Research Article

Evaluation of Weeds Against Root-Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) in Vegetables

Oluwatoyin Adenike Fabiyi

Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515 Ilorin, Nigeria.

Received | July 01, 2020; Accepted | April 12, 2022; Published | September 28, 2022

*Correspondence | Oluwatoyin Adenike Fabiyi, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515 Ilorin, Nigeria; Email: fabiyitoyinike@hotmail.com

Citation | Fabiyi, O.A., 2022. Evaluation of weeds against root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) in vegetables. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 38(4): 1289-1299.

DOI | https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.sja/2022/38.4.1289.1299

Keywords | Carbofuran, Pollution, Weeds, Nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita, Nematicides

Copyright: 2022 by the authors. Licensee ResearchersLinks Ltd, England, UK.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Introduction

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and carrots (Daucus carota L.) are important vegetables which provides daily supply of various vitamins (A, B1, B2, B3, B6, C, E and K) and minerals (K, Ca, Mg, Na and Fe). Lettuce, is a significant source of dietary antioxidant (Still, 2007), it is known to contain, folate, lutein and lactucin, a sesquiterpene lactone which has sedative, analgesic and anti-malarial properties. Carrots are high in beta carotene, dietary fibre and sugar (Sharma et al., 2012; Iorrizo et al., 2013). Cultivation of these vegetables is impaired with infestation of Meloidogyne incognita. Generally, lettuce and carrots are highly predisposed to M. incognita infection (Baimey et al., 2009; Oleivera et al., 2015; Fabiyi, 2021a). Synthetic nematicides are routinely employed to reduce infestation and increase yield, this gave rise to contamination of these vegetables with pesticides by the small holder farmers under unregistered informal sector who popularly practice vegetable farming (Fabiyi, 2021a, b, c). These group of farmer’s misuse nematicides greatly mainly because, they are not literate enough to prepare solutions correctly, lack of adequate knowledge on the risk associated with pesticide use, application of non-homologated pesticides and poor respect for dosage (Fabiyi et al., 2020a). The general attitude of pesticide handling has led to several cases of poisoning, because the available residue is higher than international maximum residue limits, which is a pointer to public health threat (Cheke and Oluwole, 2009; Fabiyi and Olatunji, 2021a). With this in mind, coupled with the development of resistance by nematodes to synthetic nematicides and in furtherance to research on safer alternatives to synthetic nematicides (Atolani et al., 2014a, b; Fabiyi et al., 2020b, 2021a, b, 2022; Fabiyi, 2021d; Fabiyi and Olatunji, 2021b), this experiment was conducted to assess the potential of two common weeds (Tridax procumbens and Sida acuta) as soil amendment in M. incognita control. Tridax procumbens is a perennial weed which is widely distributed and commonly used in traditional medicine for bacterial infection of gastrointestinal disorders (Gubbiveeranna and Nagaraju, 2015). The leaves are used in the treatment of catarrh, dysentery and diarrheal. Sida acuta is commonly found in bushes and road sides (Oboh et al., 2007). It is employed in the treatment of fever, gonorrhoea, eczema, dandruffs, intestinal worms and skin diseases (Karou et al., 2007; Kumar et al., 2012). Carrots and lettuce are vegetables that are essential and indispensable to the general populace. There is a nexus between availability, quality and price of these vegetables. Carrots become displeasing to the consumers with nematode infestation vis-à-vis reduction in obtainability of lettuce. On account of the established biological and customary values associated with T. procumbens and S. acuta, while also bearing in mind the essence of pesticide residue free vegetables, this study examines the nematicidal potential of T. procumbens and S. acuta in M. incognita control. Indicators such as vegetative growth, yield and nematode population were appraised for each of the test plants (T. procumbens and S. acuta) to establish their influence as organic crude extracts and soil amendments on M. incognita infested lettuce and carrot plants.

