Cloning, Expression and Molecular Characterization of Glutathione Transferase P1-1 Gene from the Camel, Camelus dromedarius

Farid S. Ataya,1,2,* Dalia Fouad,3,4 Ajamaluddin Malik,1 Nikolaos E. Labrou,5 Mohamed S. Daoud1,6 and Hesham M. Saeed7

1Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia

2Molecular Biology Department, Genetic Engineering Division, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St. (former El-Tahrir St.), P.O. 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt

3Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. 22452, Riyadh 11459, Saudi Arabia

4Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Ein Helwan, Cairo, Egypt

5Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, GR-11855-Athens, Greece

6King Fahd Unit Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Kasr Al-Ainy University Hospital, Cairo University, El-Manial, Cairo 11562, Egypt

7Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt

ABSTRACT

In this study, we report the cloning, expression and characterization of the glutathione transferase isoenzyme P1-1 gene from Camelus dromedarius (CdGSTP1-1). The coding sequence was cloned using RT-PCR. Sequence analysis demonstrated significant differences between amino acid sequence of C. dromedarius and other mammalian GSTP1-1 enzymes. Phylogenetic relationship was studied with different organisms belonging to animal kingdom and revealed that CdGSTP1-1 is grouped with the enzyme from S. scrofa. The 3D homology model of CdGSTP1-1 showed similar fold and topology with the porcine GSTpi enzyme. Gene expression analysis in five camel tissues was examined employing real-time PCR. The highest level of transcripts was found in the camel testis, followed by liver, spleen, kidney and lung. CdGSTP1-1 was heterologously expressed in Eschericia coli BL21(DE3) as a ~24 kDa soluble protein and showed to be catalyticly active towards the model substrate 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. The results of the present study provide new information into camelid evolution and give further insights into the diversity and complex enzymatic functions of GST superfamily.

Article Information

Received 15 December 2016

Revised 01 March 2017

Accepted 06 April 2017

Available online 06 December 2017

Authors’ Contribution

FSA, FD, HMS and AM performed the experiments. MD canalyzed the data. FSA wrote the manuscript while

NEL revises and edited it.

Key words

One-humped camel, GST-pi, Gene expression, Molecular modelling, Cloning, Phylogenetic analysis.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/2017.49.6.2279.2289

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

0030-9923/2017/0006-2279 $ 9.00/0

Introduction

Living cells are exposed to many intrinsic and extrinsic genotoxic factors like xenobiotics and reactive oxygen species (ROS). They have evolved specific detoxification mechanism through the action of enzymes responsible for the inactivation of such toxic compounds. The detoxification process involves both activation (phase I) and detoxification (phase II) reactions. Among phase II enzymes, glutathione transferases (GSTs; EC 2.5.1.18) form a large multifunctional family. They are classified into three main groups, soluble cytosolic GSTs (cGST), mitochondrial GSTs (mGST) and membrane-bound microsomal GSTs (MGSTs) (Hayes et al., 2005; Zimniak and Singh, 2006). In mammals, cGSTs are classified into seven distinct classes termed: alpha (GSTA), mu (GSTM), omega (GSTO), pi (GSTP), sigma (GSTS), theta (GSTT) and zeta (GSTZ). They catalyse the conjugation of the reduced glutathione (GSH; γ-Glu–Cys–Gly), via its -SH group, to a wide variety of electrophilic substrates (Zimniak, 2006; Allocati et al., 2009) converting them to less toxic and more water-soluble compounds readily excretable from the cell (Hayes and Pulford, 1995; Eaton and Bammler, 1999).

In mammals, GSTP1-1 is an important enzyme that exhibits many different biological functions and roles (Sánchez-Gómez et al., 2010; Wu et al., 2006; Townsend et al., 2009; Federici et al., 2009; Manevich et al., 2004; Sun et al., 2010). Although the detoxification reactions of GSTP1-1 have been the main research focus over the last years, now it has become apparent that GSTP1-1 plays diverse functional roles in cell survival, cell death and stress signalling mechanisms. For example, human GSTP1-1 is involved in the regulation of stress signalling pathways (Sánchez-Gómez et al., 2010; Wu et al., 2006) and the glutathionylation of cellular proteins (Townsend et al., 2009). In particular, through protein-protein interactions, human GSTP1-1 can sequester and inhibit the apoptotic c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) (Federici et al., 2009). It is well established that S-glutathionylation regulates the catalytic activity and biological function of a number of proteins. In addition, it is able to form complexes with other proteins that participate in redox regulation (Manevich et al., 2004). Moreover, human GSTP1-1 exhibits protective role mainly against the cytotoxic effects of some electrophilic agents, and their metabolites (Sun et al., 2010).

