Research Article

Bioindication of Sanitary and Hygienic Pollution of Water Bodies and Soils of the Mountainous Zone of the North Caucasus Region by the Detection of Eggs of Socially Dangerous Helminths

Kamilla Gadzhimuradovna Alieva1, Patimat Mitkhatovna Daniyalova1, Svetlana Aleksandrovna Shemyakova2*, Kerim Khasanovich Bolatchiev2, Ismail Anatolyevich Bittirov3

1Dagestan state medical University, Department of medical biology, Makhachkala, Russia; 2Moscow State Veterinary Academy and Biotechnology named after K.I. Scriabin, Department of Parasitology and Veterinary Sanitary Expertise, Moscow, Russia;3Kabardino-Balkarian State Agrarian University named after V.M. Kokov, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Nalchik, Russia.

Editor | Muhammad Imran Rashid, Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.

Received | July 21, 2022; Accepted | September 20, 2022; Published | December 29, 2022

*Correspondence | Svetlana Aleksandrovna Shemyakova, Moscow State Veterinary Academy and Biotechnology named after K.I. Scriabin, Department of Parasitology and Veterinary Sanitary Expertise, Moscow, Russia; Email: [email protected]

Citation | Alieva KG, Daniyalova PM, Shemyakova SA, Bolatchiev KK, Bittirov IA (2022). Bioindication of sanitary and hygienic pollution of water bodies and soils of the mountainous zone of the north caucasus region by the detection of eggs of socially dangerous helminths. J. Adv. Parasitol. 9(1): 51-55.

DOI | http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.jap/2022/9.1.51.55

ISSN | 2311-4096

Copyright: 2022 by the authors. Licensee ResearchersLinks Ltd, England, UK.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

INTRODUCTION

Zoonotic types of helminths, including Trichocephalus ovis (Abildgaard, 1795) and Trichocephalus skrjabini (Baskakow, 1924) of animals and humans is a global medical and veterinary problem in the list of parasitic zoonoses in the world. The epizootic and epidemic situation of the dangerous zoonoses disease in the regions of the Russian Federation in recent years tends to worsen infestations) (Onishchenko, 2006; Vasilevich, et al., 2010; Bittirov et al., 2014; Kolodiy et al., 2012; Zalikhanov et al., 2018; Vasilevich, et al., 2010). According to medical services for the past 20 years, the incidence of trichocephalosis has increased by a factor of 7.5 (Bittirov, et al., 2012; Bittirov, 2013; Artamonova et al., 1997; Bittirov et al., 2019). Trichocephalosis invasion among animals and the population throughout the territory of the Russian Federation has acquired an enzootic character with the formation of regional epizootic and epidemic rural and urban foci (Vasilevich et al., 2010). To date, it has become apparent that a high level of extensity and intensification of different species of ungulate animals with trichocephalosis with coverage of 10-30% of adult livestock . In the regions of the North Caucasus, the infection trichocephalosis of dogs is 70-100% . In Russia, trichocephalosis in domestic and wild animals has become a natural - focal invasion, with multilevel protection of vital strategies in definitive and intermediate hosts through the eggs contaminated by the genus Trichocephalus (Schrank, 1788) external environment. Concerning the activity of the manifestation of the epidemic process of trichocephalosis, in connection with the level of contamination with eggs of the Trichocephalus (Schrank, 1788) of the mountain ecosystem of Kabardino-Balkaria, scientific studies have not been conducted, little information on the sanitary-hygienic state of the mountain objects on their contamination by the eggs of the Trichocephalus (Schrank, 1788) (Vasilevich et al., 2010; Kolodiy et al., 2012; Zalikhanov et al., 2018; Bittirov et al., 2019; Ardavova et al., 2010; Kabardiev et al., 2015). The goal is to conduct local-background ecological and sanitary-hygienic studies with an assessment of the contamination of mountain objects in the Kabardino-Balkaria Republic with eggs genus Trichocephalus..