Materials and Methods

Collection of plant materials and preparation of extracts

Tridax procumbens and Sida acuta whole plants were collected from the University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria premises (80, 291 N; 40, 401 E). The plant samples were verified at the herbarium unit of the University. Each plant was air dried in the laboratory for one week to reduce the moisture content and were divided in to 3 parts (Fabiyi et al., 2020c) Two parts were extracted separately in methanol and ethanol, while the 3rd part was used as soil amendment. The extracts were decanted and filtered after 5 days and then concentrated with rotary evaporator (Buchi Rota Vapour R-300). The crude extracts and plant materials were coded as follows: Sida acuta methanol extract, Sida acuta ethanol extract, Sida acuta amendment, Tridax procumbens amendment, Tridax procumbens methanol extract and Tridax procumbens ethanol extract. The extracts were then abbreviated respectively as- SDAT/MeOH, SDAT/EtOH, SDAT/AMDT, TDXPS/AMDT, TDXPS/MeOH, TDXPS/EtOH.

Screenhouse experiment

Loamy soil was collected and steam sterilized at 60℃ for 2 hours. The soil was allowed to cool and distributed into two sets of 48 experimental pots at 25kg each per pot. The experimental pots were placed on bricks in the screenhouse to avoid microbial infestation. The plant materials for soil amendments were weighed at 800g, 600g and 400g/kg soil and was mixed with the sterilized soil. This was left for a month to allow disintegration of the plant materials. The contents of the experimental pots were turned and mixed assiduously on weekly basis to ensure uniform distribution of disintegrated plant materials. Each experimental setting had 4 treatments, 3 replicates and 4 dosages of application. Two weeks’ old lettuce (cv Mindelo) and carrot (cv Shakira f1) seedlings were transplanted into each experimental pot at a seedling per pot. A week after transplanting, approximately 1000 second stage juveniles of M. incognita were inoculated at the base of each seedling (Fabiyi, 2019, 2020). The other sets of treatments (crude extracts of the plant materials) were applied a week after inoculation at 80, 60 and 40g/kg soil. Carbofuran was applied at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5ai/kg/ha. Agronomic practices, such as fertilizer application and weeding for both vegetables were carried out as required. Data was collected on plant height and numbers of leaves for carrots and lettuce plants during the growth weeks to monitor and assess the vegetative development. At harvest, yield was evaluated for both vegetables. The numbers of nematodes in the soil (250g) and roots (10g) of the plants were determined. The roots were evaluated for galling severity on a scale of 0-9 provided by Schoonhoven and Voysest (1989), where 1=no galling, 2=< 5% of roots galled, 3=6-10% galled, 4=11-18% galled, 5=19-25% galled, 6=26-50% galled, 7=51-65% galled, 8=66-75% galled, 9=76-100% of roots galled. All data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means were separated using the Tukey’s honesty significant difference test at p<0.05.

Results and Discussion

The response of carrot and lettuce plants under Meloidogyne incognita infection to Sida acuta and Tridax procumbens treatment is presented in Tables 1 to 12. Carrot plants treated with S. acuta plant materials as soil amendment and crude extracts had higher plant heights than the control from the 6th week after planting to 12th week after planting. Heights of plants treated with methanol extracts of S. acuta (SDAT/MeOH) did not significantly (p<0.05) differ from those of carbofuran treatment (CBFN). Heights of carrot plants were consistently high in the highest quantity of treatment materials applied as opposed to the heights recorded in the low quantity of materials (Table 1). The numbers of leaves produced by carrot plants grown in amended pots were statistically more than carrot plants treated with other materials. There is no statistical difference between the numbers of leaves produced in cabofuran treated pots and S. acuta amended pots. Fewer leaf production was observed in the carrot plants treated with low quantity of plant materials and the untreated carrot plants (Table 2). Mean carrot yield was particularly low in untreated carrot plants, while higher yield was recorded in pots amended with plant materials. An increase in yield which is directly proportional to the quantity of treatment materials was recorded. The gall index was lower in all the treatment materials, control plants had the highest gall index. The least root gall index was observed in carbofuran treated plants. This is accompanied by reduced soil and root nematode population count. Heavily galled roots characterized the untreated control carrot plants (Table 3). The influence of T. procumbens on the vegetative growth of carrot plants is depicted in Tables 4, 5 and 6. Heights of carrot plants was up above in experimental pots amended with T. procumbens at the highest dose. Carrot plant heights were low statistically in the control plants (Table 4). More leaves were produced in all treated plants, while control, plants had fewer leaves (Table 5). Yield of carrots was increased in treated plants. Increase in yield was directly proportional to the quantity of treatment materials applied. Gall index was statistically low in carrot plants treated with carbofuran. All other treatments also had significantly lower gall index relative to the control.

