Research Article

Antimicrobial Action of Silver Nanoparticles Manufactured from Cinnamon Bark Extract Against Bacteria Isolated from Fresh Sheep Meat in Baquba City

Shaymaa Jabbar Hassoon1*, Hiba Ibrahim Ali2, Ayat Jasim Mohammed3, Oras Salman4

1,2College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Diyala, Department of Microbiology, Iraq; 3College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Diyala, Department of Internal and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Iraq.

Received | July 05, 2024; Accepted | August 11, 2024; Published | October 23, 2024

*Correspondence | Shaymaa Jabbar Hassoon, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Diyala, Department of Microbiology, Iraq; Email: [email protected]

Citation | Hassoon SJ, Ali HI, Mohammed AJ, Salman O (2024). Antimicrobial action of silver nanoparticles manufactured from cinnamon bark extract against bacteria isolated from fresh sheep meat in baquba city. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 12(12): 2335-2344.

DOI | https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.aavs/2024/12.12.2335.2344

ISSN (Online) | 2307-8316; ISSN (Print) | 2309-3331

Copyright: 2024 by the authors. Licensee ResearchersLinks Ltd, England, UK.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

INTRODUCTION

Nanotechnology in latest years has been a lot of concern in this technique. All particles having a diameter of one to one hundred nanometers that are composed of carbon, metal, metal oxides, or organic compounds (Bae et al., 2010). Nanoparticles have completely dissimilar or enhanced chattels comparison to larger components in bulk materials. (Srinivasan et al., 2014). Historically, antimicrobial agents have been formed expending silver in entirely of its forms, moreover alone or in assembling with diverse technological set. This metal has been investigated to take benefit of its capability to suppress bacterial growth through adding it as silver nitrate or silver sulfadiazine in food packaging to avoid contamination. Furthermore, it used to treat ulcers and burn, in home purposes like refrigerators, and in numerous industrial requests (Tong, 2009). Because of the information and indication present of the antibacterial action of silver, with the appearance of nanotechnology, the study of the antibacterial ability of silver nanoparticle was an obvious route (edziora et al., 2018). Silver nanoparticle are distinct as a nanomaterial with all its measurements in the array of 1–100 nm. These have revealed better capability and greater surface (area-to-volume ratio) associated to silver in its bulk formula. At the Nano scale, this material exhibitions exclusive optical, electrical and catalytic possessions, which has directed to the examination and manufacture of products for the distribution of specific drugs, finding, discovery, and imaging (Yaqoob et al., 2020). Also it is the excellent antibacterial action displayed by silver nanoparticles that has concentrated the devotion of investigators and productions on this nanomaterial. AgNPs have revealed antimicrobial action alongside a diversity of pathogenic and infectious microorganisms, comprising bacterium resilient to many drugs (Siddiqi et al., 2018). Plant-assisted nanoparticle production is extra productive than microbial nanoparticle production. Numerous metabolites and biochemicals found in plants, including polyphenols can be function as both reducing and stabilizing agents during creation of biogenic nanoparticles. Since plant-mediated NP synthesis does not entail the usage of hazardous chemicals, it is both economical and environmentally friendly. In the trials, plant-derived nanoparticles were significantly additional stable than those produced by bacteria and champignons. (Singh et al., 2016). The green creation of (NPs) required the utilization of natural constituents like vitamins, carbohydrates, plant extracts, biodegradable polymers, and microbes in combination with metal salts. Plant extracts can be utilized as a reducing agent and help maintain the stability of the system. (Carmona et al., 2017). The world knows cinnamon from the bark of a little, tropical evergreen tree named Cinnamomum zeylanicum. The bark of C. zeylanicum is profused in chemicals, such as resinous compounds and terpenoids such as linalool, eugenol, and methyl chavicol (Shan et al., 2005). As well as, caryophyllene, ethyl cinnamate, and cinnamonaldehyde (Lopez et al., 2005). Furthermore, there is some protein in the bark. (Verspohl et al., 2005). Terpenoids are thought to be crucial for the manufacture of silver nanoparticles by reducing silver ions (Shankar et al., 2003). Sturdy spices alike cinnamon has been exploited for thousands of years as medicine all across the world. One of the chief bioactive elements that has been exposed to have a diversity of biological possessions, including antibacterial, antibiofilm, anthelmintic, anticancer and antifungal activity is cinnamon extract. (Williams et al., 2015). So, due to its huge biological potential in the current study, Cinnamon bark extract was used for the green production of AgNPs and likewise the extract from cinnamon barks was used as a reducing agent and capping agent to creation AgNPs. The apparatus of cellular poisonousness demonstrated by metal nanoparticles is done the freedom of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) (Mallikarjuna et al., 2011). AgNPs are an brilliant biocidal instrument due to their late oxidation and freedom of Ag+ ions into the milieu, which contributed to their antibacterial possessions. Furthermore, because of their lesser size, these elements can be additional easily passed through cell membranes and effect intracellular procedures from inside (Premkumar et al., 2018). The goal of this study was to demonstrate the manufacture of silver nanoparticles by cinnamon bark. and evaluate the antibacterial action of the nanoparticle in vitro.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Samples Collection

