Tissue-Specific Response of Peroxidase Activity in Channa striata under Acute Exposure of Pesticides (Deltamethrin + Endosulfan) Mixture

Aliya Munir1, Sajid Abdullah1*, Huma Naz2*, Khalid Abbas1, Tanveer Ahmed3 and Zahid Farooq2

1Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan

2Department of Zoology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Bahawalpur, Pakistan

3Department of Life Sciences, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan.

Abstract | The application of pesticides has been increased in agriculture to improve crop production all over the world. This may leads to existence of pesticides and their metabolites in freshwater bodies. Pesticides can trigger stress in organisms by increasing the number of reactive oxygen species. Oxidative stress biomarkers like antioxidants enzymes have been successfully used in ecotoxicology field for evaluating the stress response of organisms exposed to pollutants. Therefore, this work was designed to evaluate the peroxidase (POx) level in kiney, gills and liver of fish Channa striata exposed to LC50 concentration (1.374µgL-1) of deltamethrin+endosulfan (DM+ES) mixture for 4-day. Sampling was performed after a 24-hr period. Fish were sacrificed and organs were collected to calculate the POx activity. It was observed that the exposure of DM+ES significantly accelerated the POx level in gills, liver and kidney of fish in a time dependent manner.

Novelty Statement | The widespread use of insecticide in agriculture sector result in occasional discharge in water bodies and account for significant effects on fish survival. Therefore, this work was designed to assess the toxicity of insecticides on fish.

Article History

Received: June 18, 2019

Revised: July 13, 2020

Accepted: August 02, 2021

Published: August 23, 2021

Authors’ Contributions

AM executed this research work. SA planning the research work. HN performed statistical analysis, KA member of supervisory committee. TA and ZF helped in writing the manuscript.

Keywords

Acute, Organs, Pesticides mixture, Antioxidant enzyme, Fish

Corresponding authors: Sajid Abdullah and Huma Naz

humanaz@cuvas.edu.pk, uaf_sajidabdullah@yahoo.com

To cite this article: Munir, A., Abdullah, S., Naz, H., Abbas, K., Ahmed, T. and Farooq, Z., 2021. Tissue-specific response of peroxidase activity in Channa striata under acute exposure of pesticides (Deltamethrin + Endosulfan) mixture. Punjab Univ. J. Zool., 36(2): 147-151. https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pujz/2021.36.2.147.151

Introduction

Pesticide and their residues contaminates the aquatic habitats due to widespread use in the agricultural sector (Cerejeira et al., 2003). Pesticides are also highly toxic to non-target animals; among these fish is one of the most prominent (Murthy et al., 2013) because fish has direct contact to theses pescticides (Rao and Pillala, 2001). These chemicals alter the quality of water that is a residence of several aquatic animals (Donohue et al., 2006). Exposure of pesticides at acute concentrations had negative effects on organisms and sometimes causes mass mortalities (Sabae et al., 2014).

Organo-chlorines and pyrethroid pesticides are commonly applied and overlapped in soy-bean crops (Miglioranza et al., 2003). Both pesticides are known as highly toxic to aquatic animals like fish due to harmful impacts (US EPA, 2002; Gu et al., 2007). Deltamethrin (DM) belongs to pyrethroid insecticides (Tomlin, 2006), may badly affect the fish by provoking oxidative stress in various organs of fish (De-Assis et al., 2009). Endosulfan is an off patent organochlorine insecticide and acaricide that is being phased out globally (Guerin, 2001) and extensively applied to control the variety of insect pests (Miglioranza et al., 2003). Pesticides may change the behavior of fish, also alter the haematological and biochemical parameters, histopathological damages and cause genotoxicity (Klumpp et al., 2002).

Many pesticides include organofluorine, organochlorine, carbamates, organophosphates and pyrethroids, (Di-Giulio and Meyer, 2008) provoke oxidative stress by the creation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which not only start oxidation of lipids (Koprucu et al., 2008) but also cause variations in antioxidants which scavenge free oxygen radicals in aquatic animals (Livingstone, 2001).

To detoxify ROS fish, possess antioxidant defensive mechanisms contain enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidases, catalase, and glutathione S-transferases. Peroxidase is found in the mitochondria and eliminate hydrogen peroxide from the cell and save the cell from oxidative stress (Boeuf et al., 2000). Therefore, in this experiment organ and duration-dependent response of peroxidase in Channa striata due to acute exposure of deltamethrin+endosulfan mixture was examined.

Materials and Methods

Lay-out of experiment

Channa striata were chosen for this experiment. C. striata was captured from natural breeding grounds and brought to Fish Farm at UAF. C. striata were acclimatized to laboratory environment for a couple of weeks. Afterthat, fish (n=10) were shifted to 70-L glass aquarium. C. striata, were exposed to LC50 concentration (1.374µgL-1) of DM+ES for four days (Abdullah et al., 2018).

