19.26±2.71mm), respectively. The methanolic extract of AmL showed the highest activity against gram-negative bacteria P. aeruginosa with 18.15±1.73mm ZOI at 50µg/ml and 17.39±0.87 at 100µg/ml. The lowest ZOI was recorded at 25µg/ml for AmS against Gram positive S. aureus (8.91±1.19) followed by gram negative P. aeruginosa (9.34±1.66) and gram-positive bacteria B. subtilis (10.23±2.08). Ampicillin and Ciprofloxacin was used as a standard antibiotic disc in each plate and both gram positive and negative bacterial strain showed higher inhibition zone (Table 2). Among the methanolic extract of different parts of A. maritima, AmR showed higher antibacterial activity compared to AmL and AmS (Table 2). A study reported that essential oils in A. maritima attributed to inhibition activity both in gram positive and negative bacterial strains (Sharma et al., 2014). Further investigation on A. maritima will help to explore the types of oils present in different extract isolated from various parts. A previously reported study on A. douglasiana showed the presence of camphor which perform bacteriostatic activity (Tirillini et al., 1996). Based on the previous research on Artemisia genus and current investigation on A. maritima concluded that this high-altitude medicinal plant showed antibacterial potential against a broad range of Gram positive and negative bacteria.

 

Table 2: Antibacterial activities of A. maritima leaves, roots, and stem.

Crude samples	Concentration (µg/ml)	Zone of inhibition (ZOI) (mm)
		Gram-positive bacteria		Gram-negative bacteria
		B. subtilis	S. aureus	P. aeruginosa
AmL	25	12.59±1.71	10.67±1.51	13.29±1.54
	50	15.18±1.91	13.22±1.25	18.15±1.73
	100	16.65±1.18	15.91±1.73	17.39±0.87
AmR	25	18.17±2.17	20.67±1.13	21.02±1.47
	50	19.11±1.81	18.58±1.10	19.36±1.07
	100	21.51±1.71	19.26±2.71	23.78±1.31
AmS	25	10.23±2.08	8.91±1.19	9.34±1.66
	50	13.76±2.15	10.12±1.21	11.06±0.83
	100	13.09±1.71	10.67±1.45	11.54±1.24
Ciprofloxacin		31.35±2.01	35.12±1.39	32.01±1.05
Ampicillin		29.09±1.78	38.15±1.51	33.12±0.96

 

The MIC (µg/ml) of crude drugs for various parts of the selected plant against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria were calculated (Table 3). It is observed that AmR and AmL possess inhibitory capacities at low concentrations against tested bacteria. The AmR extract showed MIC of 37.5µg/ml for gram-positive bacteriaS. aureus, 87.5µg/ml for bacteria B. subtilis and 75µg/ml forP. aeruginosa. Similarly, AmS showedMIC of 75µg/ml for P. aeruginosa.In accordance to the current investigation (Al-Moghazy et al., 2017) reported the antibacterial potential of artemisia and portulaca plant extracts against, S. aureus, Streptococci, B. dysenteriae, E. coli, B. subtilis, B. typhi, and Pseudomonas. Study reported that the essential oil (EO) present in the plant extract showed antibacterial potential against antibiotic resistant E. coli dhpα-pUCl8 strain with MIC of 6.25mg/mL (Petrosyan et al., 2018). The EO obtained from A. dracunculus can be used as antimicrobial in cosmetics, medicine, and food (Petrosyan et al., 2018). The current investigation revealed that the methanolic extract of various parts of A. maritima showed more effective inhibition of Gram-positive bacteria with lower MIC (Table 3).

 

Table 3: The antibacterial activity MIC of selected Artemisia species crude extract.