Fifty fresh meat sheep samples were collected from the numerous marketplaces of Baqubah province After that, the samples were collected into hygienic plastic bags and kept at 4°C in freeze container then it carried to the lab for direct investigation. Entirely tasters were sent to the microbiology lab, where 3 gm. of the taster were mixed with 5ml of nutrient broth and hatched at 37°C for (18-24hr.). Subsequently, the broth was was taken and streaked on selective and differential media by a sterilized loop such as blood agar , MacConkey Agar, Salmonella-shigella agar, manitol salt agar, and Eosin-methylene blue agar. The shape of the bacterial colonies was used to assess the primary cultures then subcultured and stained with Gram stain.

Bacterial Identification

The identification of bacteria was accompanied via ordinary morphological and biochemical tests of isolation according to (Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 2002). In adding, VITEK 2 system was used to approve and determine the sensitivity test for each strain.

The Process of Biosynthesis Silver Nanoparticles using Cinnamon Bark Extract

Method for making powdered cinnamon bark: Cinnamon bark was bought from nearby marketplaces. It

 

Table 1: Biochemical features of bacteria isolated from samples of fresh, raw meat.

Isolates	Gram reactions	Biochemical test
		catalase	Coagulase	Indole	Urease	Oxidase
Staphylococcus aureus	Positive	+	+	-	-	-
Escherichia coli	Negative	+	-	+	-	-
Pseudomonas aurogenosa	Negative	+	-	-	-	+

 

was washed with sterile D.W. to eliminate any contaminations and then it was let to naturally dry for a week at room temperature in the dark to get rid of some possible moisture. After that, the bark was chopped into lesser sections, converted into a well-ground powder with an electronic pounder, then the powder was sieved through a well mesh screen to yield elements in similar size as the bark that had been crushed. The completed powder was utilized in all ensuing research (Sathishkumar et al., 2009).

Method of making an extract from cinnamon bark: The extract was made by combing 100 milliliters of distilled water and 2.5 grams of cinnamon bark powder in a 500 milliliter Erlenmeyer flask. At 100° C, the mix was heated for 5 min. The mix was cooled, followed by filtration by Whatman No. 1 filter paper. and refrigerated until needed. (Gauthami et al., 2015).

Method of making 1mM silver nitrate solution: Silver nitrate (AgNO3) (1 mg) was prepared by dissolving 0.0421 g of AgNO3 in 100 ml of double-distilled water. In order to rest the silver from oxidizing on its own, the solution was well combined and kept in a yellow bottle. (Saleh et al., 2021).

Method of making silver nanoparticles using cinnamon barks extract: One milliliter (ml) of bark extract from Cinnamon (0.025) % was mixed with fifty milliliters (1 mM) of silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution (1.25)% with ratio (1:50) (v:v) and allowed to stand at room temperature for eight hours with pH(6.5-7) , the nitrate was reduced from silver Ag+ to free form, the solution’s original yellowish hue changed to a black shade. Every hour, the color solution’s change was recorded. Through an increase in reaction period, the color concentration altered following the reduction of Ag+ to silver nanoparticles by extracts from the bark of Cinnamon (Hamzah et al., 2018).

Description of AgNPs

Ag-NPS’s important possessions have been determined by the usage of numerous tests, such as UV-Visible Spectroscopy, Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy,Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), in order to assurance the manufacturing of silver nanoparticles. These characteristics included the size and form of the particles, the arrangement of the operating sets by the particles and the existence of a surface-specific plasmon resonance peak (Reyam and Ayad, 2021).

