Systematic Diversity with Quantitative Study of Medicinal Weeds of Tehsil Sarai Naurang, District Lakki Marwat, KP-Pakistan
Research Article
Systematic Diversity with Quantitative Study of Medicinal Weeds of Tehsil Sarai Naurang, District Lakki Marwat, KP-Pakistan
Tariq Zaman1*, Fawad Khan2, Sajjad Ahmad2*, Alia Mehsud2, Atta Ur Rahman3, Muskaan Zaman2 and Sumaira Noor2
1Department of Botany, University of Science and Technology Bannu, Pakistan; 2Department of Botany, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan; 3Department of Botany, Islamia College Peshawar, Pakistan,
Abstract | District Lakki Marwat is a highly rich profile and diverse flora in southern districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The present study was conducted during 2018-19 in Tehsil Sarai Naurang District Lakki Marwat in order to investigate the taxonomic diversity and medicinal importance of weeds flora. A total of 42 weed species belonging to 20 families were investigated from research area. The dominant families in terms of species richness were Asteraceae and Poaceae with 6 species (14.28%) each, followed by Brassicaceae and Papilionaceae with 4 species (9.52%), Apiaceae and Solanaceae with 3 species (7.14%), Amaranthaceae and Polygonaceae having 2 species (4.76%), while remaining families (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Asphodelaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Convolvulaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fumariaceae, Lamiaceae, Malvaceae, Oxalidaceae, Plantaginaceae and Salvadoraceae) have 1 specie (2.38%) each. Based on plant parts used, leaves were the topmost part used of 21 species (50%), followed by whole plant 18 species (42.85%), seeds of 9 species (21.42%), stem of 8 species (19.08%), root of 5 species (11.90%), latex, shoots of 2 species (4.76%) and flowers of 1 specie. The most significant number of plant species that helped alleviate digestive problems was 12 (58.57%) of the total, followed by intestinal problems with 8 species (19.04%), abdominal pain with 7 species (16.66%). Different quantitative indices like Use Value (UV), Relative Frequency Citation (RFC) and Family Important Value (FIV), were used to find out comparative signficiance of plant species. The species with high Used Value were Mentha longifolia 0.93, Coronopus didymus 0.90, Sonchus asper 0.89. Calotropis procera 0.22, Euphorbia helioscopia 0.21, Cynodon dectylon 0.20 are species with high RFC. The Families with high FIV were Poaceae 74.7, Astercaeae 69.9, Brassicaceae 50.7, Papilionaceae 39.7 and Solanaceae 35.6.
Received | March 01, 2024; Accepted | March 28, 2024; Published | March 31, 2024
*Correspondence | Sajjad Ahmad, Department of Botany, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan; Email: Tariqzaman659@gmail.com; Sajjadahmad22@uop.edu.pk
Citation | Zaman, T., F. Khan, S. Ahmad, A. Mehsud, A.U. Rahman, M. Zaman and S. Noor., 2024. Systematic diversity with quantitative study of medicinal weeds of Tehsil Sarai Naurang, District Lakki Marwat, KP- Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Weed Science Research, 30(1): 25-36.
DOI | https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.PJWSR/2024/30.1.25.36
Keywords | Ethnobotany, Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa, Lakki Marwat, Medicinal weeds, Sarai Naurang, Systematic diversity, Quantitatives study
Copyright: 2024 by the authors. Licensee ResearchersLinks Ltd, England, UK.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Introduction
Tehsil Sarai Naurang is locataed in District Lakki Marwat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province Pakistan, with 32°49’ N latitude and 70°46’ E longitude having 278 meters height from sea level. Sarai Naurang tehsil is located at northern side of district Lakki Marwat. Location of Sarai Naurang is in such a way that in the north side there is district Bannu, in the east district Karak, in the west district North Waziristan and in the south it is separated by tehsil Ghazni Khel. The overall 100% population speaking Pashto language and all are muslims (Hussain et al. 2016).
Different authors in different areas documented and explored the plants natural resources with respect to their medicinal values. The whole plant of weeds is mostly used for medicinal purposes. Weeds can be used for many things, but their presence in food crop cultivation is considered as pests. Ethno-medicine and their traditional knowledge is a good illustration of poor communities living in the remote areas, fighting even incurable diseases through the traditional methods and even for their livestock through these traditional herbal medicines (Raut et al. 2012). Medicinal plants constitute the base of health care systems in many societies. Globally, about 85% of the traditional medicines used for primary health care derived from plants (Farnsworth, 1988). Some weeds are called, “beneficial plants or herbs” as they are edible, use for food or herbal medicine. Other advantage of such beneficial herbs may be the keeping away of some insects’ pests of crops (Ediriweera, 2007). Weeds are also used as medicines; however, there have been no reports of the use of wild plants as medicines in this region (Des et al. 2018). Weeds are still used as traditional medicinal plants and have the potential to be used as medicines (Rizki et al. 2019). Many herbaceous plants can be used as food, medicines and also used in religious festivals (Mesfin et al. 2013). Medicinal weeds not only contain nutritional potential which are vital for human health but it can be used as defense against infectious diseases. This study aims to investigate the weeds used indigenously by the local inhabitants for treatment of different diseases. The medicinal weed Imperata cylindrica L. is used for Tonic, cut and wounds, urodynia, hypertension, and febrifuge in Hafizabad district, Punjab-Pakistan (Umair et al., 2017). The overall plant of Oxalis corniculata L. and leaves of Euphorbia hirta L. are used as traditional medicinal source. The important medicinal weeds Avena fatua L. Solanum nigrum L., Malva neglecta Wall. Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. Rumex dentatus L. have high potential against throat infection, heart burn, diarrhea, laxative and abdominal pain (Islam et al. 2006).
