Research Article

Population Dynamics of the Leaf Miner Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptra: Gelechiidae) and its Parasitoids on Tomato Crop in Beni-Suef, Egypt

Amany R. Sultan1, 2, Gamal A. Morsi2, Hoda El-Fayoumi1, Abdel-Azeem S. Abdel-Baki1*

1Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt; 2Sids Agriculture Research Station, Plant Protection Research institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt.

Received | March 29, 2022; Accepted | June 13, 2022; Published | July 14, 2022

*Correspondence | Abdel-Azeem S. Abdel-Baki, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt; Email: azema1@yahoo.com

Citation | Sultan AR, Morsi GA, El-Fayoumi H, Abdel-Baki AAS (2022). Population dynamics of the leaf miner Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptra: Gelechiidae) and its parasitoids on tomato crop in Beni-Suef, Egypt. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 10(8):1731-1738.

DOI | https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.aavs/2022/10.8.1731.1738

ISSN (Online) | 2307-8316

Copyright: 2022 by the authors. Licensee ResearchersLinks Ltd, England, UK.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Introduction

Solanaceous plants especially tomatoes have great economic importance in Egypt (Hassan et al., 2022). Tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) is a devastating insect pest causing severe loss of tomato production in many countries either in open field or greenhouses (Hassan et al., 2022). In South America for example, Tuta absoluta considered is main destructive pest for tomato crops (EPPO, 2010). Tuta absoluta is present throughout the crop duration; larvae can infest leaves, flowers, stems and fruits, causing severe crop losses of up to 100 % when no control measures are present (EPPO, 2008; Youssef, 2015). Although tomato is the major host for T. absoluta and has a better nutritive quality than other hosts (Desneux et al., 2010; Bawin et al., 2015), it can invade many economically important families of vegetable crops (Pereyra and Sánchez, 2006; Shehata et al., 2016) and weeds (Portakaldali et al., 2013; Sabry and Ragaei, 2015; Abbes et al., 2016).

The tomato leaf miner, invaded Egypt in the nearest Governorate to Libya (Matrooh) in 2009 and by 2010 it was reached to Giza, coming well established in all Governorates of Egypt and reaching to the border and north part of Sudan on June 2011 (Tamerak, 2011; Gaffar, 2012). Since that time, this pest spread quickly in all tomato growing areas in Egypt, destroying entire open fields and tomato in plastic houses. Ramirez et al. (2010) reported that the damage by T. absoluta can be 100% in unprotected crops and it was considered in its region distribution area as a significant tomato insect pest (Leite et al., 2001). Nowadays, T. absoluta becomes one of the most damaging pests and severe threat to tomato production in Egyptian agroecosystem (Hassan et al., 2022).

The current study was carried out in Sids Research Station to estimate the population dynamics, seasonal abundance and number of generations per annum of T. absoluta for two successive seasons of tomato plantation (2014/2015 and 2015/2016).

Materials and Methods

This study was carried out in Sids Research Station for two successive cultivation seasons of tomato; 2014/2015 and 2015/2016. During two seasons, normal practices were followed and chemical control was neglected. Sampling took place as soon as the true newly vegetative growth was completely appeared in the experimental area and continued weekly until harvest.

Incidence of T. Absoluta

To estimate the population abundance of T. absoluta, cultivate two plantations, first plantation in 1/2 feddan (2100 m2) with 23 variety at the beginning of July and second plantation in 1/2 feddan with 23 variety at beginning of March. Sampling started after one month of seedling. Twenty-five 25 compound leaves were collected weekly during the two experimental seasons. These leaves were kept in polyester bags, taken to laboratory, carefully to be examined. The development stages (eggs and larvae) were calculated and recorded. A survey of parasitoids was carried out in Beni-Suef Governorate throughout a period of two seasons. Samples of infested leaves with several insects were randomly collected in different months of the season. Immediately after collection, the samples were packed in paper bags, taken to the laboratory for examination. These specimens were carefully examined, and a needle was used to remove all the insects except only the desired species of insects which its natural enemies were desired to be surveyed. Those examined parts of plants were enclosed in plastic jars of 15 cm. diameter and 20 cm. height covered with muslin held in position by a rubber band and kept for securing any emerging parasitoids. The pupae of leaf-miners were placed on wetted filter paper in Petri-dishes of 9 cm and kept under preferential conditions until emergence of adult parasitoids according to Eid (1998).