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The work was carried out on the basis of the laboratory of parasitology of the Federal State Biological University “Pre-Caspian Zone Scientific Research Veterinary Institute” in 2017-2020. For this purpose, from the places of resting and resting of animals in the mountain tracts of the mountain rivers R. Terek, R. Malka, R. Baksan, R. Cherek, R. Chegem, R. Gizhgit, R. Kendelen, R. Kichmalka, R. Khaznidon, R. Sukan-su, 100 samples of water were taken for examination for detection of eggs genus Trichocephalus (Schrank, 1788). In the biotopes of the mountain zone, taking into account the vertical belts of the Kabardino-Balkaria Republic, we set up experiments to determine the timing of the development of eggs genus Trichocephalus (Schrank, 1788) at altitudes of 1000-2500 m above sea level. The experiments were performed using fresh eggs genus Trichocephalus washed from the uterus. Samples of eggs in the amount of 10-15 thousand were placed on the experimental plot monthly from March to November. For this eggs genus Trichocephalus, was placed in glass jars, which were then placed on a biological platform. Samples of water soil,, faeces, hay, silage, mixed fodder with eggs Trichocephalus were taken daily to determine the viability of invasive elements. In each case, 100 specimens were examined under a microscope eggs from soil, water, feces, hay, silage, concentrated feed samples. The viability of eggs Trichocephalus winter season was studied in a mountainous zone. In the samples of soil, water, feсes, hay, silage, mixed fodder in late November; fresh eggs genus Trichocephalus were introduced and left during the winter until March of the following year in the external environment. After the winter period, eggs genus Trichocephalus were investigated by methods of helminthooscopy and the MUK «Methods of Sanitary and Parasitological Studies» 1-14. The data was subjected to statistical processing according to the program «Biometry».

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Sanitary-helminthological examinations of water samples made it possible to identify unfavorable mountainous territories in epizootic and epidemiologically dangerous conditions with regard to the occurrence of doses of invasions eggs genus Trichocephalus (Table 1). According to the results of studies of s samples water in places of rest and recreation of animals in the mountain rivers Kabardino-Balkaria Republic (R. Terek, R. Malka, R. Baksan, R. Cherek, R. Chegem, R. Gizhgit, R. Kendelen, R. Kichmalka, R. Khaznidon, R. Sukan-su), respectively at 12.00; 18.00; 16.00; 15.00; 6.00; 30,0; 28.00; 16.00; 19.00; 14.00% of the samples water found eggs genus Trichocephalus (Schrank, 1788) in an amount per 1 l of sample, respectively, 14.3 ± 2.0; 8.7 ± 0.7; 3.5 ± 0.4; 11.3 ± 2.0; 7.0 ± 0.6; 17.4 ± 1.8; 8.3 ± 0.9; 10.1 ± 1.3; 13.0 ± 1.1; 9.4 ± 1.1 ekz. (Table 1). In samples water in places of resting of animals in Kabardino-Balkaria Republic mountainous 10 the mountain rivers per 1 liter of sample water, on average, were found 10,46±1,17 ekzemplyar eggs genus Trichocephalus.

The study of the dynamics of soil pollution by eggs and larvae of the genus Trichocephalus (Schrank, 1788) in the mountainous zone in 2017–2020 revealed moderate soil contamination with a tendency to increase from 13.0 to 28.0% (on average 19.8%) with an increase in the number eggs per 1 liter of water sample from 7.2 to 19.1 ind. (on average 12.1 specimens per 1 liter of water sample) 1-14 (Table 2).

Table 1: Sanitary and hygienic condition of the water of mountain objects of Kabardino-Balkaria Republic for their contamination with eggs genus Trichocephalus (Schrank, 1788)

Table 2: Number water and soil samples with eggs and larvae genus Trichocephalus (according to water - and soilscopy)

Table 3: Contamination mountain objects of Kabardino-Balkaria Republic eggs genus Trichocephalus (according to water - and soilscopy)

he number of water and soil samples contaminated with eggs and larvae of nematodes of the genus Trichocephalus (Schrank, 1788) was high in areas densely populated by animals and people. On the reservoirs of distant pastures of Kabardino-Balkaria, their number was 96.30%, in the reservoirs of pastures of settlements - 88.40%. along the river banks - 72.70%, on the territories of farms - 90.60%, in the reservoirs of koshar territories - 100%, at watering holes for sheep - 100%, in places of sheep rest - 100% 1-14 (Table 3).