Materials and Methods
Geographical information was obtained from the Department of Geography, University of Peshawar. Map of the study area, note book, pencil, plant presser, newspaper, polythene bags, knife, compass and digital camera were used during research work. Plants were collected, pressed in newspapers with the help of plant presser. During field visits, interviews were taken from people of different age groups (30-45 years; 46-55 years; 56-70 years) through semi structured questionnaire to record the indigenous knowledge and ethnobotanical information about the plants. The artifact method (ex-situ sampling) and inventory method (in-situ sampling) were used for data authenticity (Thomas and Shengji, 2003). The collected weed species were dried, pressed and identified with help of available literature and various volumes of Flora of Pakistan (Ali and Nasir, 1989-1991; Ali and Qaiser, 1993-2021). The voucher specimens were numbered and deposited in Herbarium of Department of Botany, University of Peshawar.
The current research study included three quantitative indices: Family important value (FIV), Relative frequency citation (RFC) and Use Value (UV).
Family important value (FIV): It indicated the imporatant of plant family by informants.
N: All the informants participating in the in survey FC: the number of informers, indicating the family. (Shah et al., 2020).
Relative frequency citation (RFC): The relative value of plant species identified by informants was assessed using the relative frequency of citations (RFC) (Shaheen et al. 2017).
N is total number of informants participated in the survey FC is the number of informants mentioning the usage of the species.
Used Value (UV): The use value (UV) was determined using the method provided by (Rokaya et al. 2010) in order to assess the significance of each specific plant species.
UV = ∑Ui/N
N is the sum of informants, Ui is the number of uses mentioned by each information for a given species
Results
The present research area has very high medicinal weeds diversity. The research work was conducted during 2018-19 in Tehsil Sarai Naurang explore the medicinal diversity of weeds flora. The total of 42 weed species belonging to 20 families was investigated from research area (Table 1) The dominant famimilies with respect to species richness were Asteraceae and Poaceae with 6 species (14.28%) each, followed by Brassicaceae and Papilionaceae with 4 species (9.52%), Apiaceae and Solanaceae with 3 species (7.14%), Amaranthaceae and Polygonaceae having 2 species (4.76%), while remaining families have 1 specie (2.38%) each (Table 3; Fig. 2).
Table 1: Ethno-medicinal description of weedy medicinal plants of Tehsil Sarai Naurang, District Lakki Marwat.
S.# |
Family |
Species name |
Local name |
Habit |
Part used |
Ethno-medicinal uses |
1 |
Apiaceae |
Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam. |
Lewanai gajara |
Herb |
Seeds |
Used for wound, as diuretic |
Anethum graveolens L. |
Sowey |
Herb |
Seeds, leaves |
Seeds used for wound as antiseptic, used as a tonic |
||
Torilis leptophylla (L.) reichenb. f. |
Jungli dhanrhia |
Herb |
Leaves, stem |
Used for increase in animal milk production |
||
2 |
Amaranthaceae |
Amaranthus viridis (L.) Medik |
Ranjaka |
Herb |
Leaves, shoot |
Reduced diabetes rate and cholesterol level, used as pain killer and diuretic |
Achyranthes aspera L. |
Duzaro Washkai |
Herb |
Whole Plant |
Laxative, diuretic, cough, asthma and toothache |
||
3 |
Apocynaceae |
Nerium oleander L. |
Surgulai |
Shrub |
Leaves, flowers, roots |
Used for high blood pressure, digestive system and itching |
4 |
Asclepiadaceae |
Calotropis procera (Willd)R.Br. |
Spalmaka |
Shrub |
Leaves, stem |
latex used in asthma, cough, stomach burn and dysentery |
5 |
Astercaeae |
Carthamus oxyacantha M. Bieb |
Kunjal |
Herb |
Leaves, seeds |
Leaves used for milk production in cattle, seeds used for urinary swelling |
Erigeron bonariensis L. |
Aspee ghash |
Shrub |
Leaves, stem, roots |
Leaves used for rheumatism and wound healing |
||
Cirsium arvense (L.) Scope |
Bizogee |
Herb |
Whole plant |
Chewed for toothache |
||
Sonchus asper (L.) Hill |
Thareza |
Herb |
