Research Article

Chemical Composition and Fatty Acid Profiles of organic Moringa oleifera: Effects on Modulation of Blood and Plasma Parameters of Ewes in Subtropics

Aiman Al Mufarji, Abd El-Nasser Ahmed Mohammed*

Department of Animal and Fish Production, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Hassa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Received | March 28, 2022; Accepted | April 30, 2022; Published | May 01, 2022

*Correspondence | Abd El-Naseer Ahmed Mohammed, Department of Animal and Fish Production, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Hassa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Email: [email protected]

Citation | Al Mufarji A, Mohammed AA (2022). Chemical composition and fatty acid profiles of organic Moringa oleifera: effects on modulation of blood and plasma parameters of ewes in subtropics. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 10(6): 1227-1232.

DOI | http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.aavs/2022/10.6.1227.1232

ISSN (Online) | 2307-8316

 

 

Copyright: 2022 by the authors. Licensee ResearchersLinks Ltd, England, UK.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

INTRODUCTION

Moringa oleifera is generally a tree plant referred to as a miracle plant. M. oleifera is a native plant in Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh and India (Fahey, 2005). M. oleifera is an important plant rich in certain micro and macro nutrients, which is important in medicine and nutrition for both human and animals (Razis et al., 2014; Oyeyinka and Oyeyinka, 2018; Gupta et al., 2018). Leaves of M. oleifera are reported to contain substantial amounts of nutrients as protein, fiber, carotenoids and tocopherols (Jongrungruangchok et al., 2010; Moyo et al., 2011; Saini et al., 2014 a,b), vitamins as A, C and E (Hekmat et al., 2015), minerals as potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, zinc, selenium and manganese (Hekmat et al., 2015). The M. oleifera contain beta-carotene and other phytochemicals known with their antioxidant ability (quercetin, kaempferol, rutin, and caffeoylquinic acids); antioxidant vitamins (A, C and E) and antioxidant minerals (zinc and selenium), which can play important roles as anti-stress in arid subtropics (Fahey 2005; Jaiswal et al., 2009; Vongsak et al., 2014; Afzal et al., 2021).

Substantial variations in contents of M. oleifera has been shown as protein (19-29%), fiber (16-24%), minerals, vitamins and others according to cultivar and source (Jongrungruangchok et al., 2010; Moyo et al., 2012; Teixeira et al., 2014). Improvement in growth performance (Warastomo et al., 2021; Pandey et al., 2022), blood metabolites (Akanmu et al., 2020; EL-Hedainy et al., 2020) and milk production and composition (Kholif et al., 2016, 2019; Hernández-Becerra et al., 2022) has been confirmed. Due to the several aforementioned nutritional benefits of M. Oleifera, this research has been carried out to determine organic M. oleifera leaves chemical composition and fatty acid profiles and its effect on modulation of blood and plasma profiles of ewes in subtropics.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The experimental procedures were approved by the Ethical Clearance of the deanship of scientific research, vice presidency for graduate studies and scientific research, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia [Ref. No. KFU-REC-2022-MAR-EA000532]. This experiment was carried out in the Research and Training Station of King Faisal University for 4 weeks. The organic M. oleifera leaves were obtained from Nadawy Farm – Gizan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (053/SA). The farm has got a certificate according to Saudi Organic law & By Law (OSKSA) valid from 30th November 2021 until 29th November 2022.

Experimental design and animal management

Twenty seven Naimi ewes, 51.3 ± 2.70 kg body weight and aged 2.5 - 3.0 years, were randomly allocated to three equal groups (nine/group) as control and two Moringa oleifera groups (25 & 50.0 g M. oleifera daily). The ewes were living in a standard pen at a stocking rate of 1.75 m2/ewe. The ewes were kept free inside the pen. The ewes were daily fed 1 kg basal concentrate diet for control group and basal concentrate diet supplemented with 25.0 and 50.0g M. oleifera per head in addition to ad-libitum berseem hay. The given supplemented levels of M. oleifera were chosen according to preliminary study for three weeks and previous study (Ajuogu et al., 2019; Afzal 2021). The concentrate was offered twice at 08:00 a.m. and 16:00 p.m. Ewes was given access to drinking water ad-libitum.

Moringa oleifera analysis

Moringa oleifera leaves were pre-dried (65°C for 24 h), ground and milled (1 mm). The ground and milled composite samples were dried at 105°C for 3h. Chemical analyses of crude protein (CP), carbohydrate, fiber, fat, ash, sugar profiles (AOAC-994.10) and fatty acid profiles (AOAC-996.01) were determined according to procedures of A.O.A.C. (1995). The chemical analysis, sugar and fatty acid profiles were performed through IDAC MERIEUX NutriSciences lab (www.idac.com.sa).

Blood collection and analysis

Three blood samples were collected each ten days from the control and the two Moringa groups. The obtained blood samples were analyzed for hematological and chemistry parameters through hematology analyzers (Abaxis Vetscan HM5) and chemistry analyzers (Skyla VB1; http://www.skyla.com/page/about/index.aspx?kind=103). The readable hematological parameters include red blood cells (1012/l), hematocrit (%) and hemoglobin (g/dl) in addition to white blood cells (106/l) and their types. The readable plasma parameters include total protein (g/dl), albumin (g/dl), glucose (mg/dl), liver and kidney functions.