The domesticated Arabian camel is the most important animal in the Arabian Peninsula where Saudi camels comprise 16% of the animal biomass (Al-Swailem et al., 2010), as it represents the main source of meat, and has high cultural and economic value. Therefore, functional genomics of camelid genes that are involved in antioxidant and detoxification mechanisms and contribute to the animal stress response and adaptation is both of academic interest and practical importance.

In the present work, we describe the cloning and heterologous expression in Eschericia coli BL21 (DE3) of the enzyme CdGSTP1-1 from Camelus dromedarius. In addition, its gene expression analysis in five camel tissues was examined employing real-time PCR. Phylogenetic analysis and homology modelling were also carried out aiming at shining light towards the structural and catalytic features of CdGSTP1-1. This work is one in a series of research studies aimed at identifying and characterizing specific camelid genes (Ataya et al., 2012, 2014; Wang et al., 2012; Saeed et al., 2014, 2015) that may help to a better understanding of how the camel is adapted to live in harsh desert conditions.

Materials and Methods

Tissues, strains and growth conditions

Tissues (testis, liver, spleen, kidney and lung) from three adult male camels were obtained from the Southern Riyadh Main Slaughterhouse, immediately after slaughtering, and submerged in RNAlater solution (Qiagen, France) to avoid RNA degradation. E. coli strains [JM109 and BL21 (DE3)] were used for cloning and expression of recombinant CdGST-P1 in Luria-Bertani (LB) medium supplemented with either 100 μg/ml ampicillin or 25 μg/mL kanamycin, respectively depending on the vector used.

RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis and molecular cloning

Fifty mg of liver, kidney, spleen, lung or testis tissue were used to extract the total RNA using the E.Z.N.A. kit (Omega Bio-Tek, Norcross, GA, USA), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The integrity of extracted RNA was assessed via electrophoresis on formaldehyde agarose gel (1%) and spectrophotometrically quantified at 260 nm using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (NanoDrop, Thermo Scientific, Wilmington, DE, USA). Two µg of total RNA was reverse transcribed to produce single-stranded cDNA using the ImProm-II Reverse Transcription System (Promega, Madison, WI, USA), as recommended by the manufacturer.

A gradient temperature PCR was performed (50 to 60°C) using a reaction mixture composed of 25 µL of GoTaq® Green Master Mix (Promega), 5 µL of cDNA, 3 µL of each forward (GSTpF) and reverse primer (GSTpR) (30 pmol) and nuclease-free water to a final volume of 50 µL. The amplification was done by denaturating the cDNA template at 95°C for 2 min, followed by 35 cycles of 94°C for 30 s, 50–60°C for 45 s and 72°C for 60 s, with a final extension at 72°C for 5 min. The obtained PCR products were electrophoretically separated on 1.2% agarose gels, excised from the gels, purified using a gel extraction kit (Qiagen) and ligated into the pGEM-T-Easy vector (Promega) according to the instructions recommended by the manufacturer. Then, the ligation mixture was used to transform competent E. coli JM109 cells that was used to inoculate LB agar containing isopropyl 1-thio-β-galactopyranoside (IPTG), X-gal and ampicillin, according to Sambrook et al. (1989).

Oligonucleotide design

A series of oligonucleotide primers were designed from highly conserved regions of GSTP1 genes identified in the GenBank database and from the available EST of camel genome project database (http:/camel.kacst.edu.sa/). The entire coding region was amplified using a primer pair: GSTpF, 5’-GGATCCATGCCGCCCTACAC-3’ and GSTpR, 5’- CTCGAGAAGCCCTCACTGC-3’. Two other primers were designed to determine gene expression levels via qPCR: qPCRF, 5’- GGACGGAGACCTCACCCTGTA -3’

and qPCRR, 5’- TCCTTGCCTGCCTCATAGTTGG-3’.