Antibacterial Property of Silver Nanoparticles

The well diffusion test technique was used to amount the inhibitory action. Wells were formed by a hygienic cork borer with like measurements and a 6 mm diameter on a Mueller Hinton agar that had previously been prepared. Subsequently covering the plate with 100 μl of the bacterial solution 1 x 10^8, 100 μl of Ag-NPs in diverse concentrations (1024, 512, 256, and 128). After that, the bacterial solutions were added to the equivalent wells. The inhibitory zone was measured after the plates were incubated for 18-24 hrs. at 37°C (Namasivayam et al., 2015).

Statistical Analysis

Entirely results were carried out and evaluated by the Spss version 17 program.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The outcomes got from this study are existing in the tables below. Table 1, displayed the morphological appearances of bacteria isolated and acquired from raw meat. Their biochemical test arrayed from negative to positive. The existence of bacteria in meat has been broadly described from diverse portions of the world (Kinsella et al., 2008). Staphylococcus aureus was the utmost noticeable bacteria recovered from raw sheep meat samples, with Escherichia coli and pseudomonas subsequent in variable concentrations Table 2. This is consistent with previously reports that recognized Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumonia from the fresh and careless meat samples. (Oluwatobi et al., 2021). Other review mentioned by Fatima et al. (2023) they were discovered many bacteria present in sheep flesh, with varying percentages of Salmonella SPP (68%), E. coli (72%), and Staphylococcus aureus (48%). Confirmatory analysis the results of the VITEK 2 system indicated that the isolated bacteria had a 100 % identity with a probability of 99%.

 

Table 2: The rate of bacterial isolates originate in each sample of meat.

Isolates	Fresh samples	Ratio
Staphylococcus aureus	7	14%
Escherichia coli	4	8%
Pseudomonas aurogenosa	1	2%

 

Table 3: Antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus.

Antimicrobial	MIC	Interpretation	Antimicrobial	MIC	Interpretation
Ampicillin	>=64	R	Meropenem	<= 0. 5	S
Amoxicillin/clavulanic	16	R	Amikacin	16	R
Piperacillin/ Tazobactan	8	R	Gentamicin	<=2	S
Cefotaxime	>=32	R	Ciprofloxacin	1	S
Ceftazidime	16	R	Norfloxacin	<= 1	S
Cefepime	8	R	Fosfomycin	<= 16	S
Ertapenem	<= 0. 25	S	Nitrofurantion	64	R

 

Table 4: Antibiotic susceptibility of E.coli.

Antimicrobial	MIC	Interpretation	Antimicrobial	MIC	Interpretation
Ampicillin	>=32	R	Ertapenem	<= 0. 25	S
Imipenem	8	R	Amikacin	<= 2	S
Piperacillin/ Tazobactan	<= 4	S	Gentamicin	>=16	R
Cefotaxime	>=64	R	Ciprofloxacin	>=4	R
Ceftazidime	16	R	Norfloxacin	>=16	R
Cefepime	<= 0. 5	S	Nitrofurantion	<= 16	S
Meropenem	<= 0. 25	S	Fosfomycin	<= 16	S
Amoxicillin/clavulanic	8	R	Trimethoprim/Sulfa methoxazole	>=320	R

 

*MIC: Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (μg/ml); S: Sensitive; R: Resistan.

 

Antibiotic Sensitivity Test

The data from antibiotic susceptibility tests for the utmost public bacteria, Pseudomonas aurogenosa, E. coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, were included in (Tables 3,4 and 5). The finest antibiotics susceptibility were Ertapenem (<= 0. 25 μg/ml), Meropenem (<= 0. 5 μg/ml), when tested on Staphylococcus aureus while, it was resistant to Ampicillin(>=64) and Nitrofurantion (>=64) (Table 3), whereas the utmost operative antibiotics’ susceptibility were meropenem and Ertapenem (<= 0. 25 μg/ml) and Cefepime (<= 0. 5 μg/ml) once tested on E.coli but, it was unaffected to Trimethoprim/Sulfa methoxazole (<=320 μg/ml) .Table 4 And the additional antibiotic faintness to pseudomonas aeruginosa was Imipenem (<= 0. 25) whereas, it was unaffected to Cefotaxime (>=64) and Norfloxacin (32) as in Table 5.

