Xiangxing Zhu1, Junyu Nie1, Shouneng Quan1,2, Huiyan Xu1, Xiaogan Yang1, Yangqing Lu1, Kehuan Lu1 and Shengsheng Lu1*
...ibrillary acidic protein promoter (hGFAP-DsRed). This study characterized transgene expression in such transgenic Guangxi Bama mini-pigs and their offspring. Our findings indicate that the hGFAP promoter contains matching regulatory elements for directing specific expression in porcine astrocytes. However, the practical application of hGFAP-DsRed transgenic Guangxi Bama mini-pigs in neuroscience research requires solving the...
Wesam Hasan Mohamed Mady 1*, Bing Liu2, Dong Huang2, A. Arafa1, M.K. Hassan1, M.M. Aly1, Pucheng Chen2, Yongping Jiang2* and Hualan Chen2
...the chicken β-actin promoter. The in vitro expression of recombinant plasmid DNA was performed by transfection of 293T (HEK) cell line. The HA protein was analyzed using SDS-PAGE followed by Western blot and immunofluorescence assays. The pCAGG-optiH9 vaccine efficacy was evaluated by intramuscular immunization of SPF chickens with different concentrations of plasmid DNA and the sera were collected weekly post vaccination for antibody detection by HI test...
Wesam Hasan Mohamed Mady1*, Bing Liu2, Dong Huang2, Abdel Satar Arafa1, Mohamed Khalifa Hassan1, Mona Mehrez Aly1, Pucheng Chen2, Yongping Jiang2* and Hualan Chen2
... of chicken β-actin promoter. The construct was transfected into 293T HEK (Human Embryonic Kidney) cell line for in vitro expression of the recombinant plasmid DNA. The confirmation of H5 protein expression was performed using SDS-PAGE followed by Western blotting and immunofluorescence assays. The humoral immune response was evaluated by intramuscular immunization of specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens with two different concentrations of Egy-H5 plasmi...
Madeeha Khalid and Amtul Jamil Sami*
...bp spanning the proximal promoter and exon 1 (proximal portion) of the GH-1 gene to analyze the SNPs and allele frequencies of respective SNPs. Genomic DNA from blood was extracted, and the selected region was amplified using PCR. Sequencing of the amplified product was performed using Sanger sequencing, and the resulting sequence was analyzed. We have recorded 11 SNPs in total that occur in the VDRE region, 5’ UTR and untranslated region of exon 1. A gr...
Xu Lijie, Obaid Ullah, Liu Haixing, Ihsan Ali, Zhongshu Li* and Nan-Zhu Fang*
...thways by binding to the promoters of antioxidant genes and regulates the expression of genes that associate with NADPH oxidase. To understand the role of PPARγ in the development of early embryos and define the mechanism responsible for the arrest in development during the maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT), we used an embryo model of oxidative damage by H2O2. We found that H2O2 exposure significantly decrea...
Jingchen Chen, Zhaochao Deng and Zhiqiang Han*
...rates. Moreover, the two promoters (ATG, GTG) and four terminators (TAG, AGG, TAA, T or TA) in the 13 protein-coding genes are found. Except for tRNA-Ser(AGN), the second-structure of other tRNAs is the typical clover structure. The lengths of 12S rRNA and 16S rRNA are 945 and 1,698 bp (AP1, AP2) and 1,696 (AP3). A control region containing key sequence tags have three different domains, namely, terminating sequences (TAS1, TAS2), central conservati...
Chen-Yu Sun, Wen-Chao Liu*, Mei Xiao, Zhi-Hui Zhao and Li-Long An*
... could be used as growth promoter for Chinese indigenous young yellow feather broilers (Huaixiang chickens), and the betaine also exerted positive effects on intestinal morphology. The suitable recommended supplemental amount is 500 mg/kg.
...
Qi Ren, Shufeng Sun, Chen Niu, Yuhong Li, Yingzhi Chong, Biao Li, Guoying Zheng and Fumin Feng*
...ethylation in the CYP1A1 promoter region and drug-induced liver injury is, therefore, of great importance. Anti-tuberculosis drugs induced hepatotoxicity in HL-7702 cells was investigated. Dehydrogenase activity was detected by a lactate dehydrogenase assay kit; superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malonaldehyde (MDA) concentration were detected by a total superoxide dismutase test kit and a malondialdehyde test kit. Genomic DNA and RNA were extracted from ...