Parasitoids species

All emerged parasitoids were collected, sorted into species and preserved in vials containing 70% ethanol and 5% glycerin, the slide mounting of represented specimens, was conducted as well. The labeled data included; location, date of collection, host insect and host plant. The parasitoids species were identified at Biological Control Research, Department of Plant Protection, Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Giza, Egypt. The rate of parasitism in or on different stages of leaf miners infesting each of the mentioned host plants were estimated throughout two successive years extending from 2014 to 2016.

Efficiency of the parasitoid on the tomato leaf miners

To estimate the efficiency of the parasitoid on the tomato leaf miners T. absoluta random samples of the insect were collected weekly from tomato plants and kept in the laboratory in Petri dishes and fed on tomato leaves until pupation. Newly formed pupae were put in other Petri dishes till the emergence of fly adults or its parasitoids. The emerged parasitoids were determined in the two successive seasons. Each parasitoid specimen was put on a slide and covered with a water film, to be examined under a stereo-microscope, and classified as following: alive un-parasitized, parasitized leaf-miner having larvae, pupae of parasitoids or emergence holes. The percentage of parasitism was calculated.

Results

The fluctuation in the population density of tomato leaf miner T. absoluta

Data illustrated in Figure 1 summarize the change in the population density of the tomato leaf miner, T. absoluta as indicated by the weekly counts of leaf miner per 25 compound leaves during two seasons. During first plantation in the first season (2014/2015), infestation started after one month from plantation on 3rd August with 4 individuals/ 25 leaves. This pest had 5 peaks. The number of larvae has increased gradually to reach to the first peak in 7th September with 19 individuals/ 25 leaves with maximum temperature 33.6oC and minimum temperature 22.3oC with average humidity of 63.79%. The second peak was in 2nd November with 68 individuals/ 25 leaves. The third peak was in 30th November with 43 individuals/ 25 leaves. The fourth peak was in 28th December with 88 individuals / 25 leaves. The fifth peak was in 11th January with 76 individuals/ 25 leaves.

 

During second plantation in the first season, the population of T. absoluta started very weak in the 12th April with 8 individuals/ 25 leaves. T. absoluta showed five peaks during second plantation; the first peak occurred in 17th May with 83 individuals/ 25 leaves, the second peak occurred in 31st May with 98 individuals/ 25 leaves, the third peak occurred in 28th June with 187 individuals/ 25 leaves, the fourth occurred in 12th July with 137 individuals/ 25 leaves while the fifth peak occurred in 26th July with 106 individuals/ 25 leaves (Figure 2).

 

During first plantation in the second season (2015/2016), this pest revealed 5 peaks. The first peak in 13th September with 26 individuals/ 25 leaves with max. temperature 35.5oC, min. temperature 24.4oC and average humidity 67.97%. The second peak was in 4th October with 34 individuals/ 25 leaves. The third peak was in 18th October with 56 individuals/ 25 leaves. The fourth peak was in 20th December with 87 individuals/ 25 leaves. The fifth peak was in 31th January with 338 individuals/ 25 leaves (Figure 3).

 

During second plantation in the second season, T. absoluta exhibited five peaks during second plantation; the first peak occurred in 17th April with 25 individuals/ 25 leaves, the second peak occurred in 1st May with 38 individuals/ 25 leaves, the third peak occurred in 29th May with 97 individuals/ 25 leaves, the fourth occurred in 12th June with 56 individuals/ 25 leaves while the fifth peak occurred in 10th July with 87 individuals/ 25 leaves (Figure 4).

 

Table 1: Statistical analysis of the total count of immature stages of T. asoluta on tomato in two plantations as affected by weekly means of Max. and Min. temperatures, percentage of relative humidity (%R.H.) (partial correlation (r), regression coefficient (B), t-values (t) and analysis of variance (F- test and percentage of explained variance E.V. %) throughout two successive seasons 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 at Beni-Suef Governorate.

Y factor	season		X factor	Analysis of partial regression			Analysis of variance
				r	B	t	F	E.V. %
T. asoluta	1st season 2014/ 2015	1st plantation (Y1)	X11	0.84	-1.2	-2.25	17.33**	70.4
			X21		0.28	0.54
			X31		-0.37	-2.64
		2nd plantation (Y2)	X12	0.84	0.03	0.08	10.4**	70.6
			X22		0.75	1.78
			X32		0.21	0.92
	2nd season 2015/ 2016	1st plantation (Y3)	X13	0.7	-0.36	-0.54	7.47**	49.4
			X23		-0.34	-0.54
			X33		-0.51	-2.55
		2nd plantation (Y4)	X14	0.49	-0.68	-0.75	1.49	24.2
			X24		1.1	1.25
			X34		0.05	0.18