Leaves, roots, latex |
Used to cure warts and inflammation |
||
Sonchus oleraceus (L.) Hill |
Catasaree |
Herb |
Leaves, roots, latex |
Used for bronchial infection, digestive disturbance and tonic |
||
Taraxacum officinale Weber |
Zerh gulai |
Herb |
Whole plant |
Laxative, diuretic, constipation |
||
6 |
Asphodelaceae |
Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav. |
Pazakai |
Herb |
Roots, leaves |
Used for hair loss, antidandruff |
7 |
Brassicaceae |
Eruca sativa Mill. |
Jamao |
Herb |
Leaves, seeds |
Used for skin diseases, blood purification, kidney disorder, hairless and diuretic |
Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. |
Salaad |
Herb |
Leaves, seeds |
Leaves used for digestion, stomach relief and blood purification, seeds oil used for cooking |
||
Malcolmia Africana (L.) R.Br. |
Khatoal |
Herb |
Leaves, seeds |
Seeds oil used for bone pain; leaves used for abdominal relief |
||
Coronopus didymus (L.) sm. |
Gand butai |
Herb |
Leaves, shoots |
Reducing blood pressure |
||
8 |
Chenopodiaceae |
Chenopodium murale L. |
Tor Bathu |
Herb |
Leaves, stem |
Used as diuretic, tonic for liver, digestive, laxative, peptic ulcer and dyspepsia |
9 |
Convolvulaceae |
Convolvulus arvensis L. |
Perkhatun |
Herb |
Whole plant |
Treat skin ulcer, wounds, swellings, abdominal pain, also used for muscular weakness |
10 |
Euphorbiaceae |
Euphorbia helioscopia L. |
Parparai |
Herb |
Whole plant |
Root is anthelmintic, cathartic, seeds mixed with paper mint or honey used against cholera |
11 |
Fumariaceae |
Fumaria indica (Hausskn.) Pugsley |
Spanda |
Herb |
Leaves, stem, seeds |
Used as a exorcise and for stomach pain |
12 |
Lamiaceae |
Mentha longifolia L. |
Velanai |
Herb |
Leaves, stem |
Used for digestive, abdominal pain, cough, cold and asthma |
13 |
Malvaceae |
Malva neglecta Wall. |
Pochkai |
Herb |
Whole plant |
Highly medicinal, nutritive and digestive |
14 |
Oxalidaceae |
Oxalis corniculata L. |
Malkhoza |
Herb |
Seeds |
Seeds used for backache and joint pain |
15 |
Papilionaceae |
Astragalus scorpiurus Bunge |
Kasterai |
Herb |
Leaves |
Very highly medicinal (Ethnoveternary) |
Melilotus indica (L.) All. |
Shinghzai |
Herb |
Whole plant |
Used for stomach and heart burn |
||
Medicago polymorpha L. |
Kundey |
Herb |
Leaves, stem |
Aphrodisiac |
||
Vicia sativa L. |
Jangli mattar |
Herb |
Whole plant |
Fodder, fruit are used in pickle, leaves used for digestive purpose |
||
16 |
Polygonaceae |
Emex spinosus (L.) Campd |
Perkhatun |
Herb |
Leaves, stem |
Used for worms killing in cattle, highly medicinal |
Rumex dentatus L. |
Turukai |
Herb |
Whole plant |
Stomach and abdominal relief |
||
17 |
Plantaginaceae |
Plantago lanceolata L. |
Speghol |
Herb |
Seeds, leaves |
Used for abdominal pain and dhirrea |
18 |
Poaceae |
Cynodon dectylon (L.) Pers |
Drab |
Herb |
Whole plant |
Used to cure fresh wounds, chronic dhirrea, rheumatism and diuretic |
Avena fatua L. |
Kiranrha |
Herb |
Whole plant |
Used as diuretic, anti-inflammatory and wound healing |
||
Avena sativa L. |
Jaudar |
Herb |
Leaves, Seeds |
Leaves are used for skin diseases, tonic and antispasmodic |
||
Imperata cylindrica L. |
Sermaghza |
Herb |
Whole plant |
Used as diuretic, tonic, wound healing, nose bleeding and digestive disorders |
||
Cymbopogon jwarancusa (Jones) Schult. |
Sargarai |
Herb |
Whole Plant |
Used for cough, cold, fever, stomach burn and vomiting |
||
Rostraria cristata (L.) Tzvelev. |
Washkai |
Herb |
Whole Plant |
Used for animal abdominal pain, increase milk production |
||
19 |
Salvadoraceae |
Salvadora oleoides Decne. |
Plaman |
Shrub |
Whole plant |
Used for mouth diseases and cleanliness |
20 |
Solanaceae |
Physalis divaricata D. Don |
Sqand |
Herb |
Whole plant |
Seeds used for high fever, roots used for animal, dhirrea and abdominal pain |
Solanum nigrum L. |
Mamanrha |
Herb |
Whole plant |
Used for rheumatism, skin diseases, cough and laxative |
||
Solanum surattense L. |
Maraghoon |
Herb |
Whole plant |
Seeds and fruit cover used for abdominal pain, fruit used for digestion and roots for dhirrea |
Table 2: Phytogeography of weedy medicinal plants of Tehsil Sarai Naurang, District Lakki Marwat.