Betül Ayça Dönmez, Sarbesh Das Dangol and Allah Bakhsh*
... the control of 35S CaMV promoter. After transformation, we analyzed the transformation efficiencies of each of the Agrobacterium strains using the histochemical GUS analysis. The highest gusA gene transfer efficiency rate both for leaf (60%) and internode (100%) explants was observed in cv. Desiree using Agrobacterium strain GV2260, while the highest gene transfer efficiency rate for leaf and internode explants in S. chacoense M6 were obtained with AGL1. The ...
Shaukat Ali1,*, Sadia Batool2, Fatima Javed Butt2, Sundas Nasreen1, Hafiz Muhammad Tahir1
...n and acting as a health promoter; as they have antioxidative, immunomodulatory, antipathogenic and anti-cancerous properties. Review based on the futuristic and modern aspects of cancer treatment, we believe that probiotics based cancer treatment would be supportive to overcome the chemotherapeutic and radiological drawback sand provides an appropriate cancer treatment strategy. Anticipating various challenges, we expect that probiotics may become a potential...
Hafiza Sadaf Zahra1, Asia Iqbal2, Sayyeda Hira Hassan1, Hafiz Abdullah Shakir1*, Muhammad Khan1*, Muhammad Irfan3, Chaman Ara1, Shaukat Ali4
... DNA hypermethylation of promoter CpG islands inhibits transcriptional activity by methyltransferase enzyme which results in inactivation of tumor suppressor genes (TSG), while in hypomethylation, demethyltransferase enzyme causes the activation of oncogenes by promoting transcriptional activity. Contrary to DNA methylation, histone acetylation and deacetylation results in chromatin opening and closing, respectively; leading to transcriptional activation and i...
Kecheng Zhu1,2,3, Peiying He1, Baosuo Liu1,2,3, Huayang Guo1,2,3, Nan Zhang1,2,3, Liang Guo1,2,3, Shigui Jiang1,2,3 and Dianchang Zhang1,2,3,*
... of Almyomaker, a promoter analysis was performed using progressive deletion mutations of Almyomaker. The results of promoter activity assays show that Almyomaker expression is notably activated by two MyoDs. Transcriptional activity of the Almyomaker promoter was observed to dramatically decrease after targeted mutation of the MyoD1 M1 and MyoD2 M2 binding site...
Haseeb Nisar1, Usman Pasha1, Kiran Hanif1, Rizwan Abid1, Rehan Ahmad Khan Sherwani2, Haja N. Kadarmideen3 and Saima Sadaf1*
...ne (IL-6) and its promoter regions have extensively been studied because of their potential role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Due to the confounding results, reported in several studies, we performed the systematic literature search on IL-6 -572 G/C polymorphism (rs1800796 SNP) and assessed its association with RA in the overall world population, and in the subgroup analysis of Asian and Caucasian populations. The results showed tha...
Maria Qibtia1, Muhammad Wasim1, Farzana Chowdhary1, Muhammad Tayyab1, Sehrish Faryal1, Ahmed Mansouri2, Zeeshan Ahmad2, Muhammad Hamid3 and Ali Raza Awan1,*
...ere identified, 1 in the promoter region and 12 in the intronic/exonic region of LCT-gene. Among these 12 mutations, 6 of them are novel in origin. The novel mutations were found in intron 4 c.(918+116)A>C, intron 12 c.(4877+20)G>A, intron 15 c.(5346+35)T>C, UTR of exon 17 (c.5865C>T), exon 6 c.1147A>G and c. 1095A>G. Four mutations resulted in an altered amino acid sequence. The frequency of each mutation observed in both gruops was: ...
Ewa Czerniawska-Piątkowska1, Iwona Szatkowska1, Daniel Zaborski2*, Wilhelm Grzesiak2, Sara Tabor-Osińska1, Małgorzata Wasielewska1, Witold S. Proskura1, Wojciech Kruszyński3 and Edward Pawlina3
Xiaoyun He1, Yongfu La2, Jinxin Wang1, Ran Di1, Qiuyue Liu1, Xiangyu Wang1, Wenping Hu1 and Mingxing Chu1*
...FSHR gene’s promoter, expression regulation and the correlation between polymorphism with fecundity. The results show that it is highly possible that the promoter of FSHR gene is in the region of 2045-2295bp and 2038-2288bp, TATA box was also found there. The expression differences were found in oviduct during every stage of estrous cycle (P<0.05) between Small Tail Han (STH) sheep and Tan (T) s...
