Submit or Track your Manuscript LOG-IN
Latest Blogs: https://researcherslinks.com/en/kahoot-login/ https://researcherslinks.com/en/blooket-login/ https://researcherslinks.com/en/comcast-login/ https://researcherslinks.com/en/gimkit-login/

Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences

AAVS_Nexus 642

 

 

Research Article

 

Relationship between Dietary Energy Level, Silage Butyric Acid and Body Condition Score with Subclinical Ketosis Incidence in Dairy Cows

 

Abdollah Samiei1, 2, Juan Boo Liang3*, Gholam Reza Ghorbani4, Hiroyuki Hirooka5, Saeid Ansari-Mahyari4, Hassan Sadri6, 7, Vincenzo Tufarelli8*

1Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Malaysia; 2Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Golestan Province, Iran; 3Laboratory of Animal Production, Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Purta Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Malaysia; 4Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran; 5Departement of Animal Husbandry Resources, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku Kyoto, Japan; 6Institute of Animal Science, Physiology and Hygiene Unit, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany; 7Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran; 8Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section of Veterinary Science and Animal Production, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.

 

Abstract | Subclinical ketosis is one of the most prevalent metabolic disorders that usually occurs in cows during the first weeks of lactation. This study investigated the relationship between energy level, body condition score and silage butyric acid with incidence of subclinical ketosis (SCK) in dairy cows during the first month of postpartum. Fifty healthy pregnant Holstein cows from 10 commercial dairy farms were studied. Whole blood β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) concentration equal or more than 1,400 µmol/L, at least in two successive blood samplings was considered as SCK. The mean plasma β-hydroxybutyrate concentration of SCK cows was 1,932 µmol/L whereas that for the healthy cows was 770 µmol/L. Diet nutrient was significantly affected by the farms studied. Crude protein, net energy for lactation, and non-fiber carbohydrates contents of the diets were lower, whereas that of neutral detergent fiber was higher than those recommended for lactating cows. The effect of farm on pH, lactic acid, propionic acid and lactic acid to acetic acid ratio of corn silage was significant. Effect of net energy for lactation was significant on SCK incidence. The incidence of SCK was not affected by body condition score, butyric silage, crude protein and non-fiber carbohydrates of the diets. Results show that the best way to prevent or minimize the incidence of SCK in dairy farms under commercial farming conditions as that of the present study would be to provide sufficient dietary energy to meet the needs of the cows, especially during the first month of postpartum when the SCK prevalence is normally high.

 

Keywords | Body condition score, Butyrate, Cow, Dietary energy, Suclinical ketosis

 

Editor | Kuldeep Dhama, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Received | May 20, 2015; Revised | May 23, 2015; Accepted | May 24, 2015; Published | May 25, 2015

*Correspondence | Juan Boo Liang, Universiti Purta Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia; Email: jbliang@upm.edu.my;

Vincenzo Tufarelli, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Valenzano, Bari, Italy; Email: vincenzo.tufarelli@uniba.it

Citation | Samiei A, Liang JB, Ghorbani GR, Hirooka H, Ansari-Mahyari S, Sadri H, Tufarelli V (2015). Relationship between dietary energy level, silage butyric acid and body condition score with subclinical ketosis incidence in dairy cows. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 3(6): 354-361.

DOI | http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.aavs/2015/3.6.354.361

ISSN (Online) | 2307-8316; ISSN (Print) | 2309-3331

Copyright © 2015 Samiei et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

 

INTRODUCTION

 

Generally, high producing dairy cows are challenged postpartum with large metabolic demands caused by the sudden increase in energy requirements due to the start of the lactation, which cannot be met by feed intake alone. It has been reported that the requirements for glucose and metabolizable energy increased two- to three-fold from 21 d before to 21 d after parturition (Drackley, 2001). As a result, during early postpartum, high producing cows, experience a negative energy balance (NEB) because of low energy intake relative to energy required for maintenance and milk production. In addition, because milk yield has been increased substantially in dairy breeds through improved nutrition, management, and genetic selection, an exacerbation of NEB is very likely to take place during this period (Nocek, 1997). Cows mobilize body fat to compensate for this energy deficit. The extensive body fat mobilization and high energy demands predispose them to fatty liver and ketosis because of an inability to dispose of fatty acids via β-oxidation or the limited capacity to export triacylglycerides (TAG) in the form of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) from liver (Bell, 1995). Ketosis is associated with an increased incidence of transition cow diseases, and reduced productive and reproductive performance (McLaren et al., 2006; Ospina et al., 2010; Chapinal et al., 2012; Dubuc et al., 2012).

 

On the other hand, excess body condition during close-up (4 weeks before calving) increases losses in body weight (BW) and body condition during lactation and decreases dry matter intake (DMI) and milk production (Treacher et al., 1986). In addition, obesity at calving contributes to the development of metabolic diseases such as fat cow syndrome, mastitis, and fatty liver. Excess body condition score (BCS) prior to calving is an important risk factor for subsequent development of subclinical ketosis (SCK) during lactation (Duffield et al., 1999). Gillund et al. (2001) reported that cows with BCS ≥ 4.0 were at the highest risk, and had the highest β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) concentrations in plasma as compared to healthy and underweight cows prior to calving. In other word, the ketotic cows had higher BCS at calving and during the first weeks postpartum than the healthy cows, and significantly lost more body condition score over a prolonged period of time compared to the non-diseased cows (Gillund et al., 2001). Recently, Akbar et al. (2015) reported that cows with high BCS at calving had greater concentrations of BHBA and hepatic expression of genes related to ketogenesis postpartum compared to cows with low BCS at calving.