The Manufacture of Silver Nanoparticles by Extract from Cinnamon Bark

Cinnamon bark extracts were used to generate silver nanoparticles in a green process. One milliliter of the extract was added to 50 milliliters of a 1Mm solution of AgNO3. To yield silver nanoparticles from these extract, a simple process was employed. The dye of the reaction combination altered from yellowish to dark brown later 8 hr. of mixing the Cinnamon plant extract with the 1 mM silver nitrate resolution. This specifies the generation of silver nanoparticles is created by the dynamic molecules in the plant abstracts of cinnamon lead to reducing the silver metal ions Ag+ to silver nanoparticles. A prolonged cultivation time can be hasten the percentage of reduction and increase the quantity of nanoparticles formed.

Technique of manufacture diverse concentrations of SNPs: Standard solution of Ag-NPs was ready by combination 0.1 g of silver nanoparticles with ten ml of D.W. (10 mg/ml) and concentrations of (1024, 512, 256 and 128µg/ml) were ready by mix identified size from the standard solution with D.W.

Description of Nanoparticles

UV-VIS absorbance spectroscopy: A useful method for examining and researching Plasmon resonance in metallic nanoparticles ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorbance spectroscopy and using a spectrophotometer, the reduction of silver ions to nanoparticles was frequently appreciated. Outcomes signposted were made up the absorption spectra of the silver nanoparticles distinct sturdy surface plasmon resonance band at 420 nm (Figure 1). The utmost typical feature of silver solution is a narrow band of plasmon absorption visible in the 350–500 nm range. The noticeable peak was obviously apparent at 420 nm, representing a reduction of silver ion.

The ultraviolet absorption band of Ag-NPs exhibited in the (Figure 1) was determined via a single sharp beam at around 420 nm, which is nearby to (Reyam and Ayad, 2021) who is noted the explanation of the UV-Vis spectrum of the nanoparticle’s manufacture from the cinnamon bark through formation of the surface plasmon resonance band at 435 nm. It likewise reaches agreement with (Sathishkumar et al., 2009) who saw that the absorption beak of nanoparticles manufacture from the cinnamon barks was documented at 429 and 435 nm, correspondingly.

 

Table 5: Antibiotic susceptibility of pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Antimicrobial	MIC	Interpretation	Antimicrobial	MIC	Interpretation
Ampicillin			Meropenem	8	R
Amoxicillin/clavulanic			Amikacin	<= 2	S
Piperacillin/ Tazobactan	16	R	Gentamicin	2	s
Cefotaxime	>=64	R	Ciprofloxacin	16	R
Ceftazidime	4	s	Norfloxacin	32	R
Cefepime	8	R	Fosfomycin
Ertapenem			Nitrofurantion
Imipenem	<= 0. 25	S	Trimethoprim/Sulfa methoxazole

 

Field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM): Scanning electron microscopy was utilized to interpret the morphological characteristic (dimension and form) of the nanoparticles. The synthesis AgNPs’ SEM pictures are showed in (Figure 2). The Ag-NPs SEM image at diverse magnifications displayed that the particles are agglomerated, through nearly all of the AgNPs appeared to be spherical. Moreover, (Figure 2) displayed that the biosynthesized Ag NPs ranged in size from 27.52 nm to 40.14 nm; this outcome was alike to that of (Supriya1 and Chaitanya, 2019) when they established the manufactured AgNPs had a sphere-shaped, fewer aggregated and a well-dispersed particle size range of 49–82 nm.

 

 

Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy (FTIR):The probable bioactive operative groups are existing in the extract and contributed to the formation and stability of AgNPs were identified using FT-IR investigation. AgNPs’ FT-IR spectra were gotten in the 400–4000 cm−1 range. (Figure 3). The presence of a wide and strong absorption band of silver NPs round (3165.19 cm−1) was consigned to the N-H stretch (Amides). Whereas absorption peak at (2922.16 cm−1) was allotted to –C–H stretching of –CH2 of protein. The band at (1697.36 cm−1) displayed a nonlinear increase in the strength which was related with the stretching vibration of an aldehyde carbony1 C=O groups of alkenes. The peak at (1419.61.92 cm−1) is ascribed to the Nitro Compounds NO2 stretch. The peak at (1382.92 cm−1) is ascribed to the C–H bending in alkanes. Conversely, the peak at (1150–911 cm−1) of C–O–C group. Lastly, the band at (667.37 cm−1), and (617.22 cm−1) were due to C–N–C bending in amines. These outcomes were collected the incidence of operative groups in the synthesized Ag-NPs. The FT-IR outcomes displayed the existence of numerous operative groups in the cinnamon’s (CZ) extract. These operative groups were going to phenols, alcohols, alkane, alkynes, and aldehydes (particularly, cinnamaldehyde). About FTIR investigation of biosynthesized Ag- NPs was an precise technique for description of AgNPs as described Salami et al. (2018) also agreed with the outcomes recorede by Yusof et al. (2020), who used FTIR to describe manufactured Ag-NPs.