Keiven Mark B. Ampode1*, Federico C. Mendoza2
...een recognized as growth promoters and disease controllers in poultry production. However, due to rising public health concerns over antibiotic-resistant bacteria, the use of antibiotics in livestock and poultry feed has been banned in the European Union since 2006. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the effects of oregano powder (OP) as phytobiotic feed additives on the growth performance and cell-mediated immunity of broiler chickens. A total of six...
Mirza Lena1,2, Dinda Fathia Syahramadani2, Alfi Nurrachma Gustya2, Arif Darmawan2,3, Sumiati2, Wiwin Winarsih4, Minoru Maeda5, Komang Gede Wiryawan2*
...
Antibiotics as growth promoters (AGP) has been prohibited, which has a detrimental impact on poultry performances. The prohibition is based on its negative impacts such as antibiotic residue and antimicrobial resistance. Alternative feed additives should be developed to replace the use of AGP in poultry production. Hence, the study aimed to evaluate the effects of combined dietary probiotics L. lactis D1813 and B. licheniformis D3270 on broiler performance,...
A.H. Alqhtani1, A.S. Alharthi1, N.J. Siddiqi2, S. Zargar2 and A.M. Abudabos1*
... after feeding on growth promoters. However, total serum protein, gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) showed no significant differences between the groups. Thus, it can be concluded that probiotic, prebiotic and symbiotic in feed may cause some degree of liver damage as indicated by the release of AST and ALT in the serum....
Khaled El-Kholy1*, Yaser Rizk2, Mohamed El-Helbawy1, Eman El-Said1
Doaa Khairy1, Mohamed Ali Osman2 and Fatma Abdel Mohsen Mostafa1*
... can act as plant growth promoters and potentially be developed into a commercial nematicide to be used in sustainable and organic farming systems....
Jumshaid Iqbal1, Muhammad Sharif1*, Muhammad Nadeem Suleman2, Muhammad Saeed3, Fawwad Ahamd1, Asghar Ali kamboh4, Tugay Ayaşan5 and Muhammad Arslan3
... a non-antibiotic growth promoter on growth performance and histomorphology in broiler chickens. One hundred and twenty day-old broiler chicks were randomly distributed into four treatment groups with three replicates per treatment (10 chicks per replicate) under Completely Randomized Design. Four iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric diets i.e. A, B, C and D were supplemented with a natural growth promoter (NGP) at the rate of 0 ...
Lopamudra Samantaray*, Yashaswi Nayak
Ziaul Islam1*, Asad Sultan1, Sar Zamin Khan1 and Sher Bahader Khan2
...ent of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) on growth performance, lymphoid organs weight, gut pH, microbiota, apparent metabolizable energy and nutrient digestibility of broilers. A total of six hundred, day-old healthy broiler chicks (Cobb 500) were procured from a local hatchery and were randomly allocated to five different dietary treatments. A basal diet formulated with corn-soybean meal (CON; without any additives) served as control diet and fed to birds in...
Zannatul Ferdous1, Abdul Goffar Sarder2, Mustasim Famous3*, Mahfuza Ferdous4, Shahabuddin Ahmed5 and Md. Amir Hossain6
...nger could act as growth promoters and alternatives to antibiotics in broilers....
Irfan Shahzad Sheikh1, Syed Haseeb Shah1, Niamatullah Kakar2*, Mohammad Masood Tariq1, Muhammad Essa Kakar3 and Muhammad Zahid Mustafa1
...;">The antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) are provided in poultry feeds as an additive on sub-therapeutic level. The in vivo study was designed to evaluate the effect of oxytetracycline di-hydrate (OXY) and tylosin phosphate (TP) on different blood physiological and biochemical parameters in broiler chicken. AGPs supplement alone and in combinations were provided as pre-starter (days 1-12), starter (days 13 to 24) and finisher (day 25 to 42) feed. Standard bro...