 

Some herds have persistent ketosis problems caused by feeding ketogenic silages (Tveit et al., 1992). Hay crop silages chopped too wet (insufficient wilting time or direct-cut silages) or those low in water-soluble carbohydrates favour the growth of Clostridium sp. bacteria. Clostridium sp. bacteria convert sugars or lactic acid to butyric acid. Butyric acid concentrations of more than 0.1% of DM in corn silage could result in its loss of DM and energy (51% and 18%, respectively) (Muck, 2006). Oetzel (2007) reviewed the risk factors causing ketosis including silage butyric acid and suggested that daily doses of over 50 to 100 g of butyric acid can result in ketosis, and doses over 200 g of butyric acid may induce severe ketosis. He also concluded that about 450 to 950 g of butyric acid constantly induced severe ketosis in nearly any early lactation cows.

 

Butyric silage risk increased in areas with high rainfall because high moisture promotes the growth of clostridium bacteria in silage. In the previous study (Samiei et al., 2013), we investigated prevalence of ketosis among 1,002 Iranian Holstein cows from days 5 to 50 post calving in various parity and lactation stages in 13 regions of Iran. The results showed that prevalence of ketosis was higher in Golestan province, Shahrekord and Sari than the other regions. Golestan province is located near the Caspian Sea with high rainfall (between 560 to 680 mm) and thus the high incidence of keosis reported previously (Samiei et al., 2013) in this province may be because cows are exposed to high incidence of butyric silage feeding, and to the poor nutritional management of the local farmers.

 

Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between energy level, BCS and butyric silage with SCK in dairy cows during the first month after calving in selected farms in the Golestan Province, Iran.

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS

 

Experimental Design

Fifty healthy pregnant Iranian Holstein cows were selected from 10 commercial dairy farms (average herd size was about 100 cows/farm) in Golestan province of Iran (Table 1). The cows were selected based on the computer database and the advice of the veterinarians of the respective farms. The following criteria were taken into consideration for the selection of the cows: (i) health status (including free of laminitis, milk fever, acidosis and fatty liver), (ii) cows between third and sixth parities, (iii) milk yield of above the average yield of the farm (7,650 kg/cow for 305 days lactation), and (iv) body weights of between 534 to 808 kg and BCS of between 3.25 to 3.75.

 

 

Table 1: Average milk yield, body condition score (BCS), body weight (BW), and parity in the farms studied

Farm

Milk yield1

BCS2

BW3

Parity

1

10,065

3.40

716

3.8

2

10,522

3.65

790

4.0

3

11,000

3.90

667

4.0

4

9,800

3.42

729

4.4

5

10,500

3.05

633

4.0

6

9,607

3.25

664

4.4

7

10,300

3.35

638

4.0

8

11,100

3.50

657

3.6

9

10,600

4.25

740

3.6

10

9,950

3.95

704

4.4

 

1 Average milk yield during 305 days; 2 Average BCS at calving; 3 Average BW at calving

 

 

Blood Sampling and Analysis

Blood samples (about 10 mL) were collected from coccygeal vein in EDTA coated tubes on 3, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21, 24 and 28 day in milk and were immediately transported to the laboratory in a cooler box with ice packs and processed within 1 h after collection. Blood samples were centrifuged at 2,000 × g for 20 min and the plasma was stored at −20°C for later analysis. Blood samples were analyzed for BHBA using Ranbut D-3-hydroxybutyrate kit on the JENMAY Spectrophotometer (6105 UV) analyzer. Plasma BHBA was measured during the first milking month and those with plasma BHBA concentration of ≥ 1400 μmol/L, at least in two successive blood samplings (3 d interval), were considered subclinically ketotic (Oetzel, 2004; McArt et al., 2012).

 

Corn Silage and Total Mixed Ration (TMR) Sampling

The corn forage variety used was hybrid-704. Corn forage was cultivated in the month May and harvested in the month September. Generally, Iranian farmers harvest corn forage with a high moisture content (DM less than 26%) which is lower than the preferred 30 to 35% DM to achieve 95% DM in the final silage (Kung and Shaver, 2001). Corn silage was sampled in five replicates from each of the 10 farms. Within farm, corn silage was taken from 10 to 15 locations of the respective silage bunker, mixed thoroughly and a sub-sample of 0.5 kg was transferred to the laboratory at the Animal Science Research Institute, Tehran, Iran and stored at -20°C pending chemical analysis including pH and fatty acids profile. Fatty acids were measured by a Gas Chromatography (GC, Agilent Technologies, 6890N, Abbott Co. USA).

