Development and Clinical Evaluation of a Direct Amplification Method to Diagnose Canine Parvovirus and Canine Distemper Viral Infections in Dogs without Nucleic Acid Extraction

Xuefeng Cao1, Guangneng Peng1, Xiaobin Gu1, Changliang He1, Guizhou Yue2, Jun Shi3,* and Zhijun Zhong1,*

1College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China

2College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, Sichuan, 625014, China

3State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China

Xuefeng Cao and Guangneng Peng have contributed equally to this work.

ABSTRACT

To rapidly detect canine parvoviruses (CPV) or canine distemper virus (CDV) without nuclear acid extraction, we established a direct amplification TaqMan real-time (RT)-PCR method (DARPM) to detect CPV and CDV in clinical samples. We compared this new method against real-time PCR/(RT)-PCR and it showed no cross-reactivity with other pathogens. Sensitivity testing showed the minimum detection limits of real-time (RT)-PCR were 7.44×101 copies·μL-1 (CPV) and 4.20×101 copies·μL-1 (CDV). DARPM detection of CPV with DNA showed a minimum detectable of 1.53×101copies μL-1, while the minimum detectable amount from the virus culture supernatant was 6.70×101 copies μL-1. The minimum detectable copy numbers for CDV cDNA and for the virus culture supernatant were 9.56×101 copies μL-1 and 7.77×101 copies μL-1, respectively. To validate the accuracy of DARPM, 112 clinical samples and 97 clinical samples suspected of harboring CPV and CDV were tested. DARPM showed a 100% compliance rate with ordinary PCR and colloidal gold rapid detection methodology, while the coincidence rate for DARPM and the same method with DNA added was also 100%. Therefore, DARPM detects CPV and CDV without the need for pre-PCR nuclear acid extraction. Our results show that DARPM is a specific, sensitive, fast and powerful method for detecting CPV and CDV in clinical samples.

Article Information

Received 09 August 2018

Revised 04 September 2018

Accepted 12 September 2018

Available online 05 July 2019

Authors’ Contribution

GNP and ZJZ conceived and designed the experiments. ZJZ, LQL and XHL performed the experiments. LQL and ZJZ developed and performed the molecular data analyses. JZ, XBG and YG analyzed the data. ZJZ and JZ wrote the paper.

Key words

Canine parvoviruses, Canine distemper virus, Without nuclear acid extraction, TaqMan real-time (RT)-PCR, Direct amplification method.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/2019.51.5.1843.1852

* Corresponding author: [email protected];

[email protected]

0030-9923/2019/0005-1843 $ 9.00/0

Copyright 2019 Zoological Society of Pakistan

Introduction

Canine parvovirus (CPV) and canine distemper virus (CDV) are two severe, clinically acute diseases in dogs, and both cause economic losses to the canine breeding industry. CPV (family Parvoviridae, genus Protoparvovirus), an infectious disease, is clinically characterized by severe vomiting, hemorrhagic enteritis, non suppurative myocarditis, and a marked reduction in white blood cells. CPV infections often occur in young dogs, with puppies having high mortality rates (20%–30%) and vaccine failures are problematic (Organtini et al., 2015). CPV was first identified in the USA in the 1970s, after which it was reported across the world in Africa, Asia, Australia, the Americas and Europe (Castanheira et al., 2014; Kumar and Nandi, 2010; Madias, 2012; Meers et al., 2007; Decaro et al., 2007b; Pérez et al., 2014; Steinel et al., 1998). In China, the canine CPV-2 infections first reported in 1983 rapidly spread across the whole country (Miranda and Thompson, 2016; Zhijun et al., 2014). Currently, more than 30 Chinese provinces (e.g., Sichuan, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong, Shenzhen, Beijing, Nanjing, and Hebei) have reported CPV infection outbreaks in dogs (Zhang et al., 2010; Zhao et al., 2015; Zhijun et al., 2014; Zhu et al., 2014). CDV (family Paramyxoviridae, genus Morbillivirus), another important viral disease in carnivores (Elia et al., 2006), has also been reported in many countries around the world (Bi et al., 2015; Kouji et al., 2013; Silva et al., 2014). CDV causes a serious and often fatal disease. Researchers have shown that the incidence of CDV in the global canine population has increased over the last decades (Martella et al., 2007). In China, the number of CDV infections also seems to have a rising trend, and many provinces (e.g., Sichuan, Jiangsu, Heilongjiang and Yunnan) have reported CDV outbreaks in recent years (Bi et al., 2015; Li et al., 2014; Sun et al., 2009; Tan et al., 2011). There are some studies showed that the CDV host range is not just limited to dogs, but to monkeys, raccoon dogs and giant pandas also (Bi et al., 2015; Guo et al., 2013; Kouji et al., 2013; Li et al., 2014; Qiu et al., 2011; Wu et al., 2015).