S.# |
Family |
Spp no. |
Species name |
Flowering & fruiting phenology |
Collection site |
Distribution/Location |
|
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa |
Pakistan |
||||||
1 |
Apiaceae |
1 |
Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam. |
Apr-May |
Nawab Kaly (Lakki Marwat) |
Swat, Dir, Peshawar, Charsada, Sawabi, Bannu, Lakki Marwat, Kohat |
Murree, Zhob, Ziarat, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Lahore |
2 |
Anethum graveolens L. |
Apr-May |
Kot Kashmir (Lakki Marwat) |
Peshawar, Mardan, Charsada, Dir (L), Bannu, Lakki Marwat, Kohat |
Karachi, Islamabad, D. I Khan, Mianwali, Jhelum |
||
3 |
Torilis leptophylla (L.) reichenb.f. |
Apr-May |
Kot Kashmir (Lakki Marwat) |
Hazara, Peshawar, Bannu, Lakki Marwat, Kohat, D. I Khan, Bajaur, Dir, |
Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Attock, Murre |
||
2 |
Amaranthaceae |
4 |
Amaranthus viridis (L.) Medik |
June-July |
Kot Kashmir, Sparli kalai, (Lakki Marwat) |
Charsadda, Swabi, Swat, Peshawar, Bannu, Lakki Marwat, Kohat, D. I Khan, Karak, Chitral, Malakand, Bannu |
Chiniot, Sailkot, |
5 |
Achyranthes aspera L. |
Feb-Apr |
Nawab Kaly, Kot Kashmir, Gandi, (Lakki Marwat) |
Charsada, Bajaur, Dir, Swat |
Kamber (Sindh), Nara |
||
3 |
Apocynaceae |
6 |
Nerium oleander L. |
Mar-Apr |
Kot Kashmir, Bahawal Klai (Lakki Marwat) |
Swat, Dir, Bajaur, Malakand |
Khuzdar, Kalat, Poonch, |
4 |
Asclepiadaceae |
7 |
Calotropis procera (Willd)R.Br. |
Throughout Year |
Kot Kashmir, Azad Kalay (Lakki Marwat) |
Peshawar, Charsada, Sawabi, Mardan, Bajaur, Dir, Malakand, Kohat, D.I. Khan |
Rawalpandi, Chakwal, Attock, Murre, Abbottabad |
5 |
Asteraceae |
8 |
Carthamus oxyacantha M. Bieb |
May-June |
Chandu Khel, Jangi khan klai, passani, Kot Kashmir (Lakki Marwat |
Malakand, Dir, Swat, Buner, Charasadda, Swabi, Peshawar, Kohat, Karak, Bannu, Lakki Marwat, D. I Khan |
Islamabad, Mainwale |
9 |
Cirsium arvense (L.) Scope |
Apr-May |
Kot Kashmir (Lakki Marwat) |
Bajaur, Dir, Swat, Malakand, Charsada, Mardan, Peshawar, Kohat, Bannu, Waziristan |
Bhimbar Kashmir, Kasur, Peshawar |
||
10 |
Erigeron bonariensis L. |
Mar-May |
Fields along the sides of river tochi (Kot Kashmir) Lakki Marwat) |
Bajaur, Dir, Swat, Malakand, Charsada, Chitral Peshawar, Kohat, Bannu, Kurram |
Potohar, Kashmir, Mandi Bahaudin |
||
11 |
Sonchus asper (L.) Hill |
Apr-June |
Kot Kashmir, Jangi Khan klai, Bahawal klai (Lakki Marwat) |
Bajaur, Dir, Swat, Malakand, Charsada, Mardan, Peshawar, Kohat, Bannu, Waziristan, Kaghan |
Kasur, Islamabad, |
||
12 |
Sonchus oleraceus (L.) Hill |
Apr-June |
Kot Kashmir, Jangi Khan klai, Bahawal klai (Lakki Marwat) |
Bajaur, Dir, Swat, Malakand, Charsada, Mardan, Peshawar, Kohat, Bannu, Waziristan |
Chang manga, Rawalpindi, Bahawalnagar |
||
13 |
Taraxacum officinale Weber |
Apr-June |
Kot Kashmir (Lakki Marwat) |
Mardan, Mansehra |
Poonch valley, Kashmir, |
||
6 |
Asphodelaceae |
14 |
Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav. |
Nov-Apr |
Fields along the sides of river tochi (Kot Kashmir) Lakki Marwat) |
D. I Khan, Bannu, Tank, Lakki Marwat, Karak, Nowshera, Peshawar. |
Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Jhelum, Attock |
7 |
Brassicaceae |
15 |
Eruca sativa Mill. |
Apr-June |
Kot Kashmir (Lakki Marwat) |
Mardan, Sawabi, Lakki marwat, Bannu, karak, Charsada, Lower Dir. |
Jhelum, Islamabad, Rawalpindi, |
16 |
Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. |
Apr-June |
Kot Kashmir (Lakki Marwat) |
Mardan, Sawabi, Lakki marwat, Bannu, karak, Charsada, Lower Dir. |
Jhelum, Rawalpindi, South Punjab |
||
17 |
Malcolmia africana (L.) R.Br. |
Mar-June |
Kot Kashmir (Lakki Marwat) |
Mardan, Charsada, Dir, Swat, Nowshera, Malakand, D.I. Khan, Bannu |
Rawalpindi, Quetta, Mianwali, Hafizabad |
||
18 |
Coronopus didymus (L.) sm. |
Mar-June |
Machan Khel, Kot Kashmir (Lakki Marwat) |
Charsada, Bajaur, Sawabi, Peshawar, |
Mirpur, Sukkar, Lahore, Kasur, Nanka sahib |
||
8 |
Chenopodiaceae |
19 |
Chenopodium murale L. |
Jan-July |
Kot Kashmir (Lakki Marwat) |
Peshawar, Tank |