 

Table 1: Effect of treatment and treatment concentration of Sida acuta extracts on heights (cm) of carrot plants.

Treatment	6WAP	7WAP	8WAP	9WAP	10WAP	11WAP	12WAP
CBFN	36.1b	39.3b	40.7c	42.7c	45.4b	45.2b	45.7b
SDAT/EtOH	32.4c	35.7b	35.9d	37.0d	37.1c	39.6c	40.5c
SDAT/AMDT	48.7a	51.7a	51.8a	51.9a	51.9a	52.1a	52.6a
SDAT/MeOH	36.3b	38.8b	45.1b	46.2b	47.0b	47.4b	47.9b
CONTROL	28.6cd	30.3d	30.8e	33.0e	35.8c	37.1c	38.1d
SEM ±	2.33	2.74	3.28	3.22	3.01	3.04	3.04
LSD p<0.05	4.21	4.10	4.46	3.28	5.68	4.76	3.77
Level
One (40g/kg soil)	30.2c	35.3c	36.1c	38.7c	40.4c	40.9c	41.8c
Two (60g/kg soil)	34.6b	38.6b	39.9b	41.0b	44.4b	44.9b	45.0b
Three (80g/kg soil)	41.3a	46.5a	47.8a	48.2a	48.8a	49.2a	49.8a
SEM ±	2.69	2.73	2.80	2.84	2.63	2.66	2.54
LSD p<0.05	2.18	3.01	3.21	2.32	3.72	3.79	3.44

CBFN = carbofuran; SDAT/EtOH = S. acuta ethanol extract; SDAT/AMDT = S. acuta soil amendment; SDAT/MeOH = S. acuta methanol extract.

 

Table 2: Effect of treatment and treatment concentration of Sida acuta extracts on the number leaves of carrot plants.

Treatment	6WAP	7WAP	8WAP	9WAP	10WAP	11WAP	12WAP
CBFN	10a	13a	15a	17a	17a	17a	18a
SDAT/EtOH	8ab	10b	10b	11c	12b	12b	13c
SDAT/AMDT	9a	12a	14a	15b	17a	18a	18a
SDAT/MeOH	9a	12a	14a	14b	14b	14b	15b
CONTROL	6c	8b	9b	10c	11c	11c	11c
SEM ±	2.01	2.02	1.62	1.77	1.76	1.79	1.78
LSD p<0.05	2.26	2.83	3.67	3.11	2.00	2.16	3.12
Level
One (40g/kg soil)	5c	9c	10b	10b	10b	11b	11b
Two (60g/kg soil)	7b	11b	11b	11b	11b	12b	12b
Three (80g/kg soil)	10a	13a	13a	14a	14a	14a	15a
SEM ±	1.39	1.76	1.43	1.54	1.85	1.64	1.63
LSD p<0.05	1.08	1.17	1.20	2.51	2.43	1.82	2.79

CBFN =carbofuran; SDAT/EtOH = S. acuta ethanol extract; SDAT/AMDT = S. acuta soil amendment; SDAT/MeOH = S. acuta methanol extract.

 

Table 3: Effect of treatment and treatment concentration of Sida acuta extracts on carrot yield, gall index, soil and root nematode population.

