Research Article

Efficacy of Aluminum Chloride in Pig Slurry Odor Control During Storage

Chang-Man Kim1, Sam-Churl Kim2 , Young-Ho Joo2, In-Hag Choi3*

1Department of Life Science, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, South Korea; 2Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Four, Institute of Agriculture and Life Science), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, South Korea; 3Department of Companion Animals and Animal Resources Science, Joongbu University, Chungnam, 32713, South Korea.

Chang-Man Kim and Sam-Churl Kim contributed equally to this study as the first author.

Received | March 13, 2023; Accepted | May 01, 2023; Published | May 29, 2023

*Correspondence | In-Hag Choi, Department of Companion Animals and Animal Resources Science, Joongbu University, Chungnam, 32713, South Korea; Email: [email protected]

Citation | Kim C-M, Kim S-C, Joo Y-H, Choi I-H (2023). Efficacy of aluminum chloride in pig slurry odor control during storage. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 11(7):1077-1082.

DOI | https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.aavs/2023/11.7.1077.1082

ISSN (Online) | 2307-8316

Copyright: 2023 by the authors. Licensee ResearchersLinks Ltd, England, UK.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

INTRODUCTION

Livestock excreta in large confinement facilities can lead to air problems such as excessive particulates, odors, and gaseous emissions (Sureshkumar et al., 2022). Especially, the odors detected in these facilities are a result of incomplete fermentation or decomposition of livestock manure by bacteria under anaerobic conditions (Jang and Jung, 2018). Also, the odor emitted from livestock manure is attributable to a combination of up to 150 different compounds. For example, previous studies have identified more than 168 chemical compounds in the air in pig confinement buildings (Somagond et al., 2020). Furthermore, mixtures of more than 411 identified compounds and fixed gases were identified by Janni (2020) in pig facilities, and the odors from pig production were more unpleasant than those from other livestock production. The main odorous compounds include ammonia (NH3), amines (R-NH2), sulfur-containing compounds, volatile fatty acids, indoles (C8H7N), and skatole (C9H9N). In terms of best management practices (availability of mitigating techniques and economic returns), the types of additives that reduce odors from pig-house shallow pits and lagoons can be classified into 5 categories: (1) acidifiers, (2) adsorbents, (3) urease inhibitors, (4) saponins, and (5) digestive–biological additives (McCrory and Hobbs, 2001). The effect of these additives on slurries is well documented, but there has been much debate on their efficacy. Among them, acidifiers, acid-forming salts (aluminum chloride and alum) that reduce pH, are effective in reducing NH3 emissions rather than ammonium; however, the addition of alum to swine manure increases hydrogen sulfide (H2S) emissions (Smith et al., 2001). Since then, aluminum chloride (AlCl3) at 0.75% was tested by Smith et al. (2004) and revealed a reduction in relative NH3 losses by 52% from swine manure for the entire 6 weeks. In some cases, the extent and nature of the livestock health effects in indoor facilities will depend on the time and intensity of exposure (de Brito-Andrade et al., 2022). The eyes and respiratory tract sometimes show immediate symptoms after actual exposure to some odorous compounds such as volatile organic compounds, as reported by Li et al. (2021). Currently, there is limited information on the effects of AlCl3 addition on temperature and pig health based on the levels of these gases usually found in the indoor atmosphere. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to evaluate AlCl3 as an acidifier to reduce odorous compounds from pig slurry and temperature changes and pig eye conditions in pig indoor facilities during storage.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