Gene expression study using qPCR

The expression of CdGSTP1 transcripts was quantified via qPCR in a 7500 Fast real-time PCR system (Applied Biosystems, Alameda, CA, USA) with the fluorescent dye SYBR Green. The reaction mixture included cDNA from camel liver, kidney, spleen, lung or testis, 5 pmol of each primer (qPCRF and qPCRR) and 10 μL of Fast-SYBR Green qPCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems) in a final 20-μL. The qPCR reaction was started by initial denaturation at 95°C for 3 min and amplification for 40 cycles of serial heating at 95°C for 3 s and 60°C for 30 s.

DNA sequencing, alignment and phylogenetic study

The cloned CdGSTP1 in pGEM-T-Easy vector was sequenced at KFSHRC, Riyadh, KSA, using a 3730XL DNA Analyzer (Applied Biosystems) using the universal T7 and SP6 primers. The sequences were analysed using the Seqman program, version 5.07 (2003) and the deduced amino acid sequence was predicted with the program PROTEAN, version 5.07 (2003). The deduced sequence was compared with the existing sequences in the NCBI Protein Database, then used as a template to identify homologous mammalian sequences through PSI-BLAST. Sequences from different mammals were aligned with the ClustalW program using the MAFFT Multiple Sequence Alignment, version 6.864 (2001), colour coded according to identity using Jalview features version 2.3 (2011) and the phylogenetic tree was constructed using BLOSUM62 in the same program package.

Biocomputing analysis

An in silico homology modeling of CdGSTP1 (ref or Accession No. ADJ57597) were predicted using Swiss model server (de Beer et al., 2014). The homology modeling was done using as template the 2.1Å crystal structure of porcine pi class GST (PDB id 2GSR). The CdGSTP1-1 3D structure was analyzed using PyMOL software (Biasini et al., 2014) (Delano Scientific). The secondary structure topology was generated using online PDBsum pictorial database. The superimposition of camel and porcine GSTP structure and G-site binding residues were analyzed by PyMOL Program (2006). The quality assessment of modeled CdGSTP1-1 3D structure was done using online Protein Structure Validation Suite (PSVS).

CdGSTP1-1 expression in E. coli BL21 (DE3), assay and electrophoretic separation

The coding region corresponding to CdGSTP1-1 was cloned in the expression vector pET30a(+) (Novagen, Inc. Madison, USA) between BamHI and XhoI restriction sites under the control of T7 promotor and kanamycin resistance gene for selection. The recombinant plasmid was used to transform E. coli BL-21 (DE3) and the protein is induced for 4 h at 37°C by the addition of 1 mM IPTG to the cultured cells when its absorbance was about 0.6 at 600 nm wavelength. Cells were collected by centrifugation at 5,000 g for 5 min, resuspended in 1.5 ml of 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 8.0, containing 300mM NaCl and lysed by sonocation. The GST activity and protein concentration in the soluble fraction were assayed according to Habig et al., (1974) and Bradford (1976), respectively, and the expression of the recombinant protein was detected electrophoretically under denaturing conditions using Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) according to Laemmli (1970).

Results and discussion

cDNA cloning and bioinformatics analysis

The camel’s CdGSTP1-1 full coding sequence was obtained via RT-PCR at an annealing temperature of 54°C using specific primer pair (GSTpF/ GSTpR). The PCR amplicon showed a single band of the expected size after separation by electrophoresis on a 1.2% agarose gel (Fig. 1A). The purified band was cloned into the pGEM-T Easy vector and sequenced. Sequence analysis confirmed that CdGSTP1-1 ORF consists of 627 bp, corresponding to 208 residues (Fig. 2). The nucleotide and amino acid sequences were submitted to NCBI GenBank (accession number HM132060 and ADJ57597, respectively). The theoretical molecular weight of the polypeptide is 23.3 kDa and the isoelectric point is 6.74.

The predicted aminoacid sequence was used to in silico screen orthologues from different organisms (Fig. 3, Table I). CdGSTP1-1 showed high identity with mammals and lower with reptiles, birds, fish and mollusks. The highest identity was found with other pi class GSTs from: dog, Canis lupus familiaris (92%); horse, Equus caballus; (91%); porcine, Sus scrofa (90%); cattle, Bos taurus (88%); and human, Homo sapiens (86%). Less identities was found with reptiles, fish, amphibians, worms, and mollusks; lizard; Anolis carolinensis (67%), zebra fish Danio rerio (61%), frog; annelid; Helobdella robusta (51%), mollusk; Aplysia californica (50%), and mussel; Mytilus galloprovincialis (49%). Surprisingly, camel and porcine GSTs lost two important aminoacids during evolution (K41, E41 or Q41 and G42) that are present in all other organisms (Fig. 3). Other noteworthy difference is that CdGSTP1-1 from the Arabian camel C. dromedarius differs from the two humped camel C. ferus GST-Pi, as the later has 42 aminoacid insertion at the N-terminal.