Treatment	Carrot weight (g)	Root gall index	Soil nematode count	Root nematode count
CBFN	716.0b ± 16.3	0.44a ± 0.5	11a ± 6.2	3a ± 0.1
SDAT/EtOH	550.0d ± 70.9	5.89c ± 0.3	59c ± 7.1	52c±0.5
SDAT/AMDT	737.2a ± 55.5	3.00b ± 0.0	31b ± 4.7	25b± 0.0
SDAT/MeOH	564.2c ± 71.0	5.63c ± 0.5	66c ± 0.0	49c± 3.0
CONTROL	115.9e ± 30.0	9.00d ± 0.0	2848d ± 744.0	5178d±30
SEM ±	15.47	0.12	110.4	133.7
LSD p<0.05	34.58	0.34	318.1	259.6
Level
One (40g/kg soil)	312.5c ± 32.7	7.83c ± 0.4	65c ± 12.1	43c ± 0.8
Two (60g/kg soil)	518.2b ± 59.0	5.75b ± 0.5	28b ± 9.8	31b ± 2.2
Three (80g/kg soil)	549.1a ± 81.1	3.22a ± 0.5	6a ± 7.7	14a ± 1.3
SEM ±	6.47	0.07	1.05	1.68
LSD p<0.05	18.97	0.21	3.07	2.81

CBFN =carbofuran; SDAT/EtOH = S. acuta ethanol extract; SDAT/AMDT = S. acuta soil amendment; SDAT/MeOH = S. acuta methanol extract.

 

Table 4: Effect of treatment and treatment concentration of Tridax procumbens extracts on plant height (cm) of carrot plants.

Treatment	6WAP	7WAP	8WAP	9WAP	10WAP	11WAP	12WAP
CBFN	37.8b	39.5b	40.5b	41.0b	42.7b	43.1b	43.9b
TDXP/EtOH	34.3c	35.4b	36.9cd	38.1bc	38.7c	39.1c	39.4c
TDXPS/AMDT	46.2a	46.8a	47.6a	48.5a	49.6a	50.2a	50.6a
TDXPS/MeOH	35.7bc	36.0b	38.1c	39.2b	39.8c	40.2c	40.6c
CONTROL	26.4d	27.3c	28.7e	30.6d	31.6d	32.0d	33.2d
SEM ±	1.42	1.43	1.45	1.47	1.51	1.43	1.45
LSD p<0.05	4.06	4.09	4.16	4.20	4.32	4.10	4.15
Level
One (40g/kg soil)	32.3b	33.5b	35.3b	36.2c	37.2c	38.9c	39.6c
Two (60g/kg soil)	33.6b	34.8b	36.1b	38.6b	39.8b	40.6b	41.3b
Three (80g/kg soil)	35.6a	37.4a	39.1a	40.6a	41.8a	42.4a	43.3a
SEM ±	1.27	1.28	1.30	1.31	1.35	1.28	1.30
LSD p<0.05	3.62	3.71	3.72	3.75	3.87	3.67	3.71

CBFN =carbofuran; TDXPS/EtOH = T. procumbens ethanol extract; TDXPS/AMDT = T. procumbens soil amendment; TDXPS/MeOH = T. procumbens methanol extract.

 

Table 5: Effect of treatment and treatment concentration of Tridax procumbens extracts on number of leaves of carrot plants.

Treatment	6WAP	7WAP	8WAP	9WAP	10WAP	11WAP	12WAP
CBFN	11a	12a	12a	14a	16a	18a	19a
SDAT/EtOH	9ab	9b	10b	10b	11c	12c	12d
SDAT/AMDT	10a	11a	12a	14a	15a	16b	17b
SDAT/MeOH	8b	10ab	11ab	12c	13b	13c	14c
CONTROL	7bc	7c	8c	9d	10cd	11cd	11e
SEM ±	0.93	1.00	1.15	1.20	1.23	1.30	1.34
LSD p<0.05	2.67	2.86	3.29	3.45	3.52	3.72	3.84
Level
One (40g/kg soil)	7	8	8	9	9	10	11
Two (60g/kg soil)	8	8	9	9	10	10	11
Three (80g/kg soil)	9	10	10	11	11	12	12
SEM ±	0.83	0.89	1.03	1.08	1.10	1.16	1.23
LSD p<0.05	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS

CBFN =carbofuran; TDXPS/EtOH = T. procumbens ethanol extract; TDXPS/AMDT = T. procumbens soil amendment; TDXPS/MeOH = T. procumbens methanol extract.