 

In this study, the TMR included barley grain, corn grain, soybean meal, canola meal, beet sugar pulp, wheat barn, vitamin and mineral premix, salt, NaHCO3, alfalfa hay, corn silage and wheat straw. The TMR samples were taken in eight replicates from each farm. Each replicate was taken from 10 locations from the distributed feed in the feed-bunk of fresh cows, mixed thoroughly and 0.5 kg was transferred to the laboratory and stored at -20°C for further analysis. Nutrient contents of the TMR were determined at the Animal Science Research Centre of Iran. Dry matter was analyzed by drying the samples in a conventional oven at 55°C for 24 h, ash by igniting the samples in duplicate at 600°C for 2 h in a muffle furnace (Method 942.05; AOAC, 1995), ether extract (EE, Method 920.39; AOAC, 1995), N (Method 984.13; AOAC, 1995), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF). Analysis of Ca and P were conducted using a Thermo Jarrell Ash IRIS Advantage inductively coupled with a plasma radial spectrometer (Model ICAP 61, Thermo Jarrell Ash, Ithaca, USA). Net energy for lactation (NEL) and NFC of TMR were calculated using the following equations (NRC, 2001):

 

NEL= [0.866 - (0.0077 × ADF)] × 2.2

NFC =100 - (% CP + % EE + % Ash + % NDF)

 

NEL and NFC of corn silage were calculated using the following formulas (NRC, 2001):

 

NEL= [1.044 × (0.0132 × ADF)] × 2.2

NFC=100 - (%CP + %EE + %Ash + %NDF)

 

Determination of BW and BCS

Body condition score of the selected cows was determined using the scale of 1 to 5 (NRC, 2001). On a five-point scale, a score of 1 denotes a very thin cow, while 5 denotes an excessively fat cow. At the close-up period as well as on days 3, 14 and 28 postpartum BW was estimated using a Dalton meter that measured around chest and calculated BW.

 

Statistical Analysis

Statistical analysis was conducted using SAS (2003) to assess the data. Dependent variables (BCS and BW) were analyzed to examine the farm effect as a fixed independent variable. As observations were repeated, the farm effect on dependent variables was also evaluated using repeated measures analysis. Correlation coefficients between BCS before calving and 3, 14 and 28 days postpartum were calculated. In order to find the effective factors on the incidence of ketosis, other parameters such as NEL, CP, NFC, BCS, milk yield and silage butyric acid concentration were considered in the study as independent factors. The models were submitted using GENMODE procedure in SAS (2003). One-way completely randomized design was used to examine the farm effect on DM, pH, lactic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid and lactic acid to acetic acid ratio of silage.

 

RESULTS

 

The overall mean plasma BHBA concentration, sampled on 3, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21, 24 and 28 day in milk was 1,234 μmol/L. Fifty eight percent (58%) of the cows which had plasma BHBA concentration ≥ 1,400 µmol/L, at least in two successive blood samplings (3 d interval), were considered as suffering from SCK. The mean plasma BHBA concentration of SCK cows was 1,932 µmol/L while that for the healthy cows was 770 µmol/L.

 

Mean DM and nutrient contents of TMR in the ten farms are shown in Table 2. The nutrient contents of the TMR used were different among the farms. Overall, the above values suggested that CP, NEL, NFC contents of the TMR were lower while that of NDF was higher than those recommended for lactating cows (NRC, 2001). The average DM in corn silage was less than 30% (ranged from 22 to 28%). Crude protein of corn silage ranged from 7 to 8% while the NDF content was higher than 50%. The NEL was often less than 1 Mcal/kg. Mean NFC of corn silage in the 10 dairy farms studied was 28% DM (Table 3). The average pH of the corn silage ranged from 3.50 to 4.05 (Table 4).

 

 

Table 2: Dry matter and chemical composition (on DM basis) of total mixed ration in the farms studied