Analysis of the aminoacid sequence of CdGSTP1-1 reveals the presence conserved motifs that are characteristics in GST classes. For example, the SNAIL motif (Pemble et al., 1996) in the N-terminal domain, that form part of the GSH binding site, is located at position 64-68 (CdGSTP1-1 numbering, Fig. 2). The C-terminal domain of cytosolic GSTs contains a conserved N-capping box motif (Ser/Thr-Xaa-Xaa-Asp) at the beginning of Η6 helix that forms a hydrogen bond interaction of the hydroxyl group of Ser/Thr with Asp (Aceto et al., 1997; Cocco et al., 2001). CdGSTP1-1 possesses an N-capping box motif (Ser-Phe-Ala-Asp) that is found between amino acids 148-151 (Fig. 2 and 3). This motif is conserved among all pi class GSTs and it is involved in the Η6-helix formation, playing a crucial structural and functional roles on GST folding.

The main interaction that provides the driving force for GSTs dimerization is the hydrophobic ‘lock-and-key’ motif (Hegazy et al., 2004). This ‘lock-and-key’ motif affect significant role the catalytic activity and structural stability. In this motif, the ‘key’ is an aromatic residue (Tyr48, Figure 2 and 3 in one monomer and the ‘lock’ is a cluster of hydrophobic residues from the other interacting subunit (Hegazy et al., 2004)). This motif is conserved in CdGSTP1-1.

In order to examine the genetic relationship between this enzyme and other GSTs from pi classes, a phylogenetic analysis was achieved. The phylogenetic relationship between CdGSTP1-1 and the deduced aminoacid sequence from 17 different animal species is shown in Figure 4. The analysis showed that CdGSTP1-1 apparently evolved from an ancestral GST-Pi gene that predated the appearance of vertebrates, and it grouped with pig, cattle, dog, horse, human and monkey enzymes.

Expression analysis of CdGSTP1-1 in camel tissues

Expression analysis of stress-related and detoxifying enzymes, such as GSTs, within tissues allow for better understanding and predictions of potential sites of toxicity and metabolism in response to exposure to particular stress and/or environmental pollutants (Mitchell et al., 1997). Therefore, the expression of CdGSTP1-1 in five camel tissues (testis, liver, spleen, kidney and lung) was examined employing real-time PCR (Fig. 5). The constitutive levels of expression of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzyme in a tissue determine its ability to detoxify xenobiotic compounds and endogenous metabolic stress. The highest level of CdGSTP1-1 transcripts was found in the camel testis followed by the liver and spleen. The mean expression level of CdGSTP1-1 in testis was about 1.9-fold higher than in liver and more than 6-fold higher than that in spleen. In the other two tissues (kidney and lung), CdGSTP1-1 expression was also observed but at significant lower level (Fig. 5).

Table I.- Sequences that were employed in phylogenetic analysis.

Organism	NCBI accession No.	Amino acid residues	Total score	Identity (%)	Positive (%)	e- value
Camelus dromedarius	---	208	---	100	100	00
Canis lupus familiaris	NP_001239096	210	394	92	93	6e-137
Equus caballus	XP_001498156	210	389	91	93	2e-135
Bos taurus	NP_803482	210	384	88	94	5e-133
Camelus ferus	EPY87515	250	428	99	100	7e-150
Pongo abilli	NP_001127471	210	376	86	93	3e-130
Macaca mullata	NP_001036141	210	376	86	92	6e-130
Mus musculus	NP_038569	210	379	88	93	3e-131
Homo sapiens	NP_000843	210	374	86	92	2e-129
Anolis carolinensis	XP_003215129	211	290	67	77	3e-96
Cyprinus carpio	ABD67510	208	277	62	77	4e-91
Danio rerio	NP_571809	208	273	61	77	1e-89
Bufo bufo	AAN04480	197	259	65	77	2e-84
Xenopus laevis	NP_001082252	212	223	53	66	7e-70
Salmo salar	ACI70112	208	258	59	75	8e-84
Helobdella robusta	ESO09543	207	207	51	66	1e-63
Aplysia californica	XP_005099401	217	196	50	65	2e-59
Mytilus galloprovincialis	AAM91994	206	194	49	65	9e-59