Statistical analysis

Values of chemical composition, sugar and fatty acid profiles of organic M. oleifera leaves are presented as mean. Values of blood and plasma due to M. oleifera supplementation to ewes were statistically analyzed using General Linear Model (GLM) procedure of SAS (SAS, 2006) according to the following model: Yij = μ + Ti+ eij Where: μ = Mean, Ti = Effect of M. oleifera and eij= Standard error

Duncan’s multiple range test (1955) was used to compare between means of the control and the two Moringa treated groups.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The current study presented organic Moringa oleifera leaves chemical composition, sugar and fatty acid profiles and its effect on modulation of blood and plasma parameters of ewes in subtropics (Figures 1-4). Organic M. oleifera leaves contain protein (28.28%>), carbohydrate (47.82%), fat (7.57)and fiber (28.35%) as indicated in other studies (Jongrungruangchok et al., 2010; Moyo et al., 2011; Saini et al., 2014 a,b). In addition, fatty acid profiles were saturated fatty acids (3.76%), unsaturated fatty acids (3.), monounsaturated fatty acids (2.39%), polyunsaturated fatty acids (0.76%) and trans fatty acids (0.64%). To the best of our knowledge, the study presents the sugar and fatty acid profile for the first time (Figure 1). This percentage of saturated fatty acids (3.77%) to unsaturated fatty acids (3.80%) is of great importance for human health, fatty acids in produced milk. Mammals can synthesize all of the fatty acids (FAs) with the exception of FAs in the n-3 (omega-3) and n-6 (omega-6) families of polyunsaturated fatty acids (0.76 %), which should be supplied in the diets.

Blood And Biochemistry Profiles

Blood and biochemistry profiles of the control and the two

Moringa groups are presented in Figures (3 & 4). The observed hematological and biochemistry values fell within the normal range for clinically-healthy small ruminants (Mohammed and Kassab 2015; Kassab and Mohammed 2013, 2014 a,b; 2017; Mohammed et al., 2021). The results indicated significant (P < 0.05) improvement of red and white blood cells, packed cell volume and hemoglobin values and plasma metabolites (total protein, albumin, liver enzyme and urea). Blood indices and plasma metabolites are an indicative of body’s health and thermal responses in mammalian species. The positive effects of M. oleifera on blood and plasma metabolite parameters might be due to several factors including antioxidative properties, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation and regulating pathways involved in the metabolism (Elghandour et al., 2017; Abdel-Raheem and Hassan 2021; Giuberti et al., 2021; Al Mufarji and Mohammed 2022). M. oleifera leaf meal supplemented to goat and steer resulted in significant decrease

 

of CH4 , ruminal ammonia-N, and total protozoal number, while increase of CO2 production, fermentation pH and total bacterial count (Elghandour et al., 2017). In another study carried out in growing buffalo calves through M. oleifera dietary inclusion on nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation and growth performance (Abdel-Raheem and Hassan 2021). The authors found improvement in rumen fermentation, growth performance, blood metabolites, and mitigated ammonia and methane values. Inclusion 25%, 50, 75, 100% M. oleifera to African ewe diets improved blood indices (RBCs, WBCs, Hb and PCV) (Fadiyimu et al., 2010, 2016; 2017). In addition, M. oleifera leaves supplemented at levels of 25%, 50, 75, 100% to Sirohi goat kids’ diets resulted in significantly increased RBCs, Hb, total protein and albumin in the 100% treatment, while the white blood cells decreased (Meel et al., 2018). Moringa oleifera extract given to lambs as an anti-methane additive was proven effective in reducing intestinal methane emission (Akanmu et al., 2020). In addition, when M. oleifera leaf powder was supplemented to rabbits during heat stress, it resulted in reduced glucose, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides (Yasoob et al., 2022). Because of M. oleifera lipid contents, they might considered key constituents of the plasma membrane and they are essential for the functionality of all cellular membranes. In addition, lipids form membrane vesicles or lipid droplets (LDs) that are involved in the transport of proteins, hormones or fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) in cells and extracellularly, for example in the blood stream (Vachier et al., 2002). 

The antioxidant activity of M. oleifera leaf extract on the enzymatic activity of the liver in goats has confirmed (Moyo et al., 2012). M. oleifera polysaccharide effects was examined on immune indices of serum and organs in addition to colonic microflora of mice (Wen et al., 2022). The results indicated that M. oleifera polysaccharide gave positive effects on the immune performance and intestinal health. Enhancement of antioxidant enzymes was found upon feeding M. oleifera meal to transition Holstein cows (Kekana et al., 2020). The effects of Moringa leaf and its extracts on immunity functions and antioxidant activity is due to Moringa polyphenols extract, which might have immunomodulatory properties (Lin et al., 2018; Adjei-Fremah et al., 2019). M. oleifera leaves contain beta-carotene and other phytochemicals known with their antioxidant ability (rutin, quercetin, kaempferol, and caffeoylquinic acids); antioxidant vitamins (A, C and E) and essential micronutrients with antioxidant activity (zinc and selenium). Selenium as an antioxidant element helps in detoxification and immune health.

CONCLUSIONS

The potential properties of M. oleifera as sources of protein and fatty acids profiles have been confirmed in this study through chemical analysis. In addition, our study indicated that 25 and 50.0g organic M. oleifera daily supplementation to ewes resulted in improvement of body status through modulating blood and metabolites, liver and kidney functions. This could be attributed to the bioactive compounds of M. oleifera as promising protectors of inflammation and oxidative stress processes. Moreover, in vivo and in vitro studies should be carried out on M. oleifera bioactive compounds to authenticate their possible applications over a wide range of dysregulation causing impaired metabolism of different species.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This work was supported through the Annual Funding track by the Deanship of Scientific Research, Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia [GRANT61].

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

No conflict of interest for author to declare.

novelty statement

The article presented for the first time chemical composition and fatty acid profiles of organic Moringa oleifera.

authors contribution

Aiman Al Mufarji carried out the study and Abd El-Nasser Ahmed Mohammed carried out the experimental design and statistical analysis of data, wrote the manuscript for publication.

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