 

** Highly significant at probability level 0.01; X1= Max. T; X2 =Min. T; X3= R.H. %; Y: Total count of immature stages.

 

esults presented in Table 1 showed that Max. T., Min. T., R. H. % had great effect on the activity of the total count of immature stages (larvae) of T. asoluta on tomato in two plantations throughout two successive seasons 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 at Beni-Suef Governorate. During the first season of investigation, the statistical analysis of data indicated that, the simple correlation and regression coefficient were highly significant at probability level 0.01 in the two plantations. The correlation coefficient values were 0.84 for the two plantations, in case of the total population of immature stages. The regression equations of total population of T. asoluta (Y1) and (Y2) with all factors under study were:

Y1 = 4.3 – 1.2 X11 + 0.28 X21 – 0.37X31 for first plantation in the first season

Y2 = 0.03X12 + 0.75X22 + 0.21X32 – 0.85 for second plantation in the first season

That means that for first plantation the total population of T. asoluta immature stages decreased 1.2, 0.37and 0.03 when max. T. increased 1oC and R.H. increased 1% in air and increased 0.28 as min. T. increased 1oC respectively.

While in second plantation the total population of T. asoluta immature stages increased 0.03, 0.75 and 0.21 as max and min. T. increased 1oC and R.H. increased 1% in air, respectively.

On the other hand, the accurate effect of the calculated percentage of explained variance values of the combined effect of these factors were 70.4% and 70.6% in the two plantation, respectively, in case of the total population of immature stages.

While the second season of investigation, the statistical analysis of data indicated that, the simple correlation and regression coefficient were highly significant at probability level 0.01 in first plantation, but insignificant in second one.

The correlation coefficient values were 0.7 and 0.49 for the two plantations respectively, in case of the total population of immature stages.

The regression equations of total population of T. asoluta (Y3) with all factors under study were:

Y3 = 2.99 – 0.36 X13 – 0.34X23 – 0.51X33 for first plantation in the second season

That means that the total population of T. asoluta immature stages decreased 0.36, 0.34 and 0.51 when max. T. and min. T. increased 1oC, and R.H. increased 1% in air for second plantation in the second season, respectively.

On the other hand, the accurate effect of the calculated percentage of explained variance values of the combined effect of these factors were 70.4%, 70.6%, 49.4% and 24.2% in the two seasons, in case of the two plantations of the total population of immature stages, respectively.

The remaining unexplained variance as assumed to be due to the influences of other unconsidered factors such as speed of wind or total amount of rainfall in addition to the experimental error affecting on the population density of T. asoluta immature stages during the two seasons of investigation.

Survey of parasitoids

The samples of T. absoluta collected in the present study from tomato leaves during the two seasons (2014/2015) and (2015/2016) showed three species of hymenopterous parasitoids. These species are Bracon sp. (Braconidae), Pteromalus sp. (Petromalidae), Eulophus sp. (Eulophidae).

Rate of parasitism

Data in Figure 5 indicate that, T. absoluta parasitoids were presented almost all year around, the percentage of parasitism on T. absoluta ranged between 1-41 % during the first season (2014/2015) and between 1-51 % during the second season (2015/2016).

 

During first plantation in the first season (2014/2015), percentage of parasitism had six peaks on T. absoluta larvae and pupae. The first peak (19%) was recorded at 17th August, 2014 the second peak (15%) was observed at 14th September, the third peak (22%) at 12th October, the fourth peak (32%) was observed at 16th November, the fifth peak (41%) was observed at 28th December and the sixth peak (22%) at 11th January 2015.

During second plantation in the first season (2014/2015) percentage of parasitism ranged between 1-35%. Four peaks on T. absoluta larvae and pupae first peak was recorded at 3th May, 2015 (7%), the second peak (13%) was observed at 24th May, the third peak (17%) at 14th June and the fourth peak (35%) was observed at 19th July (Figure 6).

During first plantation in the second season (2015/2016) percentage of parasitism had six peaks on T. absoluta larvae and pupae. The first peak was recorded at 16th August, 2015 (37%), the second peak (12%) was observed at 13th September, the third peak (45%) at 4th October, the fourth peak (31%) was observed at 18th October, the fifth peak (15%) was observed at 20th December and the sixth peak (11%) at 17th January 2016 (Figure 7).