Aulia Nurul Saputri, I Komang Gede Wiryawan, Dilla Mareistia Fassah*, Dewi Apri Astuti
...age of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) in livestock causes certain antibiotic resistance. Probiotic may be used as an alternative for AGP by providing microorganisms that have a health benefit for the host. This study was to identify the molecular characteristics of LAB isolated from the digestive tract of black soldier fly (BSF) larvae on different substrates as probiotic candidates. The LAB from the digestive tract of BSF larvae in chicken manure and palm ...
Ali Ahmad1*, Zubair Aslam1, Korkmaz Bellitürk2, Ehsan Ullah1, Ali Raza1 and Muhammad Asif3
...a, growth regulators and promoters and cellular portion degrading enzymes (cellulose, proteases, lipase, amylases, chitinase), which degrade organic substrates even after they have been secreted. Earthworms change the chemical and physical characteristics of organic substrates, over time reducing the C:N ratio, increasing the surface area exposed to bacteria, and improving the microbial degradability of organic materials. This study aims to demonstrate how org...
Siriporn Namted, Kanokporn Poungpong, Wiriya Loongyai, Choawit Rakangthong, Chaiyapoom Bunchasak*
...eplace antibiotic growth promoters in pig diets. This article reviewed the effects of using different types of yeast extract (YE), their fractions, and the dosage as feed additive on the growth performance, immune function, and gut morphology of pigs. Inconsistent results have been reported for the various yeast products utilized in the animal feed industry, with differing types of YE processing (autolysis or hydrolysis) and differing doses/responses. In a fee...
Jie Yang1, Wenjun Zhou2, Qi Zhang2, Lei Chu2, Zhenshi Chen1, Xiajun Zhang2, Weidong Wu3*, Shaoru Zhang1* and Lihui Wang1*
...NA allele mutation, mtrR promoter and coding region mutation, rplD and rplV mutation. Finally, the clinical isolates resistant to AZM were typed by N. gonorrhoeae multiantigen sequence typing (NG-MAST). 388 clinical isolates of N. gonorrhoeae were identified, of which 373, 329, 298, 5, 11 and 5 strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin, penicillin, tetracycline, AZM, spectinomycin and ceftriaxone, respectively. The mutation detection of AZM-R related gene showed...
Widiastuti Ardiansyah1,3, Osfar Sjofjan2*, Eko Widodo2, Suyadi Suyadi2, Danung Nur Adli2
Lopamudra Samantaray*, Yashaswi Nayak
Yusri Sapsuha1*, Nur Sjafani1, Suryati Tjokrodiningrat2
Tanvir Ahmed1, Sachchidananda Das Chowdhury1, Bibek Chandra Roy1Shubash Chandra Das1*, Khan Md. Shaiful Islam2, Bipul Chandra Ray1, Sukumar Saha3
...and an antibiotic growth promoter (AGP) on growth performance, intestinal microbial load, and immune response in broiler chickens. A total of 450 Cobb-500 unsexed DOCs were divided in response to the treatment into broilers fed a control diet (no additives), control supplemented with PB (100 g/100 kg feed), or control supplemented with AGP (Lincomycin 2.2%, 15 g/100 kg feed), having six replications in each treatment (25 birds per replication). Growth paramete...
Bambang Hartoyo1*, Tri Rachmanto Prihambodo1,2, Wahyuningsih3, Sri Rahayu1, Fransisca Maria Suhartati1, Muhamad Bata1, Efka Aris Rimbawanto1
Bayanda Mdoda*, Faith Machabi, Busisani Wiseman Lembede, Eliton Chivandi
...c bacitracin as a growth promoter in broiler chicken feed was evaluated by determining its effects on growth performance, feed intake and utilisation efficiency, gastrointestinal tract (GIT) organ, and GIT accessory organ macromorphometry, visceral fat mass and carcass yield. One hundred and twenty unsexed 1-day-old Cobb 500 broiler chicks (10 chicks per replicate with 3 replicates per diet) were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments where zingerone rep...
Fariha Qahar and Muhammad Sayyar Khan*
...otiana tobacco under 35S promoters in various compartments of the cell, which includes cytosol, plastids, and mitochondria in transgenic lines, resulted in enhanced tolerance in terms of lesser wilting and pigment discoloration to induced stress compared to non-transformed plants. In terms of approximate percentage damage, under 14% H2O2stress,30-60% of the leaf area turned necrotic in the single overexpression lines compared to 95% damage in the wild-type pla...
