Search for Synergism

Pathological Alterations during Co-Infection of Newcastle Disease Virus with Escherichia coli in Broiler Chicken

Qamar-un-Nisa¹, Muhammad Younus^2,*, Muti-ur-Rehman¹, Azhar Maqbool³ and Sajid Umar⁴

...d to assess the probable synergism of E. coli (O78) and velogenic Newcastle disease virus in the broiler model. Three-week-old commercial broilers were inoculated with either vNDV, E. coli serotype O78 or both agents simultaneously or 3 days apart. The birds were clinically observed and swabbed daily. They were killed at 4 and 14 days after single or dual inoculations and were inspected for gross lesions. Samples of the respiratory organs (trache...

Combination of Ethyl Acetate Extract of Trichoderma hamatum Fermentation Broth and Fungicide Carbendazim enhances Inhibition against Scleromitrula shiraiana under Laboratory Conditions

Xiaqing Chen, Yü Huang and Zhen Huang*

...pectiviely. The level of synergism between ethylacetate extract and carbendazim was affected by the concentration of each component in the mixtures. The synergistic effects were observed in treatments T4 (3.5+40.0), T5 (7.0+20.0) and T6 (7.0+40.0), respectively. The treatment T3 (3.5+20.0) was determined as additive effects according to their cumulative adjusted mortalities, Me and Chi-square values. The current research on the joint action of ethylacetate ext...

Efficacy of Mixture of Pesticides on the Mortality and Energy Reserves of a Stored Grain Pest Trogoderma granarium Everts

Tanzeela Riaz¹, Farah Rauf Shakoori^2,*, Hareem Mansoor¹, Sana Khan¹ and Mushtaq A. Saleem¹

...n view the importance of synergism as well as the concerns about environmental hazards and emergence of resistance against these insecticides, the current project was designed to figure out the lethal concentration (LC₅₀) of emamectin, abamectin and spinosad alone and in various conbinations such as abamectin:emamectin (1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 1:2 and 1:3) and abamectin:spinosad (1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 1:2 and 1:3) against two larval instars (4^th and 6

Toxicity of Imidacloprid Administered Alone and in Combination with Heavy Metal Lead on Silkworm, Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae)

Sehrish Akram¹, Abida Butt¹* and Shakil Ahmad Khan²

...xture of IMF + Pb showed synergism against all instars of silkworm. While, binary mixture of IMT + Pb displayed synergism, additive, and antagonism and antagonism activity in silkworm larvae in silkworm larvae. The results of our study provide useful data for the assessment of ecological risk of the tested compounds (single or mixture) against different silkworm instars.

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