Crude extract	MIC (µg/ml)
	Gram-positive bacteria		Gram-negative bacteria
	B. subtilis	S. aureus	P. aeruginosa
AmL	75	75	87.5
AmR	87.5	37.5	75
AmS	100	87.5	75
Ciprofloxacin	6.25	6.25	6.25

 

Antioxidant activities

The antioxidant potential of leaves, stem, and roots of the selected plant was determined via DPPH and ABTS assay. Ascorbic acid was taken as a standard. The result of antioxidant activity against DPPH and ABTS are presented in Table 4. The antioxidant DPPH activity checked on different concentrations showed a concentration dependent % inhibition. The highest % inhibition (81.61±0.84) was observed in the methanolic extract of AmR at 1000µg/ml. At the same concentration AmL showed 74.14±0.86 % inhibition whereas AmS showed 81.22±1.23.

The antioxidant potential through ABTS assay showed AmS at 1000µg/ml had higher % inhibition (78.39±1.03) followed by AmR (77.21±1.09), and the lowest activity was observed in AmL (75.87±1.20). By comparing the IC50 value for both assays, DPPH showed reduction in IC50 value relative to ABTS. Another study (Mak et al., 2013) reported that the ethanolic and aqueous extract of Cassia and Hibiscus showed a higher scavenging effect on DPPH.

 

Table 4: Antioxidant activities of Artemisia maritima leaves, roots, and stem.

Name	Code	Concentration (µg/mL)	DPPH % inhibition	IC50 (µg/mL)	ABTS % inhibition	IC50 (µg/mL)
Artemisia maritima	AmL	1000 500 250 125 62.5	74.14±0.86 66.22±1.37 62.09±1.33 57.48±1.36 47.91±1.42	78.09	75.87±1.20 67.21±1.39 61.34±1.21 54.76±1.65 47.44±1.31	84.13
Artemisia maritima	AmR	1000 500 250 125 62.5	81.61±0.84 77.09±1.04 73.08±0.57 67.21±1.11 59.17±0.66	60.34	77.21±1.09 75.41±1.18 67.29±1.37 63.09±1.33 57.41±1.36	77.92
Artemisia maritima	AmS	1000 500 250 125 62.5	81.22±1.23 77.74±0.22 76.82±1.07 64.59±0.32 58.31±0.16	61.81	78.39±1.03 74.38±1.17 70.45±1.64 64.61±1.21 56.41±1.32	69.18
Ascorbic acid		1000 500 250 125 62.5	86.50±0.00 86.33±0.16 86.23±0.14 85.00±0.28 84.00±0.28	<1	85.37±0.87 84.52±0.22 83.67±1.39 82.09±1.31 80.11±1.01	<1

 

The natural antioxidants got much more attention because of their health benefits in recent years. Drug formulations based on antioxidant are very important both for preventing and management of many diseases. Antioxidant work by scavenging free radicals and prevent oxidation which may be caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction in the body (Ali et al., 2008). The ROS are extremely harmful due to its attack on macromolecules like DNA, proteins, lipids and resulting in cancer, genotoxicity, arthritis, arteriosclerosis, diabetes, inflammation, and neurological diseases like AD (Shah et al., 2015). It is reported that plant having medicinal properties are rich source of phenolic compounds such as flavonoids, saponin, tannins, terpenoids that have many biological functions like antioxidants (Rubio et al., 2013; Stankovic et al., 2016). The current study evaluated the methanolic extract of different parts of A. maritima demonstrated antioxidant characteristics. Our results are in accordance with Kiran et al. (2018) which showed the presence of flavonoid and phenolic in seven kind of roses and their high antioxidant potential. The various phytochemicals like alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids, vitamins, and anthocyanins can also affect DPPH scavenging activity due to structure and biological assets (Kiran et al., 2018).

Conclusions and Recommendations

In current study we attempted to evaluate the phytochemical constituents and efficacy of methanolic extract of various parts of A. maritima against bacterial infections and oxidative stress. To the best of our knowledge and search this is the first study evaluating the antibacterial and antioxidant potential and it was concluded that A. maritima possess therapeutic effectiveness. The diversified phytochemical constituents like flavonoids, phenolics, saponin, tannins present in A. maritima were speculated to attribute for the antibacterial and antioxidant efficacy. Further studies on the antioxidant capability will open a new area of research to explore its efficacy against disorders related to oxidative stress and may serve as potential candidates for antioxidant enzymes like catalase and superoxide dismutase. The antibacterial potential of A. maritima will be enhanced by further investigation and isolating active compounds. It is speculated that active compounds may serve as an alternate to microorganisms that have developed resistance to many other antimicrobial agents.