Currently, the clinical diagnosis of CPV and CDV infections may be inconclusive because several other diseases can cause the same clinical signs in dogs (Decaro et al., 2007a; Kalinowski et al., 2012; Mihalov-Kovács et al., 2015; Sánchez-Cordón et al., 2002). Therefore, the clinical diagnosis of CPV and CDV infections is often inaccurate and requires confirmation by laboratory tests. Several diagnostic laboratory methods have been developed to detect CPV and CDV. For CPV detection, colloidal gold rapid detection (antigen capture ELISAs), hem-agglutination, virus isolation and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods are usually used (Streck et al., 2013). For CDV detection, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), colloidal gold rapid detection, seroneutralization (SN) assays and virus isolation are often used (Wilkes et al., 2014). However, these methods have relatively low sensitivities (Streck et al., 2013). Among them, PCR and colloidal gold rapid detection are the most commonly used laboratory methods for detecting CPV and CDV, especially in China. However, the accuracy of the colloidal gold rapid detection method is not high and is often hampered by false results. Traditional PCR/reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR is more complex in term of its operation, and can be negatively affected by PCR inhibitors in clinical samples and low target specificity (Wilson, 1997). Because of these drawbacks, a simple, timesaving and accurate method for detecting CPV and CDV is needed.

In recent years, TaqMan real-time PCR/reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR has demonstrated its ability to detect viruses in clinical samples without the need for prior nucleic acid extraction, and its timesaving and easily operated (Baethgen et al., 2003; Bista et al., 2007; Cardoso et al., 2009; Poon et al., 2006; Nishimura et al., 2010; Victor et al., 2009). However, as far as we know, there are few published reports where real-time PCR has been used without nucleic acid extraction to detect CPV and CDV in clinical samples. Therefore, in this study, we established a direct amplification TaqMan real-time PCR/RT-PCR method (DARPM) to detect CPV and CDV in clinical samples, without the need of nuclear acid extraction. Our results showed that DARPM is a specific, sensitive, and timesaving method for detecting CPV and CDV infections in dogs.

 

Materials and methods

Ethics statement

This study was conducted in accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the Ministry of Health, China. The research protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China. Permission was obtained from the animal owners or managers before collecting the fecal specimens. No animals were harmed during the sampling process.

Viruses

CPV, CDV, canine adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1), canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2), rabies virus (RABV), and canine par influenza virus (CPIV, CPIV/A-20-8) are all stored in our laboratory. The CPV was a wild type strain and cultured in feline kidney 81 cells (F81) and Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (Sigma, Saint Louis, Mo, USA). The CDV was a wild type strain and cultured in Vero cells in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium.

Nucleic acid extraction

CPV DNA and CDV RNA were extracted from 200 μL virus cultures using a Pure Link Viral RNA/DNA Mini Kit (Invitrogen, Waltham, MA, USA), according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Real-time PCR/RT-PCR targeting the CPV NS1 gene and CDV N gene

A conserved region of the CPV NS1 gene (nucleotide positions 1985–2096; GenBank accession No. M19296) was used to design primers and a probe for the real-time PCR assay. A conserved region of the CDV N gene (nucleotide positions 248–326; GenBank accession No. KJ466106) was used to design primers and a probe for the real-time RT-PCR assay (Table I).