Item1

Dairy farms

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

DM

57.0 ± 5.54b

49.8 ± 2.12bc

54.3 ± 2.90b

52.6 ± 0.75bc

52.0 ± 1.73bc

54.7 ± 0.79b

87.3 ± 1.95a

45.1 ± 1.25c

49.3 ± 1.14bc

56.0 ± 0.91b

CP

14.9 ± 0.58a

13.9 ± 0.36ab

11.6 ± 0.58cd

13.9 ± 0.29ab

14.6 ± 0.62ab

13.0 ± 0.49bc

15.5 ± 0.95a

13.2 ± 0.28bc

10.9 ± 0.24d

15.3 ± 0.16a

NEL

1.58 ± 0.02ab

1.50 ± 0.04bc

1.47 ± 0.06c

1.53 ± 0.02abc

1.53 ± 0.06abc

1.56 ± 0.01abc

1.47 ± 0.03c

1.50 ± 0.09bc

1.48 ± 0.01c

1.59 ± 0.06a

NDF

44.4 ± 1.83a

44.9 ± 2.33a

48.9 ± 2.88a

44.7 ± 2.05a

45.2 ± 0.41a

44.1 ± 0.8a

43.4 ± 2.64a

47.9 ± 0.65a

45.5 ± 2.03a

35.2 ± 0.51b

ADF

29.1 ± 1.71bc

23.3 ± 2.57abc

25.5 ± 3.89a

21.8 ± 1.48abc

21.8 ± 0.39abc

20.4 ± 0.62abc

25.2 ± 2.17a

23.8 ± 0.55ab

25.2 ± 0.69a

18.3 ± 0.30c

NFC

30.5 ± 2.31b

30.0 ± 2.39b

32.4 ± 3.66b

31.5 ± 1.95b

30.5 ± 1.09b

35.8 ± 1.08ab

30.8 ± 2.35b

29.7 ± 0.78b

34.8 ± 1.91b

41.2 ± 0.52a

EE

2.84 ± 0.52a

2.5 7± 0.31a

1.36 ± 0.29cd

1.11 ± 0.09d

1.51 ± 0.11cd

1.25 ± 0.08d

2.22 ± 0.18abc

2.22 ± 0.35abc

1.61 ± 0.19bcd

2.42 ± 0.09ab

Ash

7.31 ± 0.31bc

8.53 ± 0.73ab

5.76 ± 0.61d

8.88 ± 0.26a

8.18 ± 0.53ab

5.88 ± 0.13cd

8.06 ± 0.26ab

7.03 ± 0.21bcd

7.30 ± 0.34bc

5.94 ± 0.18cd

Ca

0.72 ± 0.12ab

0.65 ± 0.05bc

0.44 ± 0.08c

0.80 ± 0.08ab

0.82 ± 0.05ab

0.76 ± 0.06ab

0.76 ± 0.03ab

0.73 ± 0.04ab

0.80 ± 0.02ab

0.91 ± 0.03a

P

0.45 ± 0.03ab

0.30 ± 0.03cd

0.25 ± 0.03d

0.32 ± 0.03cd

0.35 ± 0.03cd

0.37 ± 0.01bc

0.31 ± 0.038cd

0.31 ± 0.02cd

0.38 ± 0.02abc

0.47 ± 0.01a

 

1DM = dry matter; CP = crude protein; NEL = net energy for lactation, Mcal/kg; NDF = neutral detergent fiber; ADF = acid detergent fiber; NFC = non-fiber carbohydrates; EE = ether extract; a-d Different superscripts within a row indicate statistical significance at P < 0.05.

 

 

Table 3: Dry matter and chemical composition of corn silage in the farms studied

Item1

Dairy farms

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

DM

23.2 ± 1.35b

22.6 ± 0.72b

28.9 ± 0.50a

24.1 ± 0.8b

28.1 ± 2.30a

28.0 ± 0.33a

25.6 ± 1.15ab

24.7 ± 0.67ab

25.7 ± 0.67ab

28.6 ± 0.40a

CP

7.86 ± 0.21abc

7.56 ± 0.19abc

6.92 ± 0.10c

7.78 ± 0.19abc

7.86 ± 0.36abc

8.25 ± 0.07ab

7.37 ± 0.16bc

7.47 ± 0.16bc

8.53 ± 0.58a

7.86 ± 0.18abc

NEL

0.97 ± 0.02ab

0.91 ± 0.01abcd

0.83 ± 0.02cd

1.0 2 ± 0.08a

0.82 ± 0.04d

0.85 ± 0.01bcd

0.96 ± 0.09abc

0.94 ± 0.09abc

0.92 ± 0.03abcd

0.91 ± 0.02abcd

NDF

58.3 ± 0.68ab

51.6 ± 3.02b

54.1 ± 1.10ab

62.1 ± 3.24a

51.9 ± 1.8b

53.1 ± 0.93ab

54.3 ± 5.30ab

53.3 ± 5.30ab

56.5 ± 0.43ab

56.0 ± 0.48ab

ADF

32.2 ± 0.75ab

30.3 ± 0.47abcd

27.7 ± 0.9cd

34.0 ± 2.74a

27.3 ± 1.5d

28.1 ± 0.30bcd

31.8 ± 0.30abc

30.8 ± 0.30abc

30.5 ±1.16abcd

30.1 ± 0.69abcd

NFC

24.1 ± 0.59c

33.7 ± 2.89a

30.6 ± 0.89ab

18.4 ± 3.10c

32.3 ± 2.32ab

31.7 ± 0.90ab

29.2 ± 4.99ab

26.3 ±0.50abc

26.4 ± 0.55abc

27.4 ± 0.09ab

EE

1.47 ± 0.22

1.82 ± 0.10

1.43 ± 0.04

1.74 ± 0.21

1.63 ± 0.02

1.45 ± 0.05

1.45 ± 0.15

1.54 ± 0.10

1.58 ± 0.10

1.67 ± 0.07

Ash

8.15 ± 0.44ab

5.32 ± 0.33b

7.00 ± 0.36b

10.1 ± 2.07a

6.32 ± 0.39b

5.53 ± 0.12b

7.77 ± 0.29ab

7.67 ± 0.29ab

7.02 ± 0.42b

7.06 ± 0.37b

Ca

1.30 ± 0.14a

0.78 ± 0.10b

0.90 ± 0.11ab

0.98 ± 0.17ab

0.95 ± 0.04ab

1.27 ± 0.24a

1.19 ± 0.12ab

0.86 ± 0.05b

0.83 ± 0.06b

0.89 ± 0.06ab

P

0.18 ± 0.008dc

0.14 ± 0.007d

0.20 ± 0.01bc

0.25 ± 0.01ab

0.22 ± 0.008abc

0.26 ± 0.04a

0.20 ± 0.008bc

0.22 ± 0.01abc

0.23 ± 0.01abc

0.24 ± 0.005ab

 

1DM = dry matter; CP = crude protein; NEL = net energy for lactation, Mcal/kg; NDF = neutral detergent fiber; ADF = acid detergent fiber; NFC = non-fiber carbohydrates; EE = ether extract; a-d Different superscripts within a row indicate statistical significance at P < 0.05.