Irfan Safdar Durrani*, Noreen Asim and Ammar Sohail
... elements located in the promoter region of OsGLP12-3 gene of Nipponbare and newly sequenced Oryza sativa L. cultivar Dilrosh-97 using bioinformatics approach. The possible cis-acting regulatory elements were analyzed using PlantCARE and PlantPAN3.0. Phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA7 and docking of regulatory elements with the corresponding Transcription factors was performed using pyDockDNA. The OsGLP12-3 promoter
Hafsa Saeed, Soumble Zulfiqar, Abeedha Tu-Allah Khan and Abdul Rauf Shakoori*
...showed binding with zntA promoter. Increased transcripts of zntR in the presence of metal ions revealed its metal inducible nature. The molecular dynamics simulation and protein-metal ion docking studies of the K. pneumoniae ZntR protein are being reported for the first time....
Montesqrit Montesqrit1*, Harnentis Harnentis1, Sepri Reski1, Fadhli Fajri2
...thetic antibiotic growth promoter (AGP) in the diet of laying quails. The laying quails (n=180) used in this study were 44 weeks old, with an average production of 55%. The experiment followed a completely randomized design, with three treatments: A (basal diet + Zinc bacitracin), B (basal diet + 1% ROSE), and C (basal diet + 2% ROSE). Each treatment was replicated six times. The observed variables were the Escherichia coli count of the intestine and the perfo...
Turrini Yudiarti*, Sugiharto Sugiharto, Endang Widiastuti, Hanny Indrat Wahyuni, Tri Agus Sartono, Maulana Hamonangan Nasution
...tify;">Antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) have been administrated to chicken feed for many years to prevent disease and increase growth rate. Since the use of antibiotics is now forbidden, replacements should be developed that can also be used in their place. One option is to use non-antibiotic feed additives generated from fungal ferments, which have been shown to improve gastrointestinal health and production. Fungal can be used as a feed additive, and their...
Frennada Lu’fatul Azizah1, Osfar Sjofjan2*, Eko Widodo2
...rds | Alternative growth promoters, Black soldier flies, Broiler chickens, Feed conversion ratio, Growth performance
... 
Cis-acting regulatory elements and transcription factors as a key regulator in plant gene expression
HIRA MUBEEN1, 2*, AMMARA NASEEM1, AMMARA MASOOD2, SHAHID RAZA3 & NAUREEN NAEEM3
...iption factors (TFs) and promoters. Cis-acting elements are actually specific class of DNA binding proteins that act at particular site of DNA. Promoters are part of DNA fragment essential for transcriptional regulation of genes with certain transcription factors. These transcription factors could be useful in developmental regulation, interpretation and validation of candidate genes. This review highlights the importance of...
ZUBIA RASHID1, ZULFIQAR ALI MIRANI2, SITWAT ZEHRA1, SYED MUDDASSAR HUSSAIN GILANI3, ARIF ALI CHISHTI1, ABID AZHAR1 & SADDIA GALANI1*
...mycin (antibiotic growth promoter, AB); (iii) Control diets + 3% w/v blend of garlic, peppermint, cinnamon, black cumin, and green tea (phytogenic feed additives, PFA). Non-significant differences for body weight gain and feed intake (p>0.05) were found between AB and PFA groups. Quantitative bacterial analysis of chicken gut revealed supplementation of PFA significantly increased (p<0.05) beneficial bacterial (Lactobacillus spp. and Enterococcus spp.) a...
MUHAMMAD SHRAFAT ALI1, UZMA HAMEED2* & IKRAM-UL-HAQ3
...te for antibiotic growth promoters in the chick industry. In the present study, conditions for the sporulation of Bacillus subtilis, a probiotic strain, are optimized. Overnight grown inoculum (1%) was used for the cultivation of B. subtilis in NB medium followed by 24-48 hours incubation in a shaking incubator at 30°C. Spore staining and microscopy were performed at different time intervals to find out the sporulation status and time required for the comp...