Real-time PCR and RT-PCR detection of CPV and CDV

The individually extracted DNA and RNA samples were amplified using a Quant One Step qRT-PCR kit (TIANGEN, China). The 25 μL CPV PCR reactions contained the following: 2 × Quant One Step Probe qRT-PCR Master Mix (12.5μL), template DNA (2 μL), 10 μM forward primer (0.5 μL), 10 μM reverse primer (0.5 μL), 5 μM probe (1 μL), HotMaster Taq polymerase (1 μL), made up to 25 μL with sterile distilled water (sdH2O). The 25 μL CDV RT-PCR reactions contained the following: 2× Quant One Step Probe qRT-PCR Master Mix (12.5 μL), template RNA (2 μL), 10 μM forward primer (0.5 μL), 10 μM reverse primer (0.5 μL), 5 μM probe (1μL), HotMaster Taq polymerase (1 μL), Quant RTase (0.4 μL), made up to 25 μL with sdH2O.

Each CPV run consisted of incubation at 92°C for 3 min, followed by 40 cycles of denaturation at 92°C for 10 s, annealing at 55°C for 20 s, and extension at 68°C for 20 s. Fluorescence was measured at the end of each extension step. Each CDV run consisted of reverse transcription at 50°C for 30 min, inactivation of the enzyme at 92°C for 3 min, followed by 40 cycles of denaturation at 92°C for 10 s, annealing at 55°C for 20 s, and extension at 68°C for 20 s. Fluorescence was measured at the end of each extension step.

Standard curves

To create standard curves for quantifying CPV and CDV copy numbers, plasmids harboring the target sequence for the real-time PCR and the RT-PCR were generated. Briefly, DNA from the JQ996153 CPV-2 strain, and RNA from the CDV LIU strain (a dog CDV strain) (Qiu et al., 2011). The number of plasmid copies was calculated using the equation described by Whelan et al. (2003).

A standard curve was generated via successive 10-fold serial dilutions of the plasmids. The real-time PCR and RT-PCR reactions were done as described above. Amplification efficiencies were determined from the standard curves, and the threshold cycle (Ct) value was determined by the real-time PCR and RT-PCR settings.

Analytical specificity, sensitivity, and repeatability of real-time PCR and RT-PCR assays

The specificities of each of the two assays were tested with nucleic acids from six different virus strains (CPV, CDV, CAV-1, CAV-2, RABV, and CPIV) from our laboratory. Cell culture media was used for the negative controls.

The sensitivities of the reactions were tested via successive 10-fold serial dilutions of CPV and CDV recombinant plasmids, using the new real-time PCR assays. We used conventional PCR to determine the detection limits of the assays.

The plasmid standards were diluted in high, medium and low (10-2, 10-4, 10-6) concentrations to determine the repeatability of the two different real-time PCR assays and to determine the intra-batch and inter-batch coefficient variants.

Sensitivity of DARPM and real-time PCR/RT-PCR

CPV and CDV viral nucleic acids were 10-fold diluted from the viral culture supernatants and tested by DARPM to determine the detection limits for the real time PCR/RT-PCR. The DARPM and real time PCR/RT-PCR reactions are following the 2.5 described, in DARPM, template DNA and template RNA will be replaced by CPV viral culture supernatants and CDV viral culture supernatants.

Clinical samples

Clinical samples from dogs suspected of harboring CPV or CDV (i.e., dogs displaying typical clinical signs of such infections, such as acute gastroenteritis or lymphopenia, fever, purulent ocular and nasal discharge or neurological disturbance), were collected at the Sichuan Agricultural University Animal Teaching Hospital during 2015–2016. Fecal specimens were taken by a swab from the anus of dogs and homogenized in 1.0 mL phosphate buffered saline (PBS) in 1.5 mL sterilization collection tubes, after clarifying, taken 0.5 mL supernatants as CPV clinical samples. Conjunctival swabs and urine were taken from dogs suspected CDV, and be mixed together in 1.0 mL phosphate buffered saline (PBS) in 1.5 mL sterilization collection tubes, after clarifying, taken 0.5 mL supernatants as CDV clinical samples. All the samples were stored at -80°C until further analysis.

A total of 112 suspected CPV infection samples and 97 suspected CDV infection samples were collected. Nucleic acids were extracted from each sample and supernatants were collected. Colloidal gold strip, real-time PCR/RT-PCR, conventional PCR/RT-PCR and DARPM were used to detect CPV or CDV. DARPM positive samples were sequenced.

 

Table I.- Primer and probe sequences.