Mankial, Quetta, Kasur, |
9 |
Convolvulaceae |
20 |
Convolvulus arvensis L. |
Throughout Year |
Kot Kashmir (Lakki Marwat) |
Chitral, Kaghan, Parachinar, Peshawar, Bajaur, |
Quetta, Rawalpindi, Jhelum, Mirpur |
10 |
Euphorbiaceae |
21 |
Euphorbia helioscopia L. |
Jan-July |
Kot Kashmir (Lakki Marwat) |
Bajaur, Dir, Swat, Charsada, Peshawar, Bannu, Kohat, |
Muree, Islamabad, Hasan abdal |
11 |
Fumariaceae |
22 |
Fumaria indica (Hausskn.) Pugsley |
Mar-June |
Kot Kashmir (Lakki Marwat) |
Bajaur, Swat, Charsada, Peshawar, Bannu, Kohat. North Waziristan |
Rawalpindi, Attock Islamabad |
12 |
Lamiaceae |
23 |
Mentha longifolia L. |
May-Nov |
Kot Kashmir, Gandi, Sparli kalai (Lakki Marwat) |
Bajaur, Swat, Charsada, Peshawar, Bannu, Kohat. North Waziristan |
Jhelum, Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Attock, Lahore |
13 |
Malvaceae |
24 |
Malva neglecta Wall. |
May-July |
Kot Kashmir (Lakki Marwat) |
Bajaur, Dir, Swat, Kohat, Mohmand, Abbottabad, |
Rawalpindi, Jhelum, Chakwal |
14 |
Oxalidaceae |
25 |
Oxalis corniculata L. |
Mar-Dec |
Kot Kashmir, Machan Khel (Lakki Marwat) |
Bajaur, Dir, Swat, Kohat, Mohmand, Abbottabad, |
Quetta, Rawalpindi, Jhelum, Chakwal |
15 |
Papilionaceae |
26 |
Astragalus scorpiurus Bunge |
Mar-Apr |
Nawab Kaly, Kot Kashmir (Lakki Marwat) |
Bajaur, Bannu, Peshawar |
Kashmir, Gilgit-Baltistan |
27 |
Melilotus indica (L.) All. |
Mar-Aug |
Shah Tora, Kot Kashmir, Bahawal kalai (Lakki Marwat) |
Charsada |
Baluchistan, Kausar, Lahore |
||
28 |
Medicago polymorpha L. |
Mar-May |
Kot Kashmir (Lakki Marwat) |
Malakand, Swat, Nowshera, Buner |
Kausar, Sakkur |
||
29 |
Vicia sativa L. |
Mar-Apr |
Kot Kashmir, Passani (Lakki Marwat) |
Lakki Marwat, Chitral, Malakand |
Kashmir, Baluchistan, Rawalpindi, Jhelum |
||
16 |
Polygonaceae |
30 |
Emex spinosus (L.) Campd |
Mar-May |
Kot Kashmir (Lakki Marwat) |
Malakand, Nowshera, Swabi, Dir, Charsada, Abbottabad. |
Kashmir, Faridabad |
31 |
Rumex dentatus L. |
May-June |
Kot Kashmir (Lakki Marwat) |
Bajaur, Dir, Abbottabad, D.I. Khan, Galiyat, Sawabi |
Kashmir, Kausar |
||
17 |
Plantaginaceae |
32 |
Plantago lanceolata L. |
May-June |
Kot Kashmir (Lakki Marwat) |
Peshawar, Mallam Jaba, Nowshera |
Rawalkot, Murree, Sudhan Gali, Baluchistan, |
18 |
Poaceae |
33 |
Cynodon dectylon (L.) Pers |
Throughout Year |
Kot Kashmir, Gandi (Lakki Marwat) |
Peshawar, Swat, Dir, Bajaur, Nowshera, Swabi, Bannu, Buner |
Kashmir, Murre, Baluchistan, Rawalpandi, |
34 |
Avena fatua L. |
Mar-Apr |
Wheat fields of Kot Kashmir (Lakki Marwat) |
Peshawar, D.I. Khan, Bannu |
Sarghoda, Toba Tek Singh, Bahawalpur |
||
35 |
Avena sativa L. |
Mar-Apr |
Kot Kashmir (Lakki Marwat) |
Kohat, Bajaur, |
Faisalabad, Sarghoda, Potohar, Mansehra |
||
36 |
Imperata cylindrica L. |
Apr-June |
Kot Kashmir (Lakki Marwat) |
Bannu, Karak, Nowshera |
Bahawalnagar, Bahwalpor, Potohar, |
||
37 |
Cymbopogon jwarancusa (Jones) Schult. |
June-July |
Kot Kashmir (Lakki Marwat) |
Pubbi, Nowshera |
Baluchistan, Cholistan, Thal, Duki, Potohar, |
||
38 |
Rostraria cristata (L.) Tzvelev. |
Apr-July |
Kot Kashmir (Lakki Marwat) |
Bannu, Sawabi, Sari Naurang, Mohmand |
Balochistan |
||
19 |
Salvadoraceae |
39 |
Salvadora oleoides Decne. |
Mar-June |
Kot Kashmir (Lakki Marwat) |
Karak, North Waziristan, D. I. Khan, |
Karachi Sindh, Bahawalpur, |
20 |
Solanaceae |
40 |
Physalis divaricata D. Don |
Oct-Nov |
Azad Kalay |
Sawabi, Dir, Sawabi, Malakand |
Sibi, Karachi, |
41 |
Solanum nigrum L. |
Apr-June |
Kot Kashmir (Lakki Marwat) |
Bajaur, Dir, Swat, Malakand, Abbottabad |
Mianwali, Sibi, Kashmir, Islamabad, Muzafarabad, Hafizabad |
||
42 |
Solanum surattense L. |
Throughout Year |
Kot Kashmir (Lakki Marwat) |
Bajaur, Peshawar, Swat, Bannu |
Potohar, Cholistan, Mianwali, Hafizabad |
Based on plant parts used, leaves were the topmost part used of 21 species (50%), followed by whole plant 18 species (42.85%), seeds of 9 species (21.42%), stem of 8 species (19.08%), root of 5 species (11.90%), latex, shoots of 2 species (4.76%) and flowers of 1 specie (Table 4; Fig. 4).