 

 

Table 4: Volatile fatty acids profile of corn silages in the farms studied

Item

Dairy farms

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

pH

3.71 ± 0.01b

3.57 ± 0.03b

3.55 ± 0.03b

4.04 ± 0.10a

3.80 ± 0.05ab

3.78 ± 0.05ab

3.67 ± 0.05b

3.69 ± 0.09b

3.74 ± 0.04b

3.56 ± 0.03b

Lactic acid (L)

3.68 ± 0.36bc

3.11 ± 0.31c

8.06 ± 2.60a

6.38 ± 0.98ab

4.01 ± 0.57bc

3.67 ± 0.50bc

4.33 ± 0.47bc

3.78 ± 0.35bc

5.04 ± 0.47bc

8.70 ± 2.22a

Acetic acid (A)

4.09 ± 0.67

3.70 ± 0.27

3.86 ± 0.29

3.45 ± 0.26

4.39 ± 1.08

4.05 ± 0.31

3.52 ± 0.37

3.78 ± 0.40

4.72 ± 0.10

3.68 ± 0.45

Propionic acid

0.38 ± 0.02cd

0.56 ± 0.09bc

1.47 ± 0.23a

0.26 ± 0.01cd

0.23 ± 0.05d

-

0.82 ± 0.16b

0.72 ± 0.16b

0.34 ± 0.02cd

1.45 ± 0.2a

Butyric acid

-

0.38 ± 0.07b

-

1.01 ± 0.31a

0.53 ± 0.09ab

-

-

0.95 ± 0.07ab

-

-

L:A1

1.02 ± 0.1b

0.85 ± 0.1b

2.07 ± 0.59a

1.89 ± 0.32a

0.97 ± 0.06b

0.94 ± 15b

1.23 ± 0.15b

1.03 ± 0.12b

1.06 ± 0.08b

2.30 ± 0.32a

 

1Lactic acid to acetic acid ratio; a-d Different superscripts within a row indicate statistical significance at P < 0.05

 

 

Table 5: Spearman’s correlation coefficients between fatty acids profile of corn silages

pH

DM

Lactic acid (L)

Acetic acid (A)

Propionic acid

Butyric acid

L :A1

pH

1

-

-

-

-

-

-

DM

-0.20

1

-

-

-

-

-

L

-0.02

0.22

1

-

-

-

-

A

0.02

-0.19

0.09

1

-

-

-

P

-0.28

0.33*

0.45**

0.12

1

-

-

B

0.47*

-0.02

0.06

0.03

0.05

1

-

L:A

0.07

0.27

0.88**

0.33

0.44**

0.96

1

 

1Lactic acid to acetic acid ratio; *Significant at P < 0.05; **Significant at P < 0.01

 

 

Table 6: Body condition score (BCS) of cows during postpartum period in the farms studied

Farms

Day 1

Day 3

Day 14

Day 28

1

3.35 ± 0.38a

3.10 ± 0.38ab

2.70 ± 0.33bc

2.35 ± 0.29c

2

3.05 ± 0.21a

2.80 ± 0.21ab

2.55 ± 0.21bc

2.40 ± 0.14c

3

3.65 ± 0.34a

3.40 ± 0.34ab

3.15 ± 0.34ab

2.90 ± 0.42b

4

3.70 ± 0.37a

3.45 ± 0.37a

2.85 ± 0.22b

2.25 ± 0.25c

5

3.50 ± 0.73

3.25 ± 0.73

2.95 ± 0.78

2.65 ± 0.74

6

3.40 ± 0.38a

3.25 ± 0.38ab

2.75 ± 0.31c

2.50 ± 0.25c

7

3.25 ± 0.35a

3.05 ± 0.33ab

2.70 ± 0.33bc

2.40 ± 0.29c

8

3.90 ± 0.22a

3.65 ± 0.22a

3.25 ± 0.25b

2.90 ± 0.42b

9

4.25 ± 0.25a

4.00 ± 0.25a

3.50 ± 0.18b

3.10 ± 0.29c

10

3.90 ± 0.22a

3.70 ± 0.21a

3.40 ± 0.14b

3.25 ± 0.18b

 

a-c Different superscripts within a row indicate statistical significance at P < 0.05

 

 

Only one farm had silage lactic acid concentration of more than 6%, and the silage acetic acid content in all the farms was more than 3%. Propionic acid concentration in all the silage samples studied was more than 0.25%. In four farms, silage butyric acid concentration was higher than that of normal corn silage (less than 0.1%). The ratio of lactic acid to acetic acid in silage was often less than 2 (Table 4). Butyric acid concentration had a significant positive correlation with silage pH in the corn silage (p<0.05; Table 5). In addition, there was a significant correlation between propionic acid and lactic acid concentrations in corn silage (p<0.01). A significant correlation was observed between lactic acid to acetic acid ratio with propionic acid and lactic acid values in the corn silage (p<0.01). Mean BCS at calving ranged from 3.25 to 4.25 (Table 6). The minimum and maximum BCS before calving were 2.75 and 4.5, respectively. The BCS declined at least 0.6 unit and at most, 1.16 unit during the first month after calving. The mean change in BCS during one month after calving was more than 0.5 unit in all the farms studied. The average BW loss ranged from 37 to 83 kg during the same period. Body condition score at calving had a high correlation with BCS during 3, 14 and 28 days post calving (p<0.01) (Table 7). In addition, BCS on days 3, 14 and 28 after calving were also significantly correlated (p<0.01).