All protocols used in this experiment were performed according to the Animal Experimental Guidelines provided by the Choi Shin Farm (Yeungcheon, South Korea) Animal Care and Use. A total of 360 crossbred fattening pigs ([Landrace × Yorkshire] × Duroc]), withan average body weight of 60.5 ± 1.21 kg, were used for the 4-week trial. The fattening pigs were fed the same commercial feed (14.5% crude protein, 0.52% Ca, and 0.49% P) during the fattening period. The pigs were housed in 9 suspended pens with slatted floors (pen size, 3.5 m×9.0 m). Each pen had a self-feeder and nipple waterer to allow ad libitum consumption. The housing facility was equipped with a ventilation and temperature control system and variable settings to provide appropriate environmental conditions for the fattening pigs. The randomized complete block designs to reduce odorous gases from pig slurry during storage were adopted, and it was composed of 3 treatments, 3 replicates, and 40 animals per pen. AlCl3·6H2O was obtained from Daejung Chemical and Metals CO (Siheung, South Korea) and added weekly to pig slurry pits at 0, 0.05, and 0.1% AlCl3 (3 treatments) on a volumetric basis determined by the estimated final manure volume for each flush cycle. The pig slurry pits (3.5×9.0×1.5 m) were constructed with slatted floors. The slurry systems have deep-pit storage under the building or shallow pits with pull-plug flushing (a weekly flush cycle). Ammonia fluxes were measured twice weekly in each pen by using a multi-gas analyzer (Yes Plus LGA; Critical Environment Technologies Canada Inc., Delta, Canada) at a height of 10 cm from the pig slurry pits. In addition, NH3 was measured twice a week at a height of 90 cm, and H2S, methyl mercaptan, and dimethyl sulfide measurements were performed twice a week at a height of 10 cm from the pig slurry pits by using Gas-Tech (Gas Tech Corporation, Fukaya, Ayase, Japan). All odorous gases were also measured at nine random locations. The measurement periods were December 13, 17, 20, 24, 27, and 31, 2018 and January 3, 7, and 10, 2019. Fluctuations in the temperature in each pen (December 20 and 27, 2018 and January 3 and 10, 2019) were determined weekly by using a thermal imaging camera (FLIR, Nashua, USA). At the end of the experimental period, pig eye conditions were investigated.

All data were evaluated using the general linear model (GLM) procedure implemented in the statistical software package SAS (SAS Institute, 2008) with a randomized complete block design. All results were presented as mean ± SEM values. Each pen was used as an experimental unit for accessing the odorous compounds. When significant differences were detected among the treatments, Duncan’s new multiple-range test was used at P<0.05. To compare NH3 and H2S fluxes as measured across the day of the flush cycle, the data were subjected to a split-plot across time by using the mixed model procedure of SAS as the random variable. The model for analysis of the modeling parameters was given by Yij = μ + vi + εij, Where Yij = response variable, μ = the overall mean, vi = ith treatment effects, and εij = ith random error.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The NH3 emissions from AlCl3-treated and untreated pig slurry as a function of time are summarized in Figure 1A, B. When AlCl3 was added to the pig slurry, NH3 emissions generated from 10 cm and 90 cm heights in the pig slurry pits were found to be significantly (P<0.05) reduced. In Figure 1A, except on December 17, 24, and 27, 2018, statistical significance was observed in the AlCl3 treatment groups (P<0.05) during the experimental periods. With time, the NH3 levels in the controls were higher than those in the other treatments. In the AlCl3 treatments, overall NH3 losses at 10 cm height from the pig slurry pits decreased over time by 21.9-43.4% and 22.7-55.0% when AlCl3 was used at rates of 0.05% and 0.1%, respectively. The NH3 levels measured on December 17, 2018 were not statistically significant (Figure 1B); however, during the experiment periods, significant differences were observed in all the treatments (P<0.05). NH3 in the control ranged from 89 ppm to 115 ppm when compared with the other treatments (50 ppm to 80 ppm over time). The NH3 levels measured at 90 cm height from the pig slurry pits were higher than those measured at 10 cm height. This reflected the typical characteristics of NH3, which means that NH3 generated from the pig slurry pits volatilizes and diffuses into the atmosphere. The data obtained at 90 cm height from the pig slurry pits showed overall reductions in NH3 concentrations for 0.05% and 0.1% AlCl3 treatments as a function of time of 10.3 to 53.8% and 15.4 to 50.0%, respectively. Our data on lower NH3 levels obtained by AlCl3 addition are almost similar to that obtained by Smith et al. (2004). The reason for the AlCl3 treatments reducing NH3 generated from the pig slurry can be explained by the acidifying properties of AlCl3. When AlCl3 was added to swine manure, foam formed on the surface. However, this was not observed in our study. These differences have been associated with the concentrations of AlCl3 used in this study.