Ngoc Tan Nguyen1*, Thi Tuong Vi Trang1, Thi Thuy Tien Nguyen2, Tuan Thanh Hoang2, Duc Thoa Nguyen2
...24 bp indel locus in the promoter region was studied, together with its association with the reproductive traits of color dual-purpose VLV hens. Egg production parameters were recorded as age at first egg (AFE; days), body weight at first egg (BWFE; gram/bird), mean egg weight (MEW; gram), and accumulated number of eggs (ANE) up to 38 weeks of age. DNA collected from the wing vein at 38 weeks of age was extracted from whole blood samples of 393 VLV chickens. T...
Teedzai Chitura*
...ed antibiotics as growth promoters in livestock production is the main contributor of antimicrobial resistance. As a result, there have been growing calls by consumers and international health organizations for reduced application of antibiotic growth promoters in livestock production. To address this problem, several animal feed commissioners and summits have legislated and banned the use of antibiotic growth
Md. Shahidul Islam*, Md. Mizanur Rahman, Md. Sodrul Islam, Kazi Khalid Ibne Khalil and Apurbo Kumar Mondal
...s over antibiotic growth promoter on growth performance and hematology of broiler chicken. To perform the study, a total number of sixty (60) day old ‘Cobb 500’ broiler chicks were randomly divided into three groups, naming group C that was supplied with normal broiler ration as control, group B was supplied with normal ration along with supplementation of probiotics, BACTOSAC @ 0.2 ml per liter drinking water and group A was reared with normal bro...
Tebogo Letsukulo Percy Thepa, Thobela Louis Tyasi*
... 2379C>T found in the promoter region exhibited significance with 80% of associated results and can potentially be utilised as a candidate genetic in marker assisted selection for growth traits in sheep. In conclusion, this systematic review concludes that there exists a relationship between the SNPs of the MSTN gene and growth traits in sheep and that more research is necessary to explore this relationship in a greater number of growth traits to further un...
Kremlin Mark B. Ampode
...ive to antibiotic growth promoters in broiler chickens, warranting further investigation into the mechanisms underlying its beneficial effects.
Keywords | Origanum vulgare, Antimicrobial alternatives, Phenolic compounds, Flavonoid compounds, Gut health, Mortality
... 
Rizwan Maqbool1, Bilal Ahmad Khan*2, Sumbal Parvez3, Muhammad Ather Nadeem2, Azhar
Hassan1, Jamshaid Qamar2, Ali Nawaz1, Muhammad Adnan2, Rafia Khalid3, Muhammad
Usman2
...tration and plant growth promoter at low concentration. Therefore, this study
was planned at the Weed Science laboratory, Department of Agronomy, University of
Agriculture Faisalabad-Pakistan, during winter 2018 to evaluate the hermetic effects of
Althaea officinalis L. (Khatami) on Radish (Raphanus sativus). The experiments were laid
out under completely randomized design (CRD) havin...
Rizwan Maqbool1, Bilal Ahmad Khan*2, Sumbal Parvez3, Muhammad Ather Nadeem2,
Muhammad Mughees Ud Din4, Jamshaid Qamar2, Muhammad Waqas1, Muhammad Mohsin
Amin2, Burhan Khalid1
...ed as growth
promoter at lower concentration as well as at higher concentration for environmentally
friendly control of weeds.
...
Sumaira Abdul Raouf1, Nadia Jabeen1* and Sundus Akhtar1
...cide and as plant growth promoter agent to decrease the T. portulacastrum allelopathic stress and to enhance the growth of V. mungo. Amendment of Pseudomonas sp. (PF-097) increase V. mungo percentage of germination (8-42%), seedling length (12-54%), fresh biomass of seedling (8-17%) and dry biomass of seedling (0.47 g to 1.2 g). In vivo pot experiment bioassay revealed that of T. portulaacstrum significantly suppress the shoot length (46 cm to 18 cm), shoot fr...
Maimoona Imran2, Farah Rauf Shakoori2*, Soumble Zulfiqar1,
Abeedha Tu-Allah Khan1 and Abdul Rauf Shakoori1*
...y with bidirectional cus promoter. STRING database analysis revealed that CusR possesses strong interactions and linkages with other Cus determinants and via ZraS with lead and zinc resistant genes. This regulator also possesses weak associations with Cue and Cut regulons and starvation sensing system....