Gupta et al. (1990) studied the expression of the alpha, mu, and pi classes GSTs in mouse brain, heart, kidney, spleen, liver, and muscle. In agreement with the results of the present study they found that GST isoforms were variably expressed in different mouse tissues, suggesting that their expression was tissue specific. In mice, the pi class GST was found to be expressed in various organs. In this case, the tissue with the higher expression was liver. The expression profiles described by Coles et al. (2002) in humans have some similarities as well as differences from that found in mice and in the present study.

Expression of CdGSTP1-1 in E. coli

The coding sequence of CdGSTP1-1 was cloned and expressed as a soluble protein in E. coli BL21 (DE3) under T7 promotor of pET-30a(+) vector. GST activity was assayed in the soluble fraction. Considerable activity was detected using 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) (4.3 unit/mg protein). A dense recombinant protein band was detected using SDS-PAGE and the density of the band increased with induction time following induction by 1mM IPTG at 37C (Fig. 1B).

Molecular modeling

To understand the structural and catalytic properties of CdGSTP1-1, the enzyme sequence was subjected to structure prediction using homology modeling. The model was built using as template the available porcine GST pi (90% sequence identity, PDB ID 2GSR, 2.1Å resolution). As expected, the overall fold is similar to that of GSTs and exhibits the usual alpha helical rich dimeric protein (Fig. 6). Each subunit consists of two domains; the smaller, thioredoxin-like, N-terminal domain (1-74 residues) is composed of 4 beta-sheets and 4 alpha helices and the C-terminal domain that consists of seven alpha helices.

The GSH binding region, known as G-site, is located on each subunit (Fig. 7). The N-terminal domain of each subunit provides major framework support for each G-site region (Reinemer et al., 1991; Dirr et al., 1994). The interactions at the G-site appear to be conserved. Glutathione sulfonate at the G-site adopts an extended conformation with its γ-L Glu moiety near the subunit interface. The sulphonyl moiety of glutathione sulfonate positioned towards the C-terminal domain of the same subunit and the Gly moiety of the glutathione sulfonate located above third beta sheet (β3) (Fig. 7). Residues of G-site involved in GSH binding are superimposed very well in CdGSTP1-1 and porcine GST pi, except Lys42 (Fig. 7C). The γ-L glutamyl moiety of glutathione sulfonate docks into polar pocket formed by four side chains (Arg13, Gln 49, Gln62 and Ser63). In the porcine GSTpi, glutathione sulfonate makes 15 polar contact and four water mediated contacts at the G-site (Dirr et al., 1994). The hydroxyl group of Tyr7 makes hydrogen bonds with the sulphonyl group of the inhibitor. Tyr7 is the catalytic residue that plays major role in the catalytic mechanism (Kong et al., 1992; Dirr et al., 1994; Karshikoff et al., 1993). Electrostatic potential analysis indicate that the G-site is positive due to the presence of positive charged residues and the partial positive charge associated with the N-terminus of H1. This positive electrostatic field in the G-site is characteristic of all GSTs and has been suggested to promote GSH binding and -SH ionisation (Axarli et al., 2009). The gross conformation and key residues involved in the interaction between glutathione sulfonate and GST pi are very similar to the 3D structure of the mu class GST complexed with reduced glutathione (Ji et al., 1992) and also to the alpha class GST bound with S-benzyl-glutathione (Sinning et al., 1993).

Conclusion

In conclusion, in the present work we report the cloning, gene expression analysis and structural characterization of CdGSTP1-1 using homology modeling. Gene expression analysis showed differential expression in different tissue types suggesting a differential role and regulation of CdGSTP1-1 in camel tissues. Molecular modeling studies of CdGSTP1-1 showed similar overall fold and domain organization, however major variations were identified in C-terminal helix that may affect xenobiotic substrate recognition and catalytic mechanism. The results advance our understanding of camelid detoxification enzymatic system and provide new information on evolution of the humped camels.

Acknowledgements

The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University for funding this work through research group project number RGP-VPP-173.

Statement of conflict of interest

Authors have declared no conflict of interest.

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