The H2S emissions from AlCl3-treated and untreated pig slurry over time are presented in Figure 2. The H2S emissions measured at 10 cm from the pig slurry pits were significantly reduced (P<0.05) by two different AlCl3 treatments when compared with the controls measured from December 13, 2018 to January 10, 2019, but not December 17, 20, 24, and 27, 2018. In Figure 2, changes in 0.05% or 0.1% AlCl3 treatments on December 13 to 24, 2018 resulted in a reduction in H2S emissions by 26.9% to 42.0% or 32.8% to 50.7%, respectively. Especially, from December 31, 2018 to January 10, 2019, 0.05% AlCl3treatments (ranging from 2.28 ppm to 2.33 ppm) reduced H2S concentration by about 56.0 to 58.0% when compared with the control. Likewise, 0.1% AlCl3treatments that ranged from 0.56 ppm to 2.11 ppm had an H2S reduction rate of 78.0 to 90.0%. In general, H2S is colorless gas emitted during the decomposition of pig manure or slurry and has the characteristic odor of rotten eggs at low concentrations (Hu et al., 2017; Chen et al., 2021). Our study showed that H2S concentrations are usually very low in pig housing when compared with NH3 concentrations. The reduction in H2S may be due to the increase in acidification by AlCl3 addition.

Table 1: Effects of different rates of aluminum chloride on average ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, and dimethyl sulfide at 10 cm height in pig slurry pits in 4 weeks.

a-cMeans in the same row with different superscripts differ significantly (P<0.05). 1Values are expressed as means±standard errors. 2NS: not detected.

Table 1 showed the average values of NH3, H2S, methyl mercaptan, and dimethyl sulfite measured for four weeks at 10 cm from the pig slurry pits when AlCl3 was added to the pig slurry. The methyl mercaptan and dimethyl sulfite gases were not detected in the pig slurry pits because our results were measured in ppm rather than ppb. The NH3 levels showed an average reduction (P<0.05) of 35.9 and 46.0% for 0.05% and 0.1% AlCl3 treatments, respectively, in four weeks. The average H2S levels were reduced (P<0.05) by 45.0 and 58.9% after the 0.05% and 0.1% AlCl3 treatments, respectively. The 0.1% AlCl3 treatment tended to decrease either NH3 or H2S levels or average NH3 and H2S levels measured at 10 cm from the pig slurry pits to a greater extent than 0.05% AlCl3 treatment. The results indicated that changing the acidity of pig slurry can result in biochemical changes that reduce the formation of certain gases. In other words, acidity is used to create less favorable conditions for the bacteria and enzymes that contribute to NH3 and H2S formation during storage (Overmeyer et al., 2021).

The temperature changes measured weekly in the pig slurry pits decreased because of the two different AlCl3 treatments (Figure 3). Mohammed-Nour (2019) indicated that the importance of factors that affect NH3 volatilization was as follows: pH, temperature and moisture content. Thus, the main abilities of acidifiers to reduce NH3 content in animal wastes are associated with lower pH (Smith et al., 2004; McIlroy et al., 2019). Our results suggested that the relative NH3 and H2S losses were significantly related to decreasing temperature in the pig housing. In winter, indoor air quality is very important and minimal fluctuations in temperature or an increase in temperature can adversely affect the air quality as ventilation is restricted (Febrisiantosa et al., 2020). This was well demonstrated in the present study (Figure 3).

Eye views of pigs in the facilities are shown in Figure 4. In the current study, decreased inflamed eyes of the pig might be explained by the result from two different rates of treatments because of their ability to reduce NH3 and H2S losses and, in turn, atmospheric NH3 and H2S levels, within the pig facilities. For example, exposure to a high level of NH3 and even a low concentration of H2S in pig housing irritate the eyes, nose, and throat and cause coughing and difficulties in breathing.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The 0.05% and 0.1% AlCl3 treatments of pig slurry reduced either NH3 or H2S emission measured weekly or average NH3 and H2S levels in four weeks at 10 cm height from the pig slurry pits, including NH3 levels measured at 90 cm height from the pig slurry pits. Methyl mercaptan and dimethyl sulfite gases were not detected in the pig slurry because our results were measured in ppm (not ppb). The 0.1% AlCl3 treatment tended to decrease NH3 and H2S levels measured at 10 cm from the pig slurry pits (in some cases, NH3 levels measured at 90 cm height) to a greater extent than the 0.05% AlCl3 treatment. The other abilities of AlCl3as an acidifier to reduce NH3 and H2S levels from pig slurry were associated with reducing the temperature within pig housing. In addition, the two different treatments caused a decrease in pig eye inflammation because of the reduction in NH3 and H2S losses and, in turn, atmospheric NH3 and H2S levels within pig facilities. Hence, the addition of AlCl3 to pig slurry can be considered an effective or selective alternative for reducing several odorous compounds in a pig-rearing environment.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This study was conducted with the support of the Gyeongsangbuk-do Provincial Government as a task instruction (20181103C84-00) of a research service plan for the development of animal manure odor removal agents.