Physico-chemical parameters

During the trail, pH, temperature and total hardness of water kept stable as 7.00, 30oC and 222 mg L-1, respectively. Other parameters includes sodium, carbon dioxide, magnesium, calcium, potassium, total ammonia, and electrical conductivity were checked according to method of APHA (1998).

Estimation of peroxidase activity

Preparation of homogenate

After each sampling (24-hr interval), fish were sacrificed and organs viz. gills, liver and kidney were removed. Organs homogenate was prepared by adding phosphate buffer (0.2 M) of pH 6.5 in the ratio of 1:4 (w/v) with mortar and pestle. Organ homogenate was centrifuged for 10 mint at 10,000 rpm and 4oC. A clear supernatant was separated for enzyme assay.

Enzyme assay

Civello et al. (1995) protocol was adopted to calculate the peroxidase. The 750µL of guaiacol and 47ml of phosphate buffer added in a test tube and mixed well. After mixing, hydrogen peroxide (0.3 ml) was also added in the test tube. In a cuvette, 3 ml of buffered substrate solution along with 0.06 ml of enzyme extract was taken, and left for 3 min. After 3 min absorbance was noted at 470 nm by using spectrophotometer against control.

Calculation

Data analysis

The obtained data from this experiment were analyzed using Statistix Version 8. The organ- and duration specific difference were analyzed by applying One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s range test.

Results and Discussion

The inferences of this study demonstrated that the exposure of DM+ES mixture significantly raised the POx level in gills, kidney and liver of C. striata as compared to control. Moreover, level of POx was higher in liver of C. striata than gills and kidney. The POx level gradually enhanced with the passage of time. The POx activity was maximum after 96-hr of exposure to DM+END mixture. Data regarding peroxidase activity is presented in Figure 1-3.

Aquatic animals certainly exposed to a number of pesticides which are different in their structure and toxicity. Effect of single pesticides on fish has been observed by many authors (Joseph and Raj, 2011), but the toxicity associated with pesticides in combined form is comparatively less documented. Therefore, more research work is needed to understand their interactions on the living organisms. The use of biomarkers provides integrative and comprehensive evaluation of biochemical and cellular alterations in living organisms exposed to environmental toxicants (Cazenave et al., 2009; Linde-Arias et al., 2008).

In present work, DM+ES significantly increased POx level in liver, gills and kidney of organs of C. striata in relation to control. The ability of DM and END to cause oxidative stress in various tissues of fish has been extensively studied (Atif et al., 2005). According to Bacchetta et al. (2014) endosulfan exposure activated the peroxidase in fish. Dinu et al. (2010) noted that DM stimulate level of peroxidase in Carassius auratus gibelio liver.

 

 

 

The fluctuation in enzymes activities (enhanced or reduced) under stress situation mainly depends upon different factors such as species, dose, exposure duration and type of the toxicants (John et al., 2001; Cheung et al., 2001). Endosulfan+chlorpyrifos mixture caused the raise in POx activity in all organs of C. catla (Naz et al., 2021). Pandey et al. (2003) documented the higher POx level in kidney, gills and liver of Wallago attu collected from polluted area. DM induced significant increase in kidney and liver GPx level of Channa punctatus as observed by Sayeed et al. (2003). Ullah et al. (2016) recorded the ES induced POx activity in gills and liver of Labeo rohita. Vineela and Reddy (2014) recorded gradual increase in POx activity of Catla catla exposed to Lihocin (Chlorocholinechloride). Isik and Celik (2008) also recorded variations in liver and gills of rainbowtrout (Oncorhynchcus mykiss) after acute exposure to methyl diazinon and parathion. Exposed to malathion significantly increased the glutathione peroxidase in gills of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L) (Rosety et al., 2005). Verma and Dubey (2003) also reported the same results. Lemaire et al. (2010) reported that organochlorine compounds significantly augmented the peroxidase activity in Coryphaenoides rupestris. Acute exposure of pesticides accelerated the peroxidase activity in Labeo rohita in relation to control (Dawar et al., 2016). Endoslafn+chlorpyrifos mixture augmented the POx level in kidney, gills and liver of rohu (Naz et al., 2019).

Conclusions and Recommendations

Present study demonstrated that the DM+ES mixture alter the peroxidase level in organs of fish when exposed to lethal dose. It was also concluded that the biochemical parameters like antioxidant enzyme can be successfully used as a bio-marker to examine the pesticides pollution in aquatic ecosystems.

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared no conflict of interest.

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