Acknowledgements

The author acknowledges Department of Botany, University of Malakand for the availability of resources for experimental and analysis.

Novelty Statement

To the best of our knowledge and search this is the first study evaluating the antibacterial and antioxidant potential and it was concluded that A. maritima possess therapeutic effectiveness.

Author’s Contribution

Tabinda Nowsheen, Ali Hazarat: Conception and design.

Tabinda Nowsheen, Sayed Wadood Ali Shah, Muhammad Ajmal Khan: Development of methodology.

Tabinda Nowsheen, Muhammad Yahya, Muhammad Mukhtiar: Acquisition of the data.

Sayed Wadood Ali Shah, Ali Hazarat, Muhammad Ajmal Khan, Gul Rahim: Writing, review, and/or revision of the manuscript.

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared no conflict of interest.

References

Ahmad, A., Z.K. Shinwari, J. Hussain and I. Ahmad. 2016. Insecticidal activities and phytochemical screening of crude extracts and derived fractions from three medicinal plants Nepeta Leavigata, Nepeta Akurramensis and Rhynchosia Reniformis. Pak. J. Bot., 48(6): 2485-2487.

Ahmad, B., S. Naz, S. Azam, I. Khan, S. Bashir and F. Hassan. 2015. Antimicrobial, phytotoxic, haemagglutination, insecticidal and antioxidant activities of the fruits of Sarcococcasaligna (D. Don) Muel. Pak. J. Bot. 47: 313-319.

Ali, B.H., G. Blunden, M.O. Tanira and A. Nemmar. 2008. Some phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe): A review of recent research. Food Chem. Toxicol., 46: 409–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.085

Al-Moghazy, M., M. Ammar, M.M. Sief and S.R. Mohamed. 2017. Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of artemisia and portulaca plant extracts in beef burger. Food Sci. Nutr. Stud., 1: 31. https://doi.org/10.22158/fsns.v1n1p31

Aswal, B.S. and B.N. Mehrotra. 1994. Flora of Lahaul-Spiti (A cold desert in northwest Himalaya). Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh.

Bussmann, R.W. and D. Sharon. 2006. Traditional medicinal plant use in Northern Peru: tracking two thousand years of healing culture. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed., 2(1): 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-2-47

Chassagne, F., T. Samarakoon, G. Porras, J.T. Lyles, M. Dettweiler, L. Marquez, A.M. Salam, S. Shabih, D.R. Farrokhi and C.L. Quave. 2021. A systematic review of plants with antibacterial activities: A taxonomic and phylogenetic perspective. Front. Pharmacol., 11: 2069. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.586548

De-Silva, G.O. Abeysundara and M.M.W. Aponso. 2017. Extraction methods, qualitative and quantitative techniques for screening of phytochemicals from plants. Am. J. Essen. Oils Nat. Prod., 5: 29-32.

Doss, A., 2009. Preliminary phytochemical screening of some Indian medicinal plants. Ancient Sci. Life, 29: 12.

Edeoga, H.O., D.E. Okwu and B.O. Mbaebie. 2005. Phytochemical constituents of some Nigerian medicinal plants. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 4(7): 685-688. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2005.000-3127

Gilani. S.S., S.Q. Abbas, Z.K. Shinwari, F. Hussain and K. Nargis. 2003. Ethnobotanical studies of Kurram Agency, Pakistan through rural community participation. Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 6: 1368-1375. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2003.1368.1375

Islam, T., A. Al-Mamun, H. Rahman, A. Rahman, M. Akter and S. Ashraf. 2016. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytochemicals in some medicinal plants in Bangladesh. J. Chem. Biol. Phy. Sci., 6: 530.