Primer/Probe	Sequence 5′-3′	Nucleotide position
CPV forward primer	GAAGGTATAAATTCACCAGGTTGC	2077–2096
CPV reverse primer	GTGCAAGGTCCACTACGTCC	1985–2009
CPV probe	FAM-AGACACAAGCGGCAAGCAATCCTC-BHQ1	2020–2044
CDV forward primer	AGGTCTCGACTATTGGATAGACTT	326–347
CDV reverse primer	CGAACAAGGAGAGGATACTGAT	248–271
CDV probe	FAM- ATTGGTTGGTGATCCGAAAATCAAC-BHQ1	277–301

 

Results

Plasmid standards

The extracted CPV DNA and the CDV reverse-transcribed RNA were PCR amplified using virus-specific primers. After amplification and DNA sequencing, the recombinant plasmids were successfully constructed (Supplementary Fig. S1). The concentration of the CPV recombinant plasmid was 7.44×109 copies·μL-1, and the concentration of CDV recombinant plasmid was 4.20×108 copies·μL-1.

Standard curves for Real-time PCR/RT-PCR

Figure 1 shows the kinetic curves and standard curves for CPV and CDV produced by real-time PCR/RT-PCR amplification of the 10-fold serial dilutions of the recombinant plasmids containing known concentrations of CPV and CDV. The initial template nucleic acid concentration and Ct value showed a good linear relationship for each virus, and the correlation coefficient (R2) for both CPV and CDV was 0.999.

Specificity of Real-time PCR/RT-PCR

Nucleic acids from CDV, CAV-1, CAV-2, CPIV, RABV and CPV standard plasmids were tested by real-time PCR using CPV-F and CPV-R primers. As expected, only CPV plasmid standards were amplified successfully. To test the specificity of the CDV primers, nucleic acids from CPV, CAV-1, CAV-2, CPIV, RABV virus culture medium and the CDV plasmid standard were checked by real-time PCR/RT-PCR. The result showed that only the CDV plasmid standard was successfully amplified. Non-CDV nucleic acids, including CPV, CAV-1, CAV-2, CPIV and RABV were not amplified (Supplementary Fig. S2).

Sensitivity of real-time PCR/RT-PCR

CPV and CDV plasmids were serially diluted ten times. Our results showed that the real-time PCR detected the CPV template with a dilution equal to 108, and the minimum detectable copy number was 7.44×101 copies·μL-1. The CDV template was detectable with a dilution factor of 107, and with a minimum detectable copy number of 4.20×101 (Fig. 2). Conventional PCR detected a minimum of 7.44×103 copies of the CPV standard, and ordinary reverse transcriptase PCR detected a minimum of 4.20×104 copies of the CDV standard (Supplementary Fig. S3).

Repeatability of real-time PCR/RT-PCR

Three different concentrations of CPV (7.44×107 copies·μL-1, 7.44×105 copies·μL-1, 7.44×103 copies·μL-1) and CDV (4.2×106 copies·μL-1, 4.2×104 copies·μL-1, 4.2×102 copies·μL-1) plasmids were amplified by real-time PCR/RT-PCR in triplicate. The intra-batch coefficient variant (CV) for CPV was 0.09% to 1.3%, and the inter-batch CV was 0.57% to 0.94%. The intra-batch CV for CDV was 0.62% to 1.11%, while the inter-batch CV was 0.45% to 1.02% (Supplementary Table I). These results confirm the reproducibility of the new Real-time (RT)-PCR assay.

Sensitivities of the DARPM and real-time PCR assays

The sensitivities of DARPM and real-time PCR were evaluated. 2μL nucleic acids were detected by real-time PCR, and a 2μL cultured virus supernatant was used for DARPM detection. The concentrations of CPV nucleic acid and the CPV virus culture supernatant were 1.39×109 copies·μL-1 and 7.11×109 copies·μL-1, respectively. Comparing these results with the standard curve, the minimum detection dilution ratios of the CPV nucleic acids and virus culture supernatant were 108 each (Fig. 3). The minimum DNA concentration detected by real-time PCR amounted to 1.53×101 copies·μL-1, while the minimum detectable amount using DARPM with the virus culture supernatant was 6.70×101.

The concentrations of the CDV nucleic acids and the CDV virus culture supernatant were 6.23×108 copies·μL-1 and 2.28×106 copies·μL-1, respectively. Comparing these values with the standard curves, the minimum detection dilution ratios of the CDV nucleic acids and virus culture supernatants were 107 and 105, respectively (Fig. 4). The minimum detectable cDNA and virus culture supernatant values were 9.56×101 copies/μL-1 and 7.77×101 copies/μL-1, respectively.