Indigestion were solved by highest numbers of weeds with 12 species (58.57%), followed by intestinal problems with 8 species (19.04%), abdominal pain with 7 species (16.66%), skin diseases with 5 species (11.90%), while kidney, muscular, respiratory, fever and diabetes were treated by 4, 3, 2 and 1 specie each respectively (Table 5; Fig 5).
Table 3: Numbers and percentage major families of weedy medicinal plants.
S.No |
Family |
No. Species |
Percentage |
1 |
Asteraceae |
6 |
14.28 |
2 |
Poaceae |
6 |
14.28 |
3 |
Brassicaceae |
4 |
9.52 |
4 |
Papilionaceae |
4 |
9.52 |
5 |
Apiaceae |
3 |
7.14 |
6 |
Solanaceae |
3 |
7.14 |
7 |
Amaranthaceae |
2 |
4.76 |
8 |
Polygonaceae |
2 |
4.76 |
Table 4: Summaries of weedy medicinal plants of Tehsil Sarai Naurang.
S. No |
Families/Habits/Part Used |
Numbers |
Percentage |
|
A. |
1 |
Families |
20 |
|
2 |
Herbs |
38 |
90.4 |
|
3 |
Shrubs |
4 |
9.5 |
|
B |
1 |
Leaves |
21 |
50 |
2 |
Whole plant |
18 |
42.85 |
|
3 |
Seeds |
9 |
21.42 |
|
4 |
Stem |
8 |
19.04 |
|
5 |
Roots |
5 |
11.90 |
|
6 |
Latex |
2 |
4.76 |
|
7 |
Shoots |
2 |
4.76 |
|
8 |
Flowers |
1 |
2.38 |
The demographics of the respondents
146 participants in all were interviewed regarding the local flora in the study area. Among them, male were 138 and female were eight. People from different age groups shared their own knowledge about the plants and the region (Table 7).
Table 5: Numbers and percentage of diseases treated.
S.No |
Disease treated |
Numbers |
Percentage |
1 |
Digestive problems |
12 |
58.57 |
2 |
Intestinal problems |
8 |
19.04 |
3 |
Abdominal pain |
7 |
16.66 |
4 |
Skin problems |
5 |
11.90 |
5 |
Kidney problems |
4 |
9.52 |
6 |
Muscular pain |
4 |
9.52 |
7 |
Respiratory problems |
3 |
7.14 |
8 |
Fever |
2 |
4.76 |
9 |
Diabetes |
1 |
2.38 |
Table 6: Quantitative indices of weedy medicinal plants of Tehsil Sarai Naurang, District Lakki Marwat.