 

 

X-Ray diffraction (XRD): Speedy methodical approaches like X-ray diffraction (XRD) can be used to rapidly describe and recognize crystalline constituents through of synthetic nanoparticles and can also produce evidence about the measurements of unit cells. The distinctive peaks seen in the XRD image (Figure 4) which is demonstrated and confirmed the X-ray diffraction pattern of the manufacture AgNPs. In the entire spectrum of 2θ values extended from 20 to 100, the XRD pattern 2θ revealed three sturdy peaks (37.80 °, 44.0 °, and 64.19 °), they are represented the structure of silver nanoparticles as face centered cubic (fcc). These patterns, in turn, parallel to (111), (200), and (311) respectively. This result is consistent with a study recoreded by Sekatawa et al. (2021) when they created AgNPs by an aqueous extract of Camellia sinensis bark. The AgNPS displayed perfect peaks of cubic levels at 38.0 (111), 44.3 (200), 64.5 (220), and 77.4 (311).

 

 

Transmission electron microscope (TEM): The morphology of the chemically created silver nanoparticles was examined by using TEM. The resulting enlarged image confirmed the existence of minute, sphere-shaped and faceted nanoparticles in AgNPs. The fact that individual nanoparticles were not in direct interaction with one another. Alshareef et al. (2017) have stated that AgNPs in together sphere-shaped and rod- shaped exhibition sturdy antimicrobial possessions. In this regard, the existence of a mixture of varied forms of AgNPs-cinnamon, as understood in (Figure 5) could be proposal benefits in terms of bactericidal action. This result perhaps due to diverse forms of nanoparticles lead to interrelate with bacterial cells in varied methods, possibly resulting in numerous apparatuses of cell disturbance.

In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles

Silver nanoparticle have displayed extremely antibacterial action alongside numerous Gram-positive(G+) and Gram-negative(G-) bacteria. The current study examined the antibacterial properties of biosynthesized Ag-NPs alongside the following microorganisms: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The agar well diffusion assay was employed varying quantities of Ag-NPs, by using of different concentrations (1024, 512, 256 and 128µg/ml) resultant in changeable degrees of inhibition zones of alongside (staphylococcus aureus, E.coli and pseudomonas). The dimension of the inhibition zones various dependent on the Ag-NPs concentrations; the dimension of the inhibition zones enlarged proportionately as the agent concentration increased. The silver NPs’ antibacterial action results revealed effect of alongside entirely microorganisms with variable inhibition zone sizes when compared with the chemically synthesized antibiotics , silver NPs antibacterial action was represented by the results of Vitek2 system which showed that every type of bacteria had resistance to many antibiotics, such as Staphylococcus aureus resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic, piperacillin/ tazobactan, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, cefepime, amikacin and nitrofurantion and this result was similar to E.coli and Pseudomonas aurogenosa which are resistance to Many antibiotics. Nonetheless, the biosynthesized Ag-NPs utilized important action alongside all tested bacteria by resulting in foundation of variable zone of inhibition dependent on the bacterial strain used. The full inhibition zone for Ag-NPs biosynthesized was detected with Staphylococcus aureus which it was around (25 mm) in diameter compared to the inhibitory zone created by plant extract only (10mm) at high concentration. There is a clear significant difference in the effectiveness of cinnamon extract alone compared to the effectiveness of the extract combined with AgNPs. with p value (0.0032) , but the least zone was established alongside pseudomonas which it is displayed an inhibitory zone diameter of (12mm) comparing through plant extract (0 mm) at high concentration with a clear significant difference in the effectiveness of cinnamon extract alone compared to the effectiveness of the extract combined with AgNPs with p value (0.0165) , while the moderate zone was saw with E.coli which it was about (20 mm) in diameter comparing through the inhibitory zone formed by plant extract only (13mm) at great concentration. There is a clear significant difference in the effectiveness of cinnamon extract alone compared to the effectiveness of the extract combined with AgNPs. with p value (0.051) (Figure 6 and 7), but in Table 6, demonstrated, there was no bacterial growing of any type is noticed in the wells having AgNPs-cinnamon and this result may be attributed to a

 

Table 6: Inhibition zones(mm) of synthesis nanoparticle used against pathogenic bacteria.