 

 

Table 7: Spearman’s Correlation coefficients for BCS at calving and 3, 14 and 28 days in milk

At calving

d 3

d 14

d 28

At Calving

1

-

-

-

d 3

0.87**

1

-

-

d 14

0.77**

0.92**

1

-

28

0.71**

0.81**

0.90**

1

 

*Significant at P < 0.05; **Significant at P < 0.01

 

 

The averaged NEL, BCS at calving, silage butyric acid, CP, NFC and milk yield were 1.48 Mcal/kg, 3.65, 0.34% DM, 13.43% DM, 30.55% DM and 30.03 kg/d in SCK cows. On the other hand, the above values for healthy cows were 1.57 Mcal/kg, 3.5, 0.21% DM, 14.02% DM, 34.05% DM and 33.71 kg/d, respectively. Effect of NEL was significant (p<0.05) on SCK incidence, while BCS, butyric silage, CP and NFC had no significant effect on SCK incidence (Table 8). The effects of milk yield tended to be significant for incidence of SCK (Table 8).

 

 

Table 8: Effect of silage butyric acid, net energy for lactation (NEL), body condition score (BCS), crude protein (CP), non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC), and milk yield of subclinical ketotic cows

Parameter

Estimate

Standard Error

Chi-Square

Intercept

-32.5690

12.6824

6.59*

Butyric silage

0.7481

0.7481

0.78ns

NEL

21.9917

9.3095

5.58*

BCS

-0.6073

0.8483

0.51ns

CP

-0.1773

0.2117

0.70ns

NFC

-0.0493

0.1045

0.22ns

Milk yield

0.1357

0.0796

2.90 ns

 

*Significant at P < 0.05

 

DISCUSSION

 

Postpartum high-yielding dairy cows are typically in a state of negative energy balance (NEB) because the amount of energy required for maintenance of body tissue functions and milk production exceeds the amount of energy the cows can consume. The degree of NEB in the early postpartum period and the recovery rate are critical for both, the health status and productivity of cows. Insufficient energy supply postpartum may result in a higher risk for metabolic disorders including ketosis (Andersson, 1988). The deleterious effects of ketosis on animal health, and productivity are well documented in the literature (McLaren et al., 2006; Ospina et al., 2010; Chapinal et al., 2012; Dubuc et al., 2012). The recommended NEL and CP requirements for fresh cows by NRC (2001) are 1.73 Mcal/kg and 16.5 to 17.5%, respectively, but the above nutrient contents in the TMR used in the farms in this study (averaged 1.53 Mcal/kg and 13.7%, respectively; Table 2) were lower than the recommended values by NRC (2001). In addition, the NDF content of the TMR (average 44.3%) was higher than the recommended NDF content (25 to 33%) for fresh cows (NRC 2001). In lactating cows, intake of high-fiber diets may limit DM intake due to rumen fill and the inability to degrade fiber fast enough to flow out of the rumen to make space for additional feed consumption. This would lead to insufficient energy consumption to meet the requirements (Grummer et al., 2004). The low NEL and CP contents of the TMR in farms recorded in this study further decreased the availability of these nutrients required by the cows, resulting in a more severe NEB condition.

 

It has been suggested that increasing energy density of the diet by increasing NFC during the transition period has some benefits to the cows (Grummer, 1995; Vandehaar et al., 1999; Roche et al., 2013). Feeding diets containing higher NFC content has been suggested for the transition period in order to promote the development of ruminal papillae (Dirksen et al., 1985), facilitate acclimatisation of the rumen microorganism to the higher postpartum NFC levels, as well as increase insulin secretion and thereby suppressing lipolysis and reducing the influx of fatty acid into the liver (Lee and Hossner, 2002; Lafontan et al., 2009). For instance, cows fed high NFC (40–42%) diets consumed more DM during the prepartum period, had lower plasma non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), reduced BHBA level and liver triglyceride (Minor et al., 1996). However, in a review of published studies, Overton and Waldron (2004) concluded that, in the majority of these studies, changes in carbohydrate source were confounded by energy intake. In the current study the NFC content in the fresh cow (4 weeks after calving) rations was very low (on average 32.75 %; Table 1). Furthermore, the effect of NEL on SCK incidence was significant for fresh cows, but NFC and CP contents in diets had no significant effect on the incidence of SCK.