Family/ Species Name |
Part used |
Ethno-medicinal uses |
FC |
RFC |
UV |
FIV |
Apiaceae |
|
32.9 |
||||
Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam. |
Seeds |
Used for wound, as diuretic |
10 |
0.07 |
0.7 |
|
Anethum graveolens L. |
Seeds, leaves |
Seeds used for wound as antiseptic, used as a tonic |
14 |
0.10 |
0.79 |
|
Torilis leptophylla (L.) reichenb. f. |
Leaves, stem |
Used for increase in animal milk production |
24 |
0.16 |
0.71 |
|
Amaranthaceae |
|
29.4 |
||||
Amaranthus viridis (L.)Medik |
Leaves, shoot |
Reduced diabetes rate and cholesterol level, used as pain killer and diuretic |
29 |
0.20 |
0.83 |
|
Achyranthes aspera L. |
Whole plant |
Laxative, diuretic, cough, asthma and toothache |
14 |
0.10 |
0.71 |
|
Apocynaceae |
|
11.0 |
||||
Nerium oleander L. |
Leaves, flowers, roots |
Used for high blood pressure, digestive system and itching |
16 |
0.11 |
0.69 |
|
Asclepiadaceae |
|
21.9 |
||||
Calotropis procera (Willd)R.Br. |
Leaves, stem |
latex used in asthma, cough, stomach burn and dysentery |
32 |
0.22 |
0.84 |
|
Astercaeae |
|
69.9 |
||||
Carthamus oxyacantha M. Bieb |
Leaves, seeds |
Leaves used for milk production in cattle, seeds used for urinary swelling |
21 |
0.14 |
0.67 |
|
Erigeron bonariensis L. |
Leaves, stem, roots |
Leaves used for rheumatism and wound healing |
14 |
0.10 |
0.64 |
|
Cirsium arvense (L.) Scope |
Whole plant |
Chewed for toothache |
11 |
0.08 |
0.64 |
|
Sonchus asper (L.) Hill |
Leaves, roots, latex |
Used to cure warts and inflammation |
19 |
0.13 |
0.89 |
|
Sonchus oleraceus (L.) Hill |
Leaves, roots, latex |
Used for bronchial infection, digestive disturbance and tonic |
18 |
0.12 |
0.72 |
|
Taraxacum officinale Weber |
Whole plant |
Laxative, diuretic, constipation |
19 |
0.13 |
0.84 |
|
Asphodelaceae |
|
5.5 |
||||
Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav. |
Roots, leaves |
Used for hair loss, antidandruff |
8 |
0.05 |
0.75 |
|
Brassicaceae |
|
50.7 |
||||
Eruca sativa Mill. |
Leaves, seeds |
Used for skin diseases, blood purification, kidney disorder, hairless and diuretic |
16 |
0.11 |
0.75 |
|
Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. |
Leaves, seeds |
Leaves used for digestion, stomach relief and blood purification, seeds oil used for cooking |
19 |
0.13 |
0.74 |
|
Malcolmia Africana (L.) R.Br. |
Leaves, seeds |
Seeds oil used for bone pain; leaves used for abdominal relief |
18 |
0.12 |
0.67 |
|
Coronopus didymus (L.) sm. |
Leaves, shoots |
Reducing blood pressure |
21 |
0.14 |
0.90 |
|
Chenopodiaceae |
|
15.1 |
||||
Chenopodium murale L. |
Leaves, stem |
Used as diuretic, tonic for liver, digestive, laxative, peptic ulcer and dyspepsia |
25 |
0.17 |
0.88 |
|
Convolvulaceae |
|
18.5 |
||||
Convolvulus arvensis L. |
Whole plant |
Treat skin ulcer, wounds, swellings, abdominal pain, also used for muscular weakness |
27 |
0.18 |
0.85 |
|
Euphorbiaceae |
|
21.2 |
||||
Euphorbia helioscopia L. |
Whole plant |
Root is anthelmintic, cathartic, seeds mixed with paper mint or honey used against cholera |
31 |
0.21 |
0.81 |
|
Fumariaceae |
|
14.4 |
||||
Fumaria indica (Hausskn.) Pugsley |
Leaves, stem, seeds |
Used as a exorcise and for stomach pain |
21 |
0.14 |
0.86 |
|
Lamiaceae |
|
19.2 |
||||
Mentha longifolia L. |
Leaves, stem |
Used for digestive, abdominal pain, cough, cold and asthma |
28 |
0.19 |
0.93 |
|
Malvaceae |
|
18.5 |
||||
Malva neglecta Wall. |
Whole plant |
Highly medicinal, nutritive and digestive |
27 |
0.18 |
0.85 |
|
Oxalidaceae |
16.4 |
|||||
Oxalis corniculata L. |
Seeds |
Seeds used for backache and joint pain |
24 |
0.16 |
0.88 |
|
Papilionaceae |
|
39.7 |
||||
Astragalus scorpiurus Bunge |
Leaves |
Very highly medicinal (Ethnoveternary) |
17 |
0.12 |
0.76 |
|
Melilotus indica (L.) All. |
Whole plant |
Used for stomach and heart burn |
12 |
0.08 |
0.75 |
|
Medicago polymorpha L. |
Leaves, stem |
Aphrodisiac |
14 |
0.10 |
0.5 |
|
Vicia sativa L. |
Whole plant |
Fodder, fruit are used in pickle, leaves used for digestive purpose |
15 |
0.10 |
0.73 |
|
Polygonaceae |
|
25.3 |
||||
Emex spinosus (L.) Campd |
Leaves, stem |
Used for worms killing in cattle, highly medicinal |
11 |
0.08 |
0.82 |
|
Rumex dentatus L. |
Whole plant |
Stomach and abdominal relief |
26 |
0.18 |
0.81 |
|
Plantaginaceae |
|
13.7 |
||||
Plantago lanceolata L. |
Seeds, leaves |
Used for abdominal pain and dhirrea |
20 |
0.14 |
0.85 |
|
Poaceae |
|
74.7 |
||||
Cynodon dectylon (L.) Pers |
Whole plant |
Used to cure fresh wounds, chronic dhirrea, rheumatism and diuretic |
29 |
0.20 |
0.83 |
|
Avena fatua L. |
Whole plant |
Used as diuretic, anti-inflammatory and wound healing |
17 |
0.12 |
0.82 |
|
Avena sativa L. |
Leaves, Seeds |
Leaves are used for skin diseases, tonic and antispasmodic |
19 |
0.13 |
0.63 |
|
Imperata cylindrica L. |
Whole plant |
Used as diuretic, tonic, wound healing, nose bleeding and digestive disorders |
12 |
0.08 |
0.75 |
|
Cymbopogon jwarancusa (Jones) Schult. |
Whole |
Used for cough, cold, fever, stomach burn and vomiting |
18 |
0.12 |
0.61 |
|
Rostraria cristata (L.) Tzvelev. |
Whole plant |
Used for animal abdominal pain, increase milk production |
14 |
0.10 |
0.57 |
|
Salvadoraceae |
21.2 |
|||||
Salvadora oleoides Decne. |
Whole plant |
Used for mouth diseases and cleanliness |
15 |
0.10 |
0.6 |
|
Physalis divaricata D. Don |
Whole plant |
Seeds used for high fever, roots used for animal, dhirrea and abdominal pain |
16 |
0.11 |
0.69 |
|
Solanaceae |
|
35.6 |
||||
Solanum nigrum L. |
Whole plant |
Used for rheumatism, skin diseases, cough and laxative |
26 |
0.18 |
0.88 |
|
Solanum surattense L. |
Whole plant |
Seeds and fruit cover used for abdominal pain, fruit used for digestion and roots for dhirrea |
26 |
0.18 |
0.85 |
Quantitative indices
Use Value (UV), Relative Frequency Citation (RFC) and Family Importance Value (FIV) were among the parameters used to statistically evaluate indigenous knowledge and ascertain the informants’ quantitative protocol regarding the use of native plants.