NOVELTY STATEMENT

The current study evaluated AlCl3 as an acidifier to reduce odorous compounds from pig slurry and temperature changes and pig eye conditions in pig indoor facilities during storage.

AUTHOR’S CONTRIBUTION

Chang-Man Kim: Conceptualization and Methodology.

Young-Ho Joo: Methodology and Data analysis.

Sam-Churl Kim: Data analysis, Editing and Writing.

In-Hag Choi: Conceptualization, Editing, Supervision and Writing

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared no conflict of interest.

References

Chen B, Koziel JA, Lee M, O’Brien SC, Li P, Brown RC (2021). Mitigation of acute hydrogen sulfide and ammonia emissions from swine manure during three-hour agitation using pelletized biochar. Atmosphere, 12: 825. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12070825

de Brito-Andrade L, Martín-Gómez C, Zuazua-Ros A, Ariño AH (2022). Pollutant emissions in livestock buildings: Influence of indoor environment, rearing systems, and manure management. J. Vet. Health Sci., 3: 223-249. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1156152/v1

Febrisiantosa A, Choi HL, Renggaman A, Sudiarto SIA, Lee JH (2020). The investigation of combined ventilation-biofilter systems using recycled treated wastewater on odor reduction efficiency. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci., 33: 1209-1216. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.19.0777

Hu L, Du Y Long YY (2017).Relationship between H2S emissions and the migration of sulfur-containing compounds in landfill sites. Ecol. Eng., 106: 17-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.05.026

Jang YN, Jung MW (2018). Biochemical changes and biological origin of key odor compound generations in pig slurry during indoor storage periods: A pyrosequencing approach. BioMed. Res. Int., 2018: 3503658. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3503658

Janni K (2020). Reflections on odor management for animal feeding operations. Atmosphere, 11: 453. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11050453

Li AJ, Pal VK, Kan K (2021). A review of environmental occurrence, toxicity, biotransformation and biomonitoring of volatile organic compounds. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 3: 91-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enceco.2021.01.001

McCrory DF, Hobbs PJ (2001). Additives to reduce ammonia and odor emissions from livestock wastes: A review. J. Environ. Qual., 30: 345-355. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2001.302345x

McIlroy JP, McGeough KL, Laughlin RJ, Carolan R (2019). Abatement of ammonia emissi- ons from dairy cow house concrete floor surfaces through additive application. Biosyst. Eng., 188: 320-330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2019.10.016

Mohammed-Nour A, Al-Sewailem M, El-Naggar AH (2019). The influence of alkalization and temperature on ammonia recovery from cow manure and the chemical properties of the effluents. Sustainability, 11: 2441. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11082441

Overmeyer V, Kube A, Clemens J, Büscher W, Trimborn M (2021). One-time acidification of slurry: What is the most effective acid and treatment strategy? Agronomy, 11: 1319. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11071319

SAS Institute Inc (2008). Version 9.2.SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC.

Smith DR, Moore PAJr, Griffis CL, Daniel TC, Edwards DR, Boothe DL (2001). Effects of alum and aluminum chloride on phosphorus runoff from swine manure. J. Environ. Qual., 30: 992-998. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2001.303992x

Smith DR, Moore PAJr, Haggard BE, Maxwell CV, Daniel TC, Van Devander K, Davis ME (2004). Effect of aluminum chloride and dietary phytase on relative ammonia losses from swine manure. J. Anim. Sci., 82: 605-611. https://doi.org/10.2527/2004.822605x

Somagond A, Vinay B, Khan S, Wankhade P, Miranda C, Kanaka K (2020). Mitigation of odour in swine production facilities: A scientific approach. Int. J. Livest. Res., 10: 1-12. https://doi.org/10.5455/ijlr.20200130071124

Sureshkumar S, Park JH, Kim IH (2022). A preliminary evaluation on mixed probiotics as an antimicrobial spraying agent in growing pig barn. J. Anim. Sci. Technol., 64: 1035-1045. https://doi.org/10.5187/jast.2022.e69