 

 

During second plantation in the second season (2015/2016) percentage of parasitism ranged between 6-51%. Four peaks on T. absoluta larvae and pupae first peak was recorded at 1st May, 2016 (25%), the second peak (51%) was observed at 20th June, the third peak (39%) at 3th July and the fourth peak (45%) was observed at 17th July (Figure 8).

Discussion

Tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta is a major threat pest for tomato production in Egypt (Abd-Elmaksoud et al., 2016). It was first detected in 2009 in tomatoes in Marsa Matrouh (northwestern Egypt), then the pest rapidly spread to the upper and lower regions of Egypt (Moussa et al., 2013; Salama et al., 2015). In Egypt, several tomato producing areas surfed from 100% damage due to the infestation with this insect (Moussa et al., 2013). Therefore, the study of its population density under field conditions is considered as foremost step to plan effective management strategies. Our results explained the occurrence of 5 peaks in each plantation season during 2014/2015 and 2015/2016. This similar to the result of Cherif and Lebdi-Grissa (2017) as this pest was able to achieve 4-5 flight peaks in Takelsa and Bou Slim locations, Tunisia, respectively. Also, Polat et al. (2016) declared that T. absoluta may accomplish 5 generations in Çanakkale province, Turkey, through summer-winter growing season. In addition, previous studies indicated that T. absulata has up to 11 generations per year with three generations during each growing season of spring, summer and autumn (Tabikha and Hassan, 2015). In another study carried out in open-field tomatoes in Assiut region (Upper Egypt), it was shown that T. absoluta can have 13 generations per year (Mohamed, 2011).

 

In first plantation season, the number of pest beginning to increase from 7th, 13th Sep. and the population density reached to the highest-level during 28th, 20th Dec. and 11th, 31th Jan. during 2014/2015 and 2015/2016, respectively. From Sep. to Jan the temperature values ranged from 22.3 to 28.3c and humidity 60-80. Mahmoud et al. (2015) noticed that, T. absoluta has four peaks in winter plantations, the highest peak occurred in the fourth week of Jan.

Regarding to second plantation season, the first Peak appeared at 17th May and the highest-Peak during 28th June and 12th, 26th July in 2014/2015. During 2015/2016, the first Peak appeared at 17th April and reach the highest-Peak during 1st, 29th May, 28th June and 10th July with temperature values ranged from 30.3 to 32.3c. This population peaks have been attributed to the appropriate weather factors during May-July. As, the duration of the T. absoluta developmental cycle greatly depends on temperature (Cuthbertson et al., 2013), host availability and quality depend on crop growth cycle towards crop flowering (Torres et al., 2010). Similarly, Awad et al. (2018) found that T. absoluta male population increased with warm weather and moderate temperatures during May then decreased with higher temperatures. Also, the greatest population growth of T. absoluta was observed in spring/early summer and in late summer/autumn with a period of respite in mid-summer (Cuthbertson et al., 2013). Salama et al. (2014) recorded high level of T. absoluta in summer growing seasons in the March, May, and the first week of June. Also, (El-Ghany et al. 2016) recorded 3 population peaks with outbreak started on the 1st week of May at Qaliobeya governorate, Egypt. In addition, Hassan et al. (2022) recorded the highest population density of T. absoluta during May. Furthermore, Bayram et al. (2017) reported similar results as the highest (163) number of T. absoluta adults trap-1 were observed in Diyarbakır province during July when temperature was 31.7 °C. Also, Berxolli and Shahini (2017) reported that the first generation of T. absoluta appears in the first ten days of March; it reaches the maximum at April 4, and finish at April 8. The second generation appears at the April 18; it reaches the maximum at May 9, and finish at May 14. The third generation appears at the May 23; it reaches the maximum at June 13 and finish at June 18. The fourth generation appears at the June 27, it reaches the maximum at July 18, and finish at July 25.