Table 7: Demographic table of informants.
Factor |
Category |
No. |
Gender |
Male |
138 |
Female |
8 |
|
Age |
<35 |
9 |
25-35 |
22 |
|
35-45 |
35 |
|
45-65 |
62 |
|
>60 |
18 |
|
Occupation |
Employees |
27 |
Farmer |
53 |
|
Labors |
17 |
|
Herbal Practition |
49 |
Used Value (UV)
In the current study the UV value ranged from 0.5 to 0.93. Medicago polymorpha is the specie with Lowest UV (0.5) value. The species with high Used Value were Mentha longifolia 0.93, Coronopus didymus 0.90, Sonchus asper 0.89, Chenopodium murale 0.88, Solanum nigrum 0.88, Oxalis corniculata 0.88 and Fumaria indica 0.86.
Relative Frequency Citation (RFC)
In the present study the RFC value ranged from 0.5 to 0.22. Asphodelus tenuifolius has the lowest RFC Value (0.5). The species with high RFC were Calotropis procera 0.22, Euphorbia helioscopia 0.21, Cynodon dectylon 0.20, Amaranthus viridis 0.20 and Mentha longifolia 0.19.
Family Important Value (FIV)
In the current study FIV value ranged from 5.5 to 74.7. Asphodelaceae has the family with the lowest FIV value (5.5). The Families with high FIV were Poaceae 74.7, Astercaeae 69.9, Brassicaceae 50.7, Papilionaceae 39.7 and Solanaceae 35.6.
Discussions
The weeds divers’ profile is reported from wide range of Pakistan (Jakhar et al. 2005). The research area has been largely overlooked, and there has been inadequate documentation of the local communities’ knowledge about plants and their uses. A review of the literature reveals that there are no research studies available on research area. The current result about dominat family in line with Ahmad and Dastagir (2023); Elfrida et al. (2021); Hosseini et al. (2021); Mechaala et al. (2022). Our results are also in line with (Abat et al. 2017) in which they treated the rheumatism and kidney disorders by some common medicinal weeds. Similar result obtained by (Rizki et al. 2019) in which they utilize Euphorbia hirta (L.) and Mimosa pudica (L.) for respiratory disorder Asthma. According to their proportional importance, plant species with more references typically have a greater UV than those with less mentions (Katiri et al., 2017). A lower Use Value indicates a lack of knowledge about the particular plant species among the informants (Ashfaq et al., 2019). In a particular area, it sheds light on the importance of locally recognised plant species. Assists in evaluating the relative significance of several plant species in the surrounding flora (Malik et al., 2019). Plants with high RFC values are well-known and well-liked by the locals in the vicinity. The plants with low RFC values are not particularly well-known or preferred, among the locals living in the area (Ahmad et al., 2017). By evaluating the relative frequency of citations, the utility of the plant is ascertained (Cordero et al., 2022). The plant family’s FIV value is determined by how many species are present and how those species are used locally (Chaachouay et al., 2019).
Author’s Contribution
Tariq Zaman designed and carried out the research. Both Tariq Zaman and Fawad Khan were collected the data and did fieldwork. Atta Ur Rahman provided logistical support, while Alia Mehsud performed the data analysis. Sajjad Ahmad wrote the manuscript. Muskaan Zaman and Sumaira Noor conducted the literature review necessary for writing the manuscript.
Novelty Statement
Previously, there is no research work done on weeds medicinal in this research area tehsil Sarai Naurang, district Lakki Marwat, Pakistan. Additionally, a novel approach was employed by applying quantitative indices to analyze the collected data, providing new insights into the medicinal potential of these weeds.
Conflict of interest
The authors have declared no conflict of interest.
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