Table 4: Indicators   overwintering eggs genus Trichocephalus (Schrank, 1788) in water and soil on pasture pastures Kabardino-Balkaria Republic (according to occupy of water - and soilscopy)

Table 5: Indicators of overwintering of eggs genus Trichocephalus (Schrank, 1788) in the mountain zone in samples of water, soil and mixed fodder

In the experiments on the open ground in the water and soil of the pasture pastures of the Kabardino-Balkaria Republic, at the altitudes of 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500 m above sea level, respectively, 26.29; 19.83; 12.53 and 7.97% of the eggs genus Trichocephalus (Table 4).

During the winter period, the number of non-viable eggs of the eggs genus Trichocephalus, including those in the samples of water. soil, faeces and mixed fodder, was not sufficient was, respectively, 72.0; 77.45; 62.61; and 7.41% (Table 5).

The data indicate a high level of pollution of the mountain rivers R. Terek, R. Malka, R. Baksan, R. Cherek, R. Chegem, R. Gizhgit, R. Kendelen, R. Kichmalka, R. Khaznidon, R. Sukan-su. eggs of eggs of the genus Trichocephalus (Schrank, 1788) in the grazing period. .In water samples from mountain rivers in the conditions of distant pastures of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic at altitudes of 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500 m above sea level, respectively 26.29; 19.83; 12.53 and 7.97% of eggs remain viable for a long time, which is consistent with the data of (Vasilevich et al., 2010; Bittirov et al., 2019).

CONCLUSION

In the mountain rivers R. Terek, R. Malka, R. Baksan, R. Cherek, R. Chegem, R. Gizhgit, R. Kendelen, R. Kichmalka, R. Khaznidon, R. Sukan-su.at 12.00-30.0% of the samples, eggs of Trichocephalus ovis (Abildgaard, 1795) and Trichocephalus skrjabini (Baskakow, 1924) were found. Study of the dynamics of soil pollution by eggs and larvae of the genus Trichocephalus (Schrank, 1788) in the mountainous zone in 2017–2020. revealed moderate pollution of water and soil samples from reservoirs with a tendency to increase from 13.0 to 28.0% (on average by 19.8%). with an increase in the number of eggs per 1 liter of water from 7.2 ± 0.5 to 19.1 ± 1.2 ind. (on average 12.1 ± 0.8 specimens per liter of water). The number of water samples contaminated with eggs of nematodes of the genus Trichocephalus (Schrank, 1788) was high in densely populated areas. In natural water bodies of pastures in Kabardino-Balkaria, their number was 96.30%, in water bodies of pastures in settlements - 88.40%. in the water area of rivers - 72.70%, in reservoirs on the territory of farms - 90.60%, in kosher reservoirs - 100%, in watering places for sheep - 100%, in reservoirs of sheep resting areas - 100%. %. Eggs of nematodes in samples of water, soil, feces, hay, silage and forage during the winter retained viability at the level of 22.6, respectively; 28.0; 37.4; 81.6; 74.2; 92.6%. The sanitary and hygienic state of water and soil in 10 mountain rivers in the territory of Kabardino-Balkaria can be assessed as unfavorable from the point of view of contamination with eggs of nematodes of the genus Trichocephalus and other helminths. The data indicate a high level of pollution of the mountain rivers R. Terek, R. Malka, R. Baksan, R. Cherek, R. Chegem, R. Gizhgit, R. Kendelen, R. Kichmalka, R. Khaznidon, R. Sukan-su. eggs of eggs of the genus Trichocephalus (Schrank, 1788) in the grazing period. .In water samples from mountain rivers in the conditions of distant pastures of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic at altitudes of 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500 m above sea level, respectively 26.29; 19.83; 12.53 and 7.97% of eggs remain viable for a long time

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors have declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

novelty statement

The authors declare that the results obtained on the topic of the article were obtained empirically, and the reflected information is new for science in the field of parasitology.

AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTION

All authors took part in the Bioindication of sanitary and hygienic pollution of water bodies and soils of the mountainous zone of the North Caucasus region to identify eggs of socially dangerous helminths, collected materials, analyzed the material, and participated in writing the manuscript. Collectively reviewed the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

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