 

The amount of DM in normal corn silage should contain between 30 to 35% (Kung and Shaver, 2001), however, the average DM measured in the corn silage sampled from the different dairy farms studied was low (less than 30%), especially those of the butyric silage (25%). Hay crop silages chopped too wet (due to insufficient wilting time or direct-cut silages) or that low in water-soluble carbohydrates favour the growth of Clostridium sp. bacteria. These bacteria ferment some of the carbohydrates to butyric acid instead of the desired lactic acid (Oetzel, 2007). Lactic acid concentration should be as much as 4 to 7% DM and at least between 65 to 70% of the total acids in silage. On the other hand, in a good corn silage, acetic acid should be less than 3% DM, giving a lactic acid to acetic acid ratio of more than 3 (Kung and Shaver, 2001). High acetic acid silage depresses DM intake in ruminants (Kung and Shaver, 2001). Results obtained in this study showed that acetic acid concentration was more than 3% DM and lactic acid to acetic acid ratio was lower than 3 in all the corn silage samples (on average 4% and 1.35, respectively). The lactic acid to acetic acid ratio was highly correlated with lactic acid concentration in corn silage (r2 = 0.88). Daily doses of over 50 to 100 g of butyric acid can cause ketosis, and doses over 200 g may induce severe ketosis. Similarly, it has been reported that doses of butyric acid ranging between 450 to 950 g constantly induce severe ketosis in nearly any early lactation cows (Oetzel, 2007). In the current study, butyric acid concentration was more than 0.1% DM in the corn silages obtained from four farms. However, the butyric silage had no significant effect on the incidence of SCK in the dairy farms studied.

 

The preferred BCS of cows at calving is from 3.25 to 3.75 (NRC, 2001). The average BCS of cows at calving in this study was higher than 3.75 in 3 farms while in one farm was less at 3.25. It was reported that excess body condition at calving resulted in increased losses in BW and body condition during lactation and decreased DMI and milk production (Treacher et al., 1986). Cows that are obese at calving have greater adipose tissue reserves that result in increased mobilization of NEFA (Treacher et al., 1986). Therefore, these cows would develop more severe fatty liver during early lactation. Furthermore, obese cows would be more susceptible to the induction of ketosis than would cows of normal body condition. It has been recently reported that high BCS at calving were associated with greater concentrations of BHBA and upregulation of genes involved in ketogenesis in the liver during postpartum period compared to cows with low BCS at calving (Akbar et al., 2015). In the present study, ketotic cows had higher BCS at calving and during the first weeks postpartum than healthy cows, and they lost more body condition compared to the non-diseased cows. The BCS loss during first month after calving was more than 0.5 unit in all the farms studied.

 

Generally, most of the correlations between BCS and metabolites occur between 20 to 60 days in milk (Ling et al., 2003). In the present study, the BCS of the fresh cows at calving had a correlation with BCS during 3, 14 and 28 d after calving. The BCS at calving did not affect the incidence of SCK in the farms studied. Cows identified as suffering from SCK in this study had a lower average milk production (30 kg/cow per d) over the first 60 d milking as compared to the healthy cows (34 kg/cow/d), however, the average milk yield was not significantly affected by the incidence of SCK.

 

CONCLUSIONS

 

Results of this study showed that the prevalence of SCK in the farms was high during the first month after calving. Intake of NEL was below the recommended requirement and had a significant effect on the incidence of SCK in dairy cows. Butyric acid concentration in the corn silage was high in four farms but the statistical analysis showed that butyric acid had no significant effect on the occurrence of SCK. The BCS at calving had no significant effect on the incidence of SCK, however, cows showed more than 0.5 unit loss of BCS during first month after calving because of the low energy content of the TMR used in the farms. Non-fiber carbohydrates and CP contents in TMR were found to have no significant effect on the occurrence of SCK. Therefore, the most effective way to control or minimize the incidence of SCK in dairy farms of similar conditions as that of this study would be to provide sufficient dietary energy to meet the requirements of the cows, especially during the first month after calving when the SCK prevalence is normally high.

 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

 

The authors would like to thank Dr Pejman Ajilchi, General Manager of Sana Dam Pars Company (Tehran, Iran) for financial support of this study.

 

CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT

 

The authors of this article declare that they do not have any conflicting interests.

 

Author’s Contribution

 

All authors conceived and coordinated the study, conducted statistical analysis, interpreted the results and drafted the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript.

 

REFERENCES

 

