Effect of Intra-Guild Predation and Sub Lethal Concentrations of Insecticides on the Predation of Coccinellids
Effect of Intra-Guild Predation and Sub Lethal Concentrations of Insecticides on the Predation of Coccinellids
Rahat Afza, Muhammad Afzal, Muhammad Zeeshan Majeed and Muhammad Asam Riaz*
Levels of intraguild predation (IGP) of different life stage combinations of C. septempunctata and C. transversalis in the absence of extraguild prey (A) and in the presence of extraguild prey (B). X-axis shows the consumption of one predator species by the other predator species. Open bars shows intraguild predation of C. transversalis on C. septempunctata and shaded bars shows intraguild predation of C. septempunctata on C. transversalis. Cs (L), C. septempunctata larva; Cs (A), C. septempunctata adult; Ct (L), C. transversalis larva; Ct (A), C. transversalis adult.
Predation efficacy of larvae and adult of C. septempunctata and C. transversalis in combination and alone in the presence and absence of insecticides. Upper case letters shows the comparison of all controls in all treatments; Upper case letters with apostrophe (‘) shows comparison of LC10 of all treatments; Upper case letters with inverted commas (“) shows comparison of LC30 of all treatments; Lower case letters shows the comparison among control, LC10 and LC30 of each treatment.