Clinical test samples

Samples (209 in total; 112 feces samples from suspected CPV and 97 urine samples from suspected CDV infections) were tested using rapid colloidal gold test strips, conventional PCR/RT-PCR, real-time PCR/RT-PCR and DARPM. Nucleic acids from the CPV samples were detected by conventional PCR and real-time PCR. Rapid colloidal gold test strips and DARPM were used to detect CPV in viral supernatants, without nucleic acid extraction. The test results for CPV and CDV samples are shown in Supplementary Tables I and II.

 

 

 

Table II.- Comparison of CPV and CDV detection methods (colloidal gold strip, conventional PCR/RT-PCR, real-time PCR/RT-PCR and DARPM) in clinical samples.

		DARPM	Positive	Negative	Total
CPV
	Colloidal gold strip	Positive	49	0	49
		Negative	29	34	63
		Total	78	34	112
	Ordinary PCR	Positive	64	0	64
		Negative	14	34	38
		Total	78	34	112
	Real-time PCR	Positive	78	0	78
		Negative	0	34	34
		Total	78	34	112
CDV
	Colloidal gold strip	Positive	31	0	31
		Negative	29	37	66
		Total	60	37	97
	Ordinary RT-PCR	Positive	43	0	43
		Negative	17	37	54
		Total	60	37	97
	Real-time RT-PCR	Positive	60	0	60
		Negative	0	37	37
		Total	60	37	97

 

The real-time PCR results (Table II) showed that 78/112 samples were CPV-positive (Ct values, 20.19 to 35.83), and the detection limits for the nucleic acids were 2.21×102 to 2.62×107 copies·μL-1. Positive results for the colloidal gold detection strip, PCR, real-time PCR and DARPM were 49/112, 64/112, 78/112 and 78/112, respectively. The real-time RT-PCR detection results (Table II) showed that 60/97 samples were positive for CDV (Ct, 25.75 to 35.64), with the copy numbers of the nucleic acids detected being 9.30×101 to 3.12×107 copies·μL-1. The colloidal gold detection strip, RT-PCR, real-time RT-PCR and DARPM results showed that 31/97, 43/97, 60/97 and 60/97samples were positive, respectively. Real-time (RT-) PCR and DARPM had higher positivity rates for the samples suspected of harboring CPV and CDV. Sequencing results also confirmed that DARPM positive results are accurate.

To evaluate the reliability of DARPM for clinical CPV and CDV detection, its performance was compared with colloidal gold detection, PCR/RT-PCR and real-time PCR/RT-PCR. Of the 112 suspected CPV infection samples, 49 were positive by colloidal gold, 64 were positive by PCR and 78 were positive by real-time PCR and DARPM. Among the 63 samples that were colloidal gold-negative, only 48 were PCR-negative. Only 34 of the 63 negative samples were negative by DARPM. The same numbers of positive and negative samples were obtained by DARPM and real-time PCR for the 112 suspected CPV samples. These findings show that colloidal gold and standard PCR methods readily generate false-negative results. Among the 97 suspected CDV samples, all 31 colloidal gold-positive samples were positive by DARPM. The 43 RT-PCR-positive samples were also positive by DARPM. The positive detection results for real-time RT-PCR and DARPM match perfectly with the 97 suspected CDV infection samples, 60 samples were detected positive by both methods. Among the 66 samples that were colloidal gold-negative, 54 were negative by RT-PCR, but only 37 were negative by DARPM. Therefore, 37 samples were negative by DARPM and real-time RT-PCR. In summary, of the 112 CPV and 97 CDV samples suspected of harboring such viruses, DARPM and real-time PCR/RT-PCR had higher detection rates (69.64% for CPV and 61.86% for CDV) than the rapid colloidal gold test strip and conventional PCR/RT-PCR.