Jagessar, R.C., A. Mohamed and G. Gomes. 2008. An evaluation of the antibacterial and antifungal activity of leaf extracts of Momordica charantia against Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Nat. Sci., 6(1): 1-14.

Khan, M.A., M. Yahya, A. Hazrat, J. Khan, S. Jan, T. Nowsheen and I. Ullah. 2022. Evaluations of phytochemical contents, antibacterial and antioxidant potential of methanolic leaves extract of Tanacetum camphoratum Less. (Camphor tansy). Sarhad J. Agric., 38(3): 989-996. https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.sja/2022/38.3.989.996

Khan, S.M., D.M. Harper, S. Page and H. Ahmad. 2011. Residual value analyses of the medicinal flora of the Western Himalayas: The Naran valley, Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot., 43: 97-103.

Khan, W., M.A. Khan, B. Khan, A. Amin, M. Ali, A. Farid and M. Yahya. 2023. Evaluation of antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects of methanolic extract of Verbascum thapsus in alloxan-induced diabetic albino mice. Pak. J. Weed Sci. Res., 29(1): 1.

Kiran, Z., A. Maqsood and F. Khan. 2018. Phytochemical screening, antioxidant activity, total phenolic, and total flavonoid contents of seven local varieties of Rosa indica L. Nat. Prod. Res., 32(10): 1239-1243. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2017.1331228

Kotan, R., F. Dadasoğlu, K. Karagoz, A. Cakir, H. Ozer, S. Kordali, R. Cakmakci and N. Dikbas. 2013. Antibacterial activity of the essential oil and extracts of Satureja hortensis against plant pathogenic bacteria and their potential use as seed disinfectants. Sci. Hortic., 153: 34-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2013.01.027

Kumar, E., Z.A. Bath, V. Kumar and M.I. Zargar. 2011. A short review on Artemisia maritima Linn. Int. J. Res. Phytochem. Pharmacol., 1: 201-206.

Mak, Y.W., O.C. Li, A. Rosma and B. Rajeev. 2013. Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.) and Cassia (Senna bicapsularis L.) flower extracts. J. King Saud Univ. Sci., 25: 275–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2012.12.003

Mannan, A., I. Ahmed, W. Arshad, M.F. Asim, R.A. Qureshi, I. Hussain and B. Mirza. 2010. Survey of artemisinin production by diverse Artemisia species in northern Pakistan. Malaria J., 9: 310. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-9-310

Mir, M.A., S. Sawhney and M. Jassal. 2013. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytochemicals of Taraxacum officinale. Wudpecker. J. Pharm. Pharmocol., 2: 1-5.

Mirjalili, M., S. Tabatabaei, J. Hadian, S.N. Ebrahimi and A. Sonboli. 2007. Phenological variation of the essential oil of Artemisia scoparia Waldst. et Kit from Iran. J. Essential. Oil Res., 19: 326-329. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2007.9699294

Oktay, M., I. Gülçin and O.I. Küfrevioğlu. 2003. Determination of in vitro antioxidant activity of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) seed extracts. LWT-Food. Science. Tech., 36: 263-271. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0023-6438(02)00226-8

Petrosyan, M., N.Z. Sahakyan and A. Trchounian. 2018. Chemical composition and antimicrobial potential of essential oil of Artemisia dracunculus L., cultivated at high altitude Armenian landscape. Chem. Biol., 52: 116-121.