Our survey revealed the presence of three species of Hymenopterous parasitoids on T. absoluta during the two seasons (2014/2015) and (2015/2016). These species are Bracon sp. (Braconidae), Pteromalus sp. (Petromalidae), Eulophus sp. (Eulophidae). Previously, three genera of Hymenopterous parasitoids, Diglyphus sp. (Eulophidae), Elasmus sp. (Elasmidae) and Telenomus sp. (Scelionidae) were record in Egypt (Abd-Elmaksoud et al., 2016). Bracon nigricans Szépligeti and Trichogramma euproctidis Girault other parasitoid of T. absoluta were also found in Egypt (Zappalà et al., 2013; El-Arnaouty et al., 2014). In addition, two indigenous larval ectoparasitoid species were found developing on T. absoluta; Bracon sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) attacking mature larvae, and Necremnus sp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) attacking first, second and third instar larvae (Abbes et al., 2014). Guenaoui et al. (2011a, b) reported the eulophid parasitoids, Hemiptarsenus zilahisebessi and Necremnus artynes, which was the most abundant parasitoid species developing or feeding on T. absoluta in tomato crops in northwestern Algeria. Furthermore, Al-Gerrawy (2013) mentioned five Hymenopterous parasitoids on T. absoluta; They were namely: two egg parasitoids Trichogramma pintoi (Trichogrammatidae) and Telenomus sp. (Platygastridae); two larval parasitoids Bracon (Habrobracon) sp. (Braconidae) and Closterocerus sp. (Eulophidae); pupal parasitoid Proconura sp. (Chalcididae). However, few research suggests Braconids, Chalcidids, Eulophids and Ichneumonids as potential pupal parasitoids for T. absoluta. In first plantation season, there are six peaks of parasitism on T. absoluta larvae and pupae. The highest Peak was recorded in Nov. (32%) and Dec. (41%) during 2014/2015. In 2015/2016, the highest Peak was noticed in August. (37%) and October (45%, 31%). In second plantation season, there are four peaks of parasitism on T. absoluta larvae and pupae. Two Peak on May (7%, 13%), one Peak in June (17%), and one in July (35%) during 2014/2015. In 2015/2016, the four Peak distributed one in May (25%), one in June (51%), and two in July (39%, 45%). This similar to Nannini et al. (2014) as the highest rates of parasitism were recorded in spring and summer, with a peak in July (4.8%). From the illustrated result the peaks of T. absoluta similar to peaks of its parasitism therefore, we suggest that these parasitic species could be used in biological control of T. absoluta.

Conclusively, Bracon sp. (Braconidae), Pteromalus sp. (Petromalidae), Eulophus sp. are naturally occurred on the tomato crop and this suggests a close interaction among these species with their tomato leaf miner host. However, the nature of this relationship need further studies to evaluate the impact of these parasitoids on the insect pest population. Since these parasitoids are natural enemies of insect pests, the possibility of their use as biological control agents in the tomato crop could be investigated.

Novelty Statement

Since the recorded parasitoids are natural enemies of Tuta absoluta, these parasitoids can be alternative way for the biological control this pest.

Author’s Contribution

All authors contributed equally.

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared no conflict of interest.

References

Abbes K, Biondi A, Zappala L, Chermiti B (2014). Fortuitous parasitoids of the invasive tomato leafminer T. absoluta in Tunisia. Phytoparasitica, 42: 85–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12600-013-0341-x

Abbes K, Harbi A, Elimem Hafsi A, Chermiti B (2016). Bioassay of three solanaceous weeds as alternative hosts for the invasive tomato leafminer T. absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) and insights on their carryover potential. Afr. Entomol., 24: 334–342. https://doi.org/10.4001/003.024.0334

Abdelmaksoud E, El-Refai A, Rashwan R (2016). Survey of parasitoids and predators of tomato leaf miner, T. absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Egypt. Arab Univ. J. Agric. Sci., 24: 547– 553. https://doi.org/10.21608/ajs.2016.14353

Al-Gerrawy AJ, Al-Zubaidy HK, Hama NN (2013). First Record of Important Natural Enemies on Tomato Borer T. absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Greenhouses in central Iraq. JKU, 3(3): 953-960.

Asma C, Kaouthar L (2017). Population dynamics of the tomato leaf miner T. absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Tunisia natural conditions J. Entomol. Zool. Stud., 5(4): 427-432.

Awad HA, El-Naggar AZ, El-Bassouiny HM (2018). Monitoring population of tomato leaf miner, T. absoluta during winter and summer evergreens of potato filed in Egypt. Egypt. Acad. J. Biol. Sci., 11: 27–32. https://doi.org/10.21608/eajb.2018.11976

Bawin T, Dujeu D, De Backer L Francis F, Verheggen FG (2015). Ability of T. absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) to develop on alternative host plant species. Can. Entomol., 9: 1–9.

Bayram Y, Büyük M, Duman M, Mutlu Ç (2017). Efficiency of pheromone water traps and life cycle of T. absoluta (lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in diyarbakir province, Turkey. Plant Protect. Bull., 26(12): 8146-8153.

