Levels of Monooxygenases and Glutathione S-Transferases in Breast Cancer Patients

Asima Bano1, Hafiz Muhammad Tahir2, Hira Sherawat3, Muhammad Mutlib4, Muhammad Arshad5, Muhammad Akram Qazi6, Sajida Naseem5, Rabia Ishaq1, Iram Liaqat2

1Department of Zoology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan

2Department of Zoology, GC University Lahore, Pakistan

3UCMD, University of Lahore, Pakistan

4Lahore General Hospital, Lahore

5University of Education, Lower Mall Campus, Lahore, Pakistan

6Punjab Agriculture Research Board, Gulberg III, Lahore, Pakistan

Abstract | The present study was designed to find the association of two stress enzymes i.e., monooxygenases and glucathione S-transferases with breast cancer. For enzyme estimation plasma samples from the patients suffering from breast cancer and age matched healthy individuals (control) were collected. The results revealed decline in the level of these enzymes in breast cancer patients as compared to healthy individuals because of this decline the overall level of protein was also found to be decline. It is concluded from the study that these enzymes can be used as biomarker in the diagnosis of breast cancer.

Article History

Received: April 10, 2018

Revised: September 08, 2018

Accepted: November 12, 2018

Published: December 11, 2018

Authors’ Contributions

AB, HS, SN nad RI collected the data and performed experiments. HMT, MM and MA designed the experiments. HMT analysed the data. MAQ and IL edited and proofread the article.

Keywords

Monooxygenases, Glutathione S-transferases, Breast cancer

*Corresponding Author: Hafiz Muhammad Tahir

hafiztahirpk1@yahoo.com

To cite this article: Bano, A., Tahir, H.M., Sherawat, H., Mutlib, M., Arshad, M., Qazi, M.A., Naseem, S., Ishaq, R. and Liaqat, I., 2018. Levels of monooxygenases and glutathione S-transferases in breast cancer patients. Punjab Univ. J. Zool., 33(2): 199-203. http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pujz/2018.33.2.199.203

Introduction

Breast cancer is responsible for the death of 3.3 million women and 14 % of total cancer related deaths worldwide (Bayoumi et al., 2012; Leong et al., 2010; Naeem et al., 2008). Approximately, one in every nine Pakistani women is expected to suffer from breast cancer (Sohail and Alam, 2007). In Pakistan, breast cancer is a huge public health problem, because its frequency is frighteningly high and death rate is the highest in any Asian population (Bhurgri et al., 2000; Bhurgri et al., 2007; Sohail and Alam, 2007).

Although, a lot of information is available on breast cancer (Grover and Martin, 2002). However, there is a need for more information to understand the biochemistry of breast cancer initiation. Oxidative stress is a major risk factor for breast cancer (Brown and Bicknell, 2001). Many reports indicate that cancer cells are under a constant oxidative stress (Pervaiz and Clement, 2004; Schumacker et al., 2006; Kryston et al., 2011). These cells under oxidative stress produce (ROS) Reactive oxygen species. These (ROS) cause oxidative stress in cancerous cells (Brown and Bicknell, 2001). These species lead to extensive damage to DNA, proteins and lipids. This damage produces the mutations that initiate the tumors (Devi, 2000; Wiseman and Halliwell, 1996; Wu et al., 2004).

Some stress enzymes that are involved in the detoxification system also participate in the removal of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The main enzymes of this system are glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and monoxygenases (Li et al., 2007). These are important oxidative enzymes that cause oxidative metabolism of a wide variety of endogenous and exogenous compounds andbl detoxification of many xenobiotics in mammals (Bieche et al., 2007; Gut et al., 2000; Huang et al., 2000; Ketul et al., 2009; Raijmakers et al., 2001). These are widely distributed in nature and are found in essentially all eukaryotic species (Forrester et al., 1990; Kelley et al., 1994; Salinas and Wong, 1999). These enzymes also catalyze detoxification of alkylating agents used in chemotherapy and causing the detoxification of products of reactive oxidation (Hayes and Pulford, 1995).

As these enzymes are regulated by diverse range of xenobiotics i.e ROS. These enzymes also control tumor development, tumor response to therapy and are recognized as tumor biomarkers, that’s why these are used in diagnosis, monitoring, classification, staging, and localization of tumor action of antibodies and effectiveness of therapy (Gonzalez and Gelboin, 1994). Aim of present study was to find out the relationship of monooxygenases and Glutathione S- transferases with breast cancer patients. Based on the results of this study we will be able to decide whether we can use these enzymes as biomarker for diagnosis of breast cancer or not?

 

Materials and Methods

Sample collection

The subjects (n=200) were categorized into two groups. One group comprised of diseased individuals (n=100) and the other consisted of age matched healthy individuals (n=100). The blood samples of cancerous patients were collected from different localities i.e., Niazi laboratory, Sahara laboratory, Rehman laboratory of Sargodha city, Punjab, Pakistan. The samples were collected from June, 2014 to March, 2015 considering ethics and norms. All blood samples (5cc each) were taken by cubital vein puncture using sterilized syringes (BD, USA). Blood samples were collected in EDTA coated vials (BD, USA) for enzyme estimation. All breast cancer patients included in this study were subjected to chemotherapy. The blood samples were collected from the patients before the treatment.

Fresh blood samples were centrifuged at 1300rpm for 5 minutes to separate the plasma. The plasma was collected in Eppendorf tubes (1.5ml) by using micropipette. Plasma samples were kept at -20°C until further study. This plasma was used as enzyme source for biochemical estimation of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), monooxygenases and total proteins.