  • Akbar H, Grala TM, Riboni MV, Cardoso FC, Verkerk G, McGowan J, Macdonald K, Webster J, Schutz K, Meier S, Matthews L, Roche JR, Loor JJ (2015). Boddy condition score at calving affects systemic and hepatic transcriptome indicators of inflammation and nutrient metabolism in grazing dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 98: 1019-1032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8584
  • Andersson L (1988). Subclinical ketosis in dairy cows. Metabolic diseases of ruminant livestock. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. 4: 233-251.
  • AOAC International (1995). Official methods of analysis. 16th edn. AOAC International, Arlington, USA.
  • Bell AW (1995). Regulation of organic nutrient metabolism during transition from late pregnancy to early lactation. J. Anim. Sci. 73: 2804-2819.
  • Chapinal N, Carson ME, LeBlanc SJ, Leslie KE, Godden S, Capel M, Santos JE, Overton MW, Duffield TF (2012). The association of serum metabolites in the transition period with milk production and early-lactation reproductive performance. J. Dairy Sci. 95: 1301–1309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2011-4724
  • Dirksen G, Liebich HG, Meyer E (1985). Adaptive changes of the ruminal mucosa and their functional and clinical significance. Bovine Pract. 20: 116-120.
  • Drackley JK, Overton TR, Douglas GN (2001). Adaptations of glucose and longchain fatty acid metabolism in liver of dairy cows during the periparturient period. J. Dairy Sci. 84(E. Suppl): E100-E112.
  • Dubuc J, Duffield TF, Leslie KE, Walton JS, LeBlanc SJ (2012). Risk factors and effects of postpartum anovulation in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 95: 1845–1854. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2011-4781
  • Duffield TF, Leslie KE, Sandals D, Lissemore K, McBride BW, Lumsden JH, Dick P, Bagg R (1999). Effect of a monensin controlled-release capsule on cow health and reproductive performance. J. Dairy Sci. 82: 2377-2384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(99)75488-3
  • Gillund P, Reksen O, Gröhn YT, Karlberg K (2001). Body condition related to ketosis and reproductive performance in Norwegian Dairy Cows. J. Dairy Sci. 84: 1390-1396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(01)70170-1
  • Grummer R, Mashek GD, Hayirli A (2004). Dry matter intake and energy balance in the transition period. Vet. Clin. Food Anim. 20: 447–470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2004.06.013
  • Grummer RR (1995). Impact of changes in organic nutrient metabolism on feeding the transition dairy cows. J. Anim. Sci. 73: 2820-2833.
  • Kung L, Shaver R (2001). Interpretation and use of silage fermentation analysis reports. Focus on Forage. 3: 13.
  • Lafontan M, Sengenes C, Moro C, Galitzky J, Berlan M (2009). Natriuretic peptides and other lipolytic peptides involved in the control of lipid mobilization. In: Peptides in energy balance and obesity, Ed. G. Fruhbeck, p. 398. CABI: Wallingford, UK.
  • Lee SH, Hossner KL (2002). Effects of propionate infusion on the expression of lipogenic genes and metabolic hormones in sheep. In: Animal sciences research report, pp. 141–146. The Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, CO, USA.
  • Ling K, Jaakson H, Samarütel J, Leesmäe A (2003). Metabolic status and body condition score of Estonian Holstein cows and their relation to some fertility parameters. Vet. Ir. Zootechnika. T. 24: 1392-2130.
  • McArt JA, Nydam DV, Oetzel GR (2012). Epidemiology of subclinical ketosis in early lactation dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 95: 5056–5066. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-5443
  • McLaren CJ, Lissemore KD, Duffield TF, Leslie KE, Kelton DF, B Grexton (2006). The relationship between herd level disease incidence and a return over feed index in Ontario dairy herds. Can. Vet. J. 47: 767–773.
  • Minor DJ, Grummer RR, Shaver RD, Trower SL (1996). Effects of niacin and nonfiber carbohydrate on the metabolic status during the transition period and lactation performance. J. Dairy Sci. 79(Suppl. 1): 199.
  • Muck R (2006). Forage handling, preservation and storage; alternative covering system for bunker silos. P. 4-5. U.S. Dairy Forage Research Center 2005 Research Report.
  • National Reserch Council (2001). Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle, 7th rev. edn. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
  • Nocek JE (1997). Bovine acidosis: implications on laminitis. J. Dairy Sci. 80: 1005-1028. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(97)76026-0
  • Oetzel GR (2004). Monitoring and testing dairy herds for metabolic disease. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. 20: 651-674. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2004.06.006
  • Oetzel GR (2007). Herd level ketosis – Diagnosis and risk factors. Preconference seminar 7C: Dairy herd problem investigation strategies: Transition cow troubleshooting. Vancouver, BC, Canada.
  • Ospina PA, Nydam DV, Stokol T, Overton TR (2010). Associations of elevated nonesterified fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations with early lactation reproductive performance and milk production in transition dairy cattle in the northeastern United States. J. Dairy Sci. 93: 1596–1603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2277
  • Overton TR, Waldron MR (2004). Nutritional management of transition dairy cows: strategies to optimize metabolic health. J. Dairy Sci. 87: E105–E119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)70066-1
  • Roche JR, Bell AW, Overton TR, Loor JJ (2013). Nutritional management of the transition cow in the 21st century–a paradigm shift in thinking. Anim. Prod. Sci. 53: 1000–1023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an12293
  • Samiei A, Liang JB, Ghorbani GR, Hirooka H, Ansari-Mahyari S, Sadri H (2013). Prevalence of ketosis and its correlation with lactation stage, parity and peak of milk yield in Iran. Asian J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 8: 604-612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajava.2013.604.612
  • SAS Institute (2003). SAS User’s Guide, Version 9.1. SAS Institute. Cary, NC.
  • Treacher RJ, Reid IM, Roberts CJ (1986). Effect of body condition at calving on the health and performance of dairy cows. Anim. Prod, 43: 1-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0003356100018286
  • Tveit B, Lingass F, Svendsen M, Sjaastad OV (1992). Etiology of acetonemia in Norwegian cattle. 1. Effect of ketogenic silage, season, energy level, and genetic factors. J. Dairy Sci. 75: 2421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(92)78003-5
  • VandeHaar MJ, Yousif G, Sharma BK, Herdt TH, Emery RS, Allen MS, Liesman JS (1999). Effect of energy and protein density of prepartum diets on fat and protein metabolism of dairy cattle in the periparturient period. J. Dairy Sci. 82: 1282-1295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(99)75351-8
  •  

     

     

     

     

    Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences

    September

    Vol. 12, Iss. 9, pp. 1622-1845

    Featuring

    Click here for more

    Subscribe Today

    Receive free updates on new articles, opportunities and benefits


    Subscribe Unsubscribe