Prabhavathi, R., M. Prasad and M. Jayaramu. 2016. Studies on qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of Cissus quadrangularis. Pelagia Res. Libr. Adv. Appl. Sci. Res., 7: 11-17

Rahman, A., M.A. Khan, A. Hazrat, A. Farid, M. Yahya and I. Ullah. 2023. Phytochemical analysis and biological evaluation of methanolic leaf extract of Corylus jacquemontii Decne. Sarhad J. Agric., 39(2). https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.sja/2023/39.2.564.572

Rajurkar, N.S. and S. Hande. 2011. Estimation of phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of some selected traditional Indian medicinal plants. Ind. J. Pharma. Sci., 73: 146. https://doi.org/10.4103/0250-474X.91574

Rubió, L., M.J. Motilva and M.P. Romero. 2013. Recent advances in biologically active compounds in herbs and spices: A review of the most effective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory active principles. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 53(9): 943-953. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2011.574802

Salhi, N., M. Saghir, S. Ayesh, V. Terzi, I. Brahmi, N. Ghedairi and S. Bissati. 2017. Antifungal activity of aqueous extracts of some dominant algerian medicinal plants. BioMed. Res. Int., 7526291. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7526291

Sen, T. and S.K. Samanta. 2015. Medicinal plants, human health and biodiversity: A broad review. Biotechnol. Appl. Biodiv., pp. 59-110. https://doi.org/10.1007/10_2014_273

Shah, S.M., M. Ayaz, A.U. Khan, F. Ullah, A.U.H.A. Farhan, A.U.H.A. Shah, H. Iqbal and S. Hussain. 2015. 1, 1-Diphenyl, 2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging, bactericidal, fungicidal and leishmanicidal properties of Teucrium stocksianum. Toxicol. Ind. Health, 31: 1037–1043. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748233713487250

Sharma, V., B. Singh, R.C. Gupta, H.S. Dhaliwal and D.K. Srivastava. 2014. In vitro antimicrobial activity and GCMS analysis of essential oil of Artemisia maritima (Linn.) from Lahauland Spiti (Cold Desert) region of North-Indian higher altitude Himalayas. J. Med. Plants, 2(1).

Shinwari, Z.K., N. Ahmad, J. Hussain and N.U. Rehman. 2013. antimicrobial evaluation and proximate profile of Nepeta leavigata, Nepeta kurramensis and Rhynchosiareniformis. Pak. J. Bot., 45: 253-259.

Shoaib, M., S. Shah, N. Ali, I. Shah, M. Umar, Shafiullah, M. Tahir and M. Ghias. 2016. Synthetic flavone derivatives. An antibacterial evaluation and structure-activity relationship study. Bulgar. Chem. Commun., 48: 414-421.

Silva-Alves, K., F. Ferreira-Da-Silva, D. Peixoto-Neves, K.K. Viana-Cardoso, L. Moreira-Júnior, M. Oquendo, K. Oliveira-Abreu, A. Albuquerque, A. Coelho-DE-Souza and J. Leal-Cardoso. 2013. Estragole blocks neuronal excitability by direct inhibition of Na+ channels. Bra. J. Med. Biol. Res., 46: 1056-1063. https://doi.org/10.1590/1414-431X20133191

Stanković, N., T. Mihajilov-Krstev, B. Zlatković, V. Stankov-Jovanović, V. Mitić, J. Jović, N. Bernstein. 2016. Antibacterial and antioxidant activity of traditional medicinal plants from the Balkan Peninsula. NJAS-Wageningen. J. Life Sci., 78: 21-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.njas.2015.12.006

Tirillini, B., E.R. Velasquez and R. Pellegrino. 1996. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil of Piper angustifolium. Planta Med., 62(4): 372-373. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-957911

Umamaheswari, S. and K.S. Sangeetha. 2015. Anti-inflammatory effect of selected dihydroxyflavones. J. Clin. Diagn. Res., 9: FF05. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2015/12543.5928

Wright, C.W., 2002. Artemisia, medicinal and aromatic plants-Industrial Profiles. Chapter, 1: 10-22.

Zhang, H., J. Wu and X. Guo. 2016. Effects of antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of spice extracts on raw chicken meat quality. Food Sci. Hum. Wellness, 5: 39-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2015.11.003

Zhang, R., Q. Zeng, Y. Deng, M. Zhang, Z. Wei, Y. Zhang and X. Tang. 2013. Phenolic profiles and antioxidant activity of litchi pulp of different cultivars cultivated in Southern China. Food Chem., 136(3-4): 1169-1176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.09.085