P value	Synthesis nanoparticle				Cinnamon extract				Isolates
	128	256	512	1024	128	256	512	1024	Conc.
0.0032	14	17	20	25	0	6	8	10	Staphylococcus aureus
0.051	10	14	18	20	0	10	11	13	Escherichia coli
0.0165	0	7	11	12	0	0	0	0	Pseudomonas aurogenosa

 

strong antibacterial resulting from totally of the studied microorganisms. This explanation was in agreement with result reported by Li et al. (2017), when they investigated AgNPs’ action alongside S. epidermidis, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli; the results displayed that AgNPs are added operative alongside E. coli than against S. epidermidis and P. aeruginosa. Nevertheless, it is significant to consider the dependency of antibacterial action on the concentration of AgNPs. This fact was also proved by Parameswari et al. (2010), they demonstrated the inhibition zone grew as AgNP concentration increased from the numerous revisions on MDR bacteria, AgNPs are active alongside pathogenic bacteria such as S. Typhi, E. coli, S. epidermidis, and S. aureus, P. aeruginosa . (Li et al., 2017; Ouda, 2014; Lara et al., 2010).

 

The chief device by which silver nanoparticles exhibited antibacterial possessions was via attaching to and pungent the bacterial cell wall and regulating cell signaling through the dephosphorylation of potential important peptide substrates on trypsin residues. Once silver binded to plasma binding protein (PBP), it inhibited transpeptidation which forms the bacterial cell wall, which finally resulted in cell lysis and death. It is evident that treated bacteria exhibited an important alterations as well, comprising membrane destruction and the foundation of “pits” on their surfaces. A parallel result was defined by Stoimenov et al. (2002).

 

Silver nanoparticles destruction compounds made of sulfur and phosphorus, such as DNA, by binding to them. It is thought that cellular proteins became inactive and DNA fails its ability to duplicate. Furthermore, it was exposed that Ag+ attacked definite protein clutches lead to producing the denatured protein . (Ibrahim et al., 2016). In study recoreded by Awais et al. (2023), displayed AgNPs offered the great inhibition alongside E. coli in a dose-dependent protocols (at 50 ug, produce 20 mm of zone inhibition and at 100 ug, 25 mm), then by S. aureus (13 mm and 17 mm for 50 ug and 100ug) and S. typhimurium (14 mm and 19 mm) correspondingly AgNP accessible a visible inhibition against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria. AgNPs’ greater surface area and smaller size caused them to interrelate with bacterial cell walls, fix to the cell membrane and alteration penetrability by altering the membrane potential (Pal et al., 2007). Ag-NPs transformed into silver ions upon arriving the cell and interrelated with biomolecules, causing harm to the cell because they bind to DNA and stop its replication. Furthermore, these ions attached to cell and membrane proteins, which aid in cell division (Singh et al., 2020). AgNPs can be also penetrated bacterial membranes and walls, which rised the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by blocking respiratory chain enzymes and encouraging their build-up within bacteria (Salas et al., 2019). According to a prior study on the effectiveness of AgNPs against bacteria, AgNPs interacted with membrane components, changing and damaging their structure as well as causing cellular components to be excreted, which ultimately resulted in the death of the cell (Al-Dhafri and Ching, 2019). These findings indicated that silver nanoparticles (SNPs) exhibited a strong antibacterial activity against harmful bacteria.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

From this study concluded AgNPs was efficiently synthesized from cinnamon bark extract and acted as a reducing agent with bactericidal action by using disk diffusion. In divergence, the growth of bacteria was not expressively affected by cinnamon extract only. Silver nonparties-cinnamon’s morphological variability played a key role in improving its effectiveness against numerous bacterial strains. (AgNPs) have special physical, chemical, and biological possessions that make them ideal, reliable, effective solutions for antimicrobial, drug-loading, and other usages based on nanoparticle feature such as dimensions, forms, and surface charge of (NPs). It is recommended by usages in the cancer immunotherapy as the carrier of immunotherapeutic agents and as the adjuvants to encourage immune systems to eliminate cancer.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Many thanks to Professor Dr. Ali Ibrahim for his support and assistance me

NOVELTY STATEMENT

The originality of the work is dedicated on the creation of nanoparticles from herbal extract that can be used as inventive anti-bacterials that are hardy to artificial antibiotics.

AUTHOR’S CONTRIBUTIONS

Every author made an equal contribution.

Conflicts of Interest

The writers articulate nope conflict of interest.

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