 

Discussion

CPV and CDV cause high mortality diseases in dogs. Currently, PCR/RT-PCR and the colloidal gold rapid detection kit are the preferred methods for CPV and CDV detection in China. However, traditional PCR/RT-PCR requires multiple steps and has poor species specificity (Wilson 1997; Dildar et al., 2018); while colloidal gold rapid detection can easily generate false results (Uwatoko et al., 1995). Real-time PCR/RT-PCR is an attractive alternative to conventional PCR/RT-PCR for determining viral loads and has low inter- and intra-assay variability (Mackay et al., 2002). The analytical sensitivity of real-time PCR/RT-PCR is higher than that of traditional virus culture, immunofluorescence, conventional single-round PCR/RT-PCR and nested PCR/RT-PCR. TaqMan real-time PCR/RT-PCR has been widely used to detect virus infections, such as canine coronavirus (Francino et al., 2006), feline parvoviruses (Streck et al., 2013), CPV and CDV (Decaro et al., 2005; Wilkes et al., 2014).

In recent years, TaqMan real-time PCR/RT-PCR has demonstrated its abilities for detecting viruses without prior nucleic acid extraction from clinical samples, making it a rapid and straightforward method to use. Nakamichi et al. (2011) used a real-time PCR assay to detect the John Cunningham polyomavirus without nucleic acid extraction. Nie et al. (2012) used a direct reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification method without RNA extraction to detect human enterovirus. Vuong et al. (2016) used TaqMan real-time PCR without nucleic acid extraction to detect bacterial meningitis pathogens. These three studies all show that using real-time PCR/RT-PCR to detect pathogens without prior nucleic acid extraction of the sample is feasible for clinical samples.

In common with previous studies that have sought to avoid nucleic acid extraction of samples, the DARPM assay we developed to detect CPV and CDV infection in dogs requires no nuclear acid extraction step. Our study has shown that real-time (RT-)PCR had high sensitivity, specificity and repeatability. The sensitivity between DARPM and real-time (RT)-PCR using virus culture supernatant and nucleic acids to detect CPV or CDV revealed the minimum detectable CPV DNA number to be 1.53×101 copies·μL-1 and virus culture supernatant minimum detectable amount was 6.70×101 copies·μL-1, the minimum detectable CDV cDNA amount and virus culture supernatant minimum detectable amount were 9.56×101 copies·μL-1 and 7.77×101 copies·μL-1, respectively. In our study, we found that DARPM had good detection limit when compared with others studies using nucleic acid extraction method to detect CDV and CPV. In previous studies, Streck et al. (2013) established an updated TaqMan real-time PCR for CPV diagnose, the detection limitation was 1×101 copies of the viral genome per μL after nucleic acid extraction. Elia et al. (2006) established a real-time RT-PCR method to detect CDV and the detection limitation was up to1×102 copies per μL after nucleic acid extraction. These results suggest that the DARPM is feasible method for quantification of CPV and CDV genome. The minimum detectable amount of CDV and CPV by DARPM and real-time PCR/RT-PCR are both < 1×102 copies·μL-1.

We further used DARPM and three common methods to investigate whether 112 clinical samples harbored CPV and 97 harbored CDV. Our results showed DARPM had a higher positive detection rate for CPV (78/112, 69.64%) and CDV (60/97, 61.86%) than colloidal gold (49/112 and 31/97, 43.75% and 31.96%) and (RT-) PCR (64/112 and 43/97, 57.14% and 44.32%). DARPM and real-time (RT-) PCR had the same detection rates, sensitivities and accuracies. These results indicated that DARPM can be directly used in clinical detection for CPV and CDV. This is the first study to use sample supernatants directly without extracting nucleic acids to detect CDV and CPV by TaqMan real-time PCR/RT-PCR.

 

Conclusion

In conclusion, we developed and evaluated DARPM as a method to detect CDV and CPV pathogens in clinical samples directly without the need for nucleic acid extraction. DARPM showed a consistent 100% positivity rate with ordinary PCR and colloidal gold rapid detection, and the coincidence rate for DARPM and the nucleic acid method was 100%. Sensitivity and specificity tests showed the newly established method could potentially be used for testing clinical samples suspected to contain CDV and CPV. Because the detection process does not need to use extracted nucleic acid from samples, it is will be easy to employ as a clinical diagnostic method.

 

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31272620), the Key Project of the Education Department in Sichuan, China (13ZA0263) and the Chengdu Giant Panda Breeding Research Foundation (CPF2015-4).

 

Supplementary material

There is supplementary material associated with this article. Access the material online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/2019.51.5.1843.1852

 

Statement of conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

 

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