 

Table 6: Effect of treatment and treatment concentration of Tridax procumbens extracts on carrot yield, gall index, soil and root nematode population.

Treatment	Carrot weight (g)	Root gall index	Soil nematode count	Root nematode count
CBFN	829.0b ± 25.0	0.53a ± 0.1	10a ± 4.1	7a ± 0.0
TDXPS/EtOH	614.2d ± 15.3	5.18c ± 0.6	50d ± 3.2	39d±0.3
TDXPS/AMDT	884.0a ± 39.7	2.13b ± 0.1	22b ± 2.0	16b± 0.1
TDXPS/MeOH	659.1c ± 24.3	5.42c ± 0.4	43c ± 0.1	31c± 2.1
CONTROL	208.7e ± 0.9	9.00d ± 0.0	2649e ± 322.7	4302e±179
SEM ±	26.13	0.17	0.94	116.0
LSD p<0.05	39.16	0.22	276.6	231.0
Level
One (40g/kg soil)	336.2c ± 0.7	8.16c ± 0.8	48c ± 8.1	36c ± 1.2
Two (60g/kg soil)	642.0b ± 10.6	4.57b ± 0.3	23b ± 4.2	28b ± 0.6
Three (80g/kg soil)	673.8a ± 59.3	2.16a ± 0.0	4a ± 3.8	11a ± 2.0
SEM ±	7.38	0.05	1.01	0.83
LSD p<0.05	21.65	0.14	2.83	2.69

CBFN =carbofuran; TDXPS/EtOH = T. procumbens ethanol extract; TDXPS/AMDT = T. procumbens soil amendment; TDXPS/MeOH = T. procumbens methanol extract.

 

Table 7: Effect of treatment and treatment concentration of Sida acuta extracts on height of lettuce plants.

Treatment	6WAP	7WAP	8WAP	9WAP	10WAP	11WAP	12WAP
CBFN	5.68bc	9.03ab	14.89a	19.13b	23.5b	27.4b	32.3d
SDAT/AMDT	6.01b	10.22a	14.74a	20.86a	27.6a	33.8a	48.3a
SDAT/EtOH	5.33bc	9.12ab	13.30ab	16.00c	18.4c	24.1c	35.5c
SDAT/MeOH	8.06a	11.06a	16.22a	20.11a	27.4a	35.1a	44.6b
CONTROL	5.26bc	9.37ab	11.50bc	13.97d	16.7d	19.0d	26.1e
SEM ±	1.03	1.21	1.27	2.03	3.66	5.02	6.94
LSD p<0.05	3.04	4.76	5.65	4.83	9.30	9.47	12.01
Level
One (40g/kg soil)	7.22c	10.67c	12.68c	18.73c	23.1c	25.7c	31.6c
Two (60g/kg soil)	12.42b	14.10b	16.08b	22.94b	27.3b	35.3b	42.5b
Three (80g/kg soil)	15.31a	17.25a	20.35a	26.65a	31.2a	39.6a	46.9a
SEM ±	0.61	0.78	0.96	1.62	2.99	4.34	9.17
LSD p<0.05	3.11	3.62	3.81	4.75	4.76	8.73	9.01

CBFN =carbofuran; SDAT/EtOH = S. acuta ethanol extract; SDAT/AMDT = S. acuta soil amendment; SDAT/MeOH = S. acuta methanol extract.

 

Table 8: Effect of treatment and treatment concentration of Sida acuta extracts on number of leaf of lettuce plant.