Berxolli A, and Shahini S (2017). Population dynamic of tomato leaf miner, T. absoluta (Meyric) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Albania, Albanian J. Agric. Sci., pp. 85-89.

Cherif A, Lebdi-Grissa K (2017). Population dynamics of the tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Tunisia natural conditions. J Entomol Zool Stud, 5(4): 427-432.

Cuthbertson AGS, Mathers JJ, Blackburn LF Korycinska A, Luo W, Jacobson RJ, Northing P (2013). Population development of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) under simulated UK glasshouse conditions. Insects, 4: 185–197. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects4020185

Desneux N, Wajnberg E, Wyckhuys KAG, Burgio G, Arpaia S, Narváez-Vasquez CA, González-Cabrera J, Ruescas DC, Tabone E, Frandon J, Pizzol J, Poncet C, Cabello T, Urbaneja A (2010). Biological invasion of European tomato crops by T. absoluta: Ecology, geographic expansion and prospects for biological control. J. Pest Sci., 83: 197–215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-010-0321-6

Eid FMH (1998). Studies on the leafminers and their natural enemies in Egypt. Ph. D. Thesis, Fac. Agr., Cairo Univ.

El-Arnaouty SA, Pizzol J, Galal HH, Kortam MN, Afifi AI, Beyssat V, Desneux N, Biondi A, Heikal IH (2014). Assessment of two trichogramma species for the control of T. absoluta in North African tomato greenhouses. Afr. Entomol., 22: 801–809. https://doi.org/10.4001/003.022.0410

El-Ghany NMA, Abdel-Wahab ES, Ibrahim SS (2016). Population fluctuation and evaluation the efficacy of pheromone-based traps with different color on tomato leafminer moth, T. absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Egypt. Biol. Chem. Sci., 7: 1533–1539

EPPO (2008). First report of Tuta absoluta in Spain. EPPO Reporting Service Pests and Diseases, no.1.

EPPO (2010). List of biological control agents widely used in the EPPO region. http:// archives.eppo.org/ EPPO Standards/ biocontrol _ web/bio_list.htm.

Gaffar S (2012). Relative comparison between parasitization efficiency of three Trichogramma species versus eggs of tomato leafminer moth, T. absoluta (Meyrick) on tomato greenhouse in Egypt. The Eleventh of Agricultural Development Research 27-30 March, 2012. Ain Shams Univ., Fac. Agric. pp. 168-169.

Guenaoui Y, Bensaad R, Ouezzani K (2011a). Importance of native polyphagous predators able to prey on T. absoluta Meyrick (Lep: Gelechiidae) on tomato crops. EPPO/IOBC/FAO/NEPPO joint international symposium on management of Tuta absoluta, 16–18 November 2011, Agadir-Marocco. Book of abstract, 38.

Guenaoui Y, Bensaad R, Ouezzani K, Vercher R (2011b). Emergingopportunities to use native entomophagous against T. absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechidae) infesting tomato in unheatedgreenhouse in Northwestern Algeria. Between benefits and risks. 9 EME Conference Internationale sur les Ravageurs en Agriculture, SupAgro, Montpellier, France, 25–27 October 2011: 324–334.

Hassan EM, Mesbah II, Ali FA, El-Shesheny IA (2022). Prevalence, population dynamics and associated natural enemies of Tomato Leafminer, T. absoluta, in Egypt. Int. J. Trop. Insect Sci., 42: 143–162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-021-00526-3

Leite, GLD, Picanço M, Guedes RNC, and Zanuncio JC (2001). Role of plant age in the resistance of Lycopersicum hirsutum f. glabratum to the tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelichiidae). Sci. Hortic., 89(2): 103-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4238(00)00224-7

Mahmoud YA, Ebadah IMA, Abd-Elrazek AS, Masry SHD and Abd-Elwahab TE (2015). Population fluctuation of tomato leaf miner, T. absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) during winter and summer plantations in Egypt. Res. J. Pharmaceut. Biol. Chem. Sci., 6(4): 647-652.

Mohamed AS (2011). New record for leafminer, T. absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) infested tomato plantations in Kafer El-Sheikh region. J. Agric. Res. Kafer El-Sheikh Univ., 36(2): 238-239. https://doi.org/10.3141/2209-01

Moussa A, Baiomy F, El-Adl E (2013). The status of tomato leafminer; Tuta absoluta (Meyrick)(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Egypt and potential effective Pesticides. Acad. J. Entomol., 6: 110-115.

Nannini MF, Atzori R, Pisci R, Sