Sub-lethal Dose Reponses of Native Polyhydroviruses and Spinosad for Economical and Sustainable Management of Spodoptera litura in Pakistan
Sub-lethal Dose Reponses of Native Polyhydroviruses and Spinosad for Economical and Sustainable Management of Spodoptera litura in Pakistan
Jam Nazeer Ahmad1,2*, Rashid Mushtaq1, Samina Jam Nazeer Ahmad1,2*Mubasher Ahmad Malik1, Mujahid Manzoor1, Muhammad Tahir2, Zubair Aslam4, Sumaira Maqsood5, Ishita Ahuja3 and Atle M. Bones3
A, Artificial Rearing of Spodoptera litura on artificial diet under laboratory conditions; B, NPV infected larvae of S. litura collected from cotton field (RY Khan) and C, propagated in laboratory; D, Mass culturing of NPV infected larvae through feeding on diet mixed with NPV suspension.
Different stages of Healthy and treated S. litura, A-D The larvae from 4th Instars showing NPV symptoms treated with NPV1-3+Sp, F-H NPV and Spinosad treated dead larvae of 3rd Instars, EI Healthy (Control) larvae of 4th and 3rd Instars, JKM Severe malformed pupae and Adult after treatment, LN Healthy (Control) Pupa and Adults.
Graphical Sketch, different stages of healthy and NPV infected larvae of S. litura. A, typical NPV infected symptom as attached with walls of vials downward (4th Instars); B, Different NPV infected dead larvae instars; C, NPV infected pupae; D, Malformed NPV infected Adults; E, Healthy larvae; F, Healthy pupae; G, Healthy adults.