Biochemical estimation of monooxygenases

The activity of monooxygenases was determined by following the method described by Vulule et al. (1999). Reaction mixture comprised of 20μl of plasma, 200μl of 3,3, 5’,5’- Tetramethyl benzidine (TMBZ) solution [TMBZ solution was made by dissolving 0.01g TMBZ in 5ml ethanol and 15ml of 0.25M sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.0)], 100μl of 0.625M potassium phosphate buffer (PPB) at pH 7.0 and 30μl of 3% hydrogen peroxide. Reference solution contained 120µl TMBZ, 600μl of 0.625M potassium phosphate buffer (PPB) at pH 7.0 and 30μl 3% hydrogen peroxide. After ten minutes of reagent mixing readings were recorded at the wavelength of 620nm by using ELISA reader. The cytochrome C was used for preparing standard curve. The quantity of monooxygenases was calculated from a standard curve of cytochrome C.

Biochemical estimation of glutathione s-transferases

The activity of glutathione S-trasferases towards 1-chloro-2, 4-dinitrobenezene (CDNB) was estimated according to the method of Habig et al. (1974). The total volume of the mixture was comprised of 40µl of 1.0mM reduced Glutathione, 20µl 1.0mM 1-chloro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and 200µl phosphate buffer (100mM, pH 7.0) and 20µl of supernatant. Reference solution for reaction mixture contained 20µl 1.0mM CDNB, 220µl phosphate buffers (100mM, pH 7.0) and 40µl 1.0mM reduced Glutathione. The absorbance was measured at 340 nm after five minutes of the reaction. Absorbance values were converted to units of concentration using a molar extinction coefficient (ε) of 9.6mM cm-1 for CDNB-GSH conjugate. Then the enzyme activity was calculated as:

Total protein assay

To measure the total protein contents dye binding method of Bradford (1976) was used. The reaction mixture contained 10µl of plasma, 90µl phosphate buffer (100mM, pH 7.0) and 100µl of Bradford dye reagent. It was mixed by shaking. Reference solution only contained 100µl buffer and 100µl Bradford dye reagent. The ELISA plates were covered and incubated at 30°C approximately for 15 minutes. Then the absorbance was recorded at the wavelength of 595nm on ELISA plate’s reader (Thermo scientific multiskan FC ELISA plate photometer). By using the standard curve of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) the amount of protein in the sample was measured. To make standard curve, BSA was dissolved in distilled water and diluted to make different concentration (µg/ml). Reaction mixture for standard curve contained solution from different dilutions and Bradford dye reagent.

Statistical analysis

Normality of data was assessed before analyzing the data Mann-Whitny U-test (a nonparametric test) was used to compare the level of protein and enzymes between breast cancer patients and healthy individuals. Difference was considered significance, if the p-value was ˂ 0.05.

 

Results

The level of total protein was 105.63µg/ml and 91.40µg/ml in healthy individuals (control group) and breast cancer patients, respectively. The amount of total protein in diseased individuals was significantly lower as compared with the control group (Mann-Whitny U = 1073.5; P =0.004; Figure 1). The levels of Glutathione S-transferases in the control group was higher (256.5nM /mg protein /min) than the patients (237.8nM /mg protein /min). Statistically the level of glutathione S-transferases differed significantly between two groups (Mann-Whitny U =1523.0; P =0.0148; Figure 2). The level of monooxygenases was high (3 1.26µg/min/mg) in the control group as compared to diseased individuals (29.87µg/min/mg), However, Statistically the difference was not significant (Mann-Whitny U =1367.5; P=0.5704; Figure 3).

 

Discussion

In this study we compared the level of monooxygenases and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) in the plasma of breast cancer patients. We observed that there was decrease in the level of these enzymes in the plasma of breast cancer patients as compared with healthy individuals. Kadam et al. (2013) recorded significant decline in the level of GST in the breast cancer patients due to increase in oxidative stress. Oxidative stress in the body increases due the increase in the system toxicity. Different carcinogens in the body increase the toxicity of the system. Monooxygenases and GSTs are involved in the metabolism of human breast carcinogens (Ambrasone et al., 1995), so their level decreases in the breast cancer patients. These are also known as antioxidant or metabolizing enzymes and their level varies in the plasma of breast cancer patients due to change in oxidative stress.

 

The cytochrome P450 (CYP) is also an important oxidative enzyme that metabolizes many new plasma carcinogens and anticancer drugs. As these enzymes influence tumor development and they are recognized tumor biomarkers (Murray et al., 2010). The results of present study showed that the level of cytochrome p450 decreased non-significantly in breast cancer patients as compared with healthy individuals. El-Rayes et al. (2003) and Helzlsouer et al. (1998) also reported down regulation of CYP in the tumor tissues of cancer patients. As there is change in the level of P450 in tumor tissues so these enzymes could be used as biomarkers in the diagnosis of the disease. The balance between oxidative stress and antioxidant defence mechanism may be impared by the decline in the level of these enzymes level in the plasma. We perceive that failure of antioxidant defence mechanism against oxidative stress may be an important feature in the cause of breast cancer. The results of present study also demonstrate that the level of protein in the plasma of breast cancer patients was decreased. This decline of protein level in the body is due to overall decline in the level of these enzymes in the plasma of breast cancer patients.

In this study it is found that there is a strong association of these enzymes and breast cancer patients. To our knowledge, there have been only few previous studies evaluating the association between these enzymes and the risk of breast cancer. So this study and few previous studies demonstrate and confirm that the correlation obtained in this manner show a powerful approach that these enzymes can be used as biomarkers for the diagnosis of breast cancer. The lower level of these enzymes is seen in breast cancer patients with increase in oxidative stress support that this enzyme level is inversely related to oxidative stress in breast cancer patients. So these can be used as good biomarkers for the diagnosis of breast cancer.

 

Conflict of interest statement

The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

 

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