Treatment	6WAP	7WAP	8WAP	9WAP	10WAP	11WAP	12WAP
CBFN	6ab	7b	9b	10b	12bc	13bc	16b
SDAT/AMDT	7a	9a	11a	13a	16a	17a	21a
SDAT/EtOH	5bc	7b	8bc	9bc	11c	12c	14c
SDAT/MeOH	5bc	8ab	9b	10b	13b	14b	15bc
CONTROL	4c	6bc	7cd	9bc	11c	12c	14c
SEM ±	0.43	0.61	0.77	0.90	1.30	1.37	1.92
LSD p<0.05	1.95	2.07	2.22	1.59	1.74	1.95	4.54
Level
One (40g/kg soil)	2bc	5bc	7b	8ab	10bc	12bc	13c
Two (60g/kg soil)	3b	6b	7b	9a	11b	13b	15b
Three (80g/kg soil)	6a	8a	9a	11a	14a	15a	19a
SEM ±	0.48	0.56	0.61	0.74	1.06	1.09	1.65
LSD p<0.05	1.08	1.01	2.80	1.17	2.11	2.18	2.83

CBFN = carbofuran; SDAT/EtOH = S. acuta ethanol extract; SDAT/AMDT = S. acuta soil amendment; SDAT/MeOH = S. acuta methanol extract.

 

Table 9: Effect of treatment and treatment concentration of Sida acuta extracts on lettuce yield, gall index, soil and root nematode population.

Treatment	Lettuce head weight (g)	Root gall index	Soil nematode count	Root nematode count
CBFN	200b±23.0	0.42a ± 0.2	6a ± 6.2	9a ± 14.0
SDAT/AMDT	213a±25.2	3.57b ± 0.1	33b ± 7.1	23b ± 20.0
SDAT/EtOH	138d±9.0	5.31c ± 0.0	48d ± 4.7	72c ± 45.7
SDAT/MeOH	153c±11.1	5.35c ± 0.3	41c ± 0.0	77c ± 49.4
CONTROL	94e ±7.2	9.00d ± 0.0	3573e ± 385.2	4530d ± 53.2
SEM ±	11.21	0.14	126.7	9.00
LSD p<0.05	19.41	0.38	243.4	25.92
Level
One (40g/kg soil)	70c± 2.1	7.16c ± 0.3	65c ± 12.1	83c ± 51.8
Two (60g/kg soil)	105b±5.2	5.01b ± 0.1	28b ± 9.8	39b ± 32.5
Three (80g/kg soil)	128a ±10.3	3.59a ± 0.5	6a ± 7.7	14a ± 15.5
SEM ±	9.02	0.05	1.05	3.75
LSD p<0.05	13.01	0.26	3.07	10.99

CBFN =carbofuran; SDAT/EtOH = S. acuta ethanol extract; SDAT/AMDT = S. acuta soil amendment; SDAT/MeOH = S. acuta methanol extract.

 

Table 10: Effect of treatment and treatment concentration of Tridax procumbens extracts on height of lettuce plants.

Treatment	6WAP	7WAP	8WAP	9WAP	10WAP	11WAP	12WAP
CBFN	7.03a	10.22a	12.41b	16.22b	25.9b	31.23b	38.1b
TDXPS/AMDT	5.17b	9.10a	15.08a	19.27a	28.31a	34.42a	41.01a
TDXPS/EtOH	4.02bc	7.20b	10.36bc	12.32c	19.27d	23.81d	31.49d
TDXPS/MeOH	7.13a	9.09a	11.06b	16.00b	22.41c	29.12c	35.13c
CONTROL	4.71bc	7.28b	9.26d	11.07cd	15.36e	20.54e	26.32e
SEM ±	1.07	1.13	1.25	2.12	3.57	5.17	6.82
LSD p<0.05	3.12	4.29	5.41	4.70	9.28	9.60	12.18
Level
One (40g/kg soil)	4.22c	8.11c	11.51c	16.02c	23.05c	29.28c	33.6c
Two (60g/kg soil)	7.15b	12.03b	17.11b	24.10b	29.48b	35.41b	40.03b
Three (80g/kg soil)	14.29a	17.11a	23.07a	29.18a	34.52a	39.00a	43.11a
SEM ±	0.35	0.51	1.05	1.70	3.06	4.59	9.21
LSD p<0.05	3.32	3.09	3.63	4.81	4.91	8.91	9.36

CBFN =carbofuran; TDXPS/EtOH = T. procumbens ethanol extract; TDXPS/AMDT = T. procumbens soil amendment; TDXPS/MeOH = T. procumbens methanol extract.

 

Table 11: Effect of treatment and treatment concentration of Tridax procumbens extracts on number of leaf of lettuce plant.

Treatment	6WAP	7WAP	8WAP	9WAP	10WAP	11WAP	12WAP
CBFN	10b	11b	12b	13b	16b	18b	21b
TDXPS/AMDT	12a	14a	16a	19a	22a	23a	25a
TDXPS/EtOH	7c	8c	9c	11bc	13cd	14c	16c
TDXPS/MeOH	8c	9c	11b	12b	14c	17b	20b
CONTROL	5d	7cd	8cd	9d	10e	13d	16c
SEM ±	0.62	0.83	0.80	0.93	1.52	1.46	1.98
LSD p<0.05	2.06	2.20	2.31	1.61	1.86	2.18	4.69
Level
One (40g/kg soil)	3b	4bc	7b	9c	12b	14c	16c
Two (60g/kg soil)	5a	5b	8b	11b	15a	17b	19b
Three (80g/kg soil)	6a	7a	10a	13a	16a	21a	22a
SEM ±	0.30	0.65	0.53	0.82	1.13	1.31	1.49
LSD p<0.05	0.94	0.81	2.56	1.35	2.48	2.36	2.70

CBFN =carbofuran; TDXPS/EtOH = T. procumbens ethanol extract; TDXPS/AMDT = T. procumbens soil amendment; TDXPS/MeOH = T. procumbens methanol extract.

 

Table 12: Effect of treatment and treatment concentration of Tridax procumbens extracts on lettuce yield, gall index, soil and root nematode population.

Treatment	Lettuce head weight (g)	Root gall index	Soil nematode count	Root nematode count
CBFN	265b±31.2	0.21a ± 0.6	5a ± 4.1	7a ± 5.0
TDXPS/AMDT	327a±22.1	2.03b ± 0.3	19b ± 5.3	14b ± 17.2
TDXPS /EtOH	181d±7.1	5.07c ± 0.2	40d ± 3.1	53c ± 31.5
TDXPS/MeOH	219c±16.3	5.19c ± 0.0	31c ± 1.2	49c ± 28.3
CONTROL	126e ±8.0	9.00d ± 0.0	4258e ± 284.6	5181d ± 71.6
SEM ±	15.03	0.12	143.1	8.22
LSD p<0.05	21.15	0.29	256.9	21.75
Level
One (40g/kg soil)	107c± 4.6	7.01c ± 0.8	51c ± 16.8	55c ± 46.2
Two (60g/kg soil)	168b±3.1	6.23b ± 0.5	22b ± 7.2	26b ± 11.5
Three (80g/kg soil)	203a ±11.2	4.48a ± 0.3	4a ± 9.5	9a ± 8.8
SEM ±	10.17	0.03	1.28	3.29
LSD p<0.05	16.22	0.24	3.19	10.63

CBFN =carbofuran; TDXPS/EtOH = T. procumbens ethanol extract; TDXPS/AMDT = T. procumbens soil amendment; TDXPS/MeOH = T. procumbens methanol extract.

 

Nematode count at harvest was more in control plants compared to the treated plants (Table 6). All treatments notably altered the growth of lettuce plants. Taller plants and more leaves were recorded over the period of observation in treated plants, which translated into higher yield at harvest, contrary to the control lettuce plants. S. acuta and T. procumbems cuttings as soil amendment had positive effect in the overall vegetative growth of lettuce plants. Lettuce plants treated with low quantity of extracts and plant materials had decreased numbers of leaves, lower height, higher gall index and low yield (Tables 7-12).

There is apparent increase in the vegetative growth of carrot and lettuce plants with the application S. acuta and T. procumbens as soil amendments. S. acuta is known to contain several alkaloids which are good inhibitors of microorganism growth. Several secondary metabolites associated with the Malvacea family which contains about 200 species of Sida are reported as a good source of biologically active compounds (Konate and Souza, 2010; Rizk and Soliman, 2014). Criptolepine, vacisine, ephedrine and quindoline are the major alkaloids present in S. acuta (Karou et al., 2005; Ahmed et al., 2011). The presence of these alkaloids may be associated with the nematicidal action portrayed by S. acuta in this research. The anti-bacterial and anti-protozoan activity of S. acuta was reported by Cimanga et al. (1998), and Wright et al. (2001) respectively. Correspondingly, Karou et al. (2003), Banzouzi et al. (2004) and Koudovou et al. (2011) demonstrated the anti plasmodial activity of S. acuta. S. acuta has significantly good inhibitory activity on the growth of Mycobacterium smegmatis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Proteaus vulgaris, Pseudomonas pyocyanae, Staphylococcus albus, Pseudomonas circhorii, and Salmonella typhimurium (Pongpan et al., 1982; Kumar et al., 1997; Karou et al., 2005). Comparable inhibitory activity of ethanol extracts of S. acuta on gram positive bacteria was demonstrated by Oboh et al. (2007). Equivalently, Konate et al. (2012) reported the bio activity of S. acuta on trimoxazol resistant bacteria strains. At 5 hours of exposure there was a 100% mortality of test organisms. The insecticidal activity of S. acuta extracts was reported by Adeniyi et al. (2010), they recorded a 31.47% mortality at 1.50 minutes of exposure of Acanthscelides obtectus to 4% solution of S. acuta. Similarly, Ouedraogo et al. (2012), reported the antifungal activity of Sida cordifolia (L). T. procumbens contains several secondary metabolites which is responsible for the biological activities associated with the plant. T. procumbens is authenticated to contain quercetin, beta sitosterol, dexamethasone, luteolin, lucoluteolin, esculetin, puerarin, betulinic acid and flavones such as 8,3′-dihydroxy 3,7,4′-trimethoxy-6-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl flavone, 6,8,3′ trihydroxy 3,7,4′ trimethoxyflavone and terpenes like bis-bithiophene (Runsheg et al., 2010; Bhalerao and Kelkar, 2012). In this study T. procumbens promoted significant positive changes in the vegetative development of treated carrot and lettuce plants compared to the control plants. Thus, the observed nematicidal performance could be linked to the synergistic effect of the several constituents of the plant. The antibacterial action of T procumbens was registered by Mir et al. (2016), while the insecticidal action of T. procumbens was equally substantiated by Ikewuchi et al. (2009). Reports by Nazeruddin et al. (2011), and Rappiah-Opong et al. (2011) confirmed the anti-plasmodial characteristics of T. procumbens, extracts from the plant showed repellent action against Anopheles stephensi at 6% concentration. Mani and Chitra (1989), indicated that the extracts of T. procumbens is nematicidal. They reported 48% juvenile mortality at 500ppm. Sharma and Tiagi (1989) equally reported that root galling was reduced on pea with application of leaf powder of T. procumbens. Bioactive molecules produced by plants allow them to interact with microorganisms in the environment (Atolani and Fabiyi, 2020) and these metabolites are responsible for the promising nematicidal activity detected in this study.

Conclusions and Recommendations

The application of S. acuta and T. procumbens as soil amendment will go a long way in redeeming the environment from pesticide pollution, while safely addressing nematode reduction in the farmer’s field.

Novelty Statement

The manuscript expresses the importance of medicinal plants hitherto classified as weed and unavailing in the art of Meloidogyne incognita management on vegetables.

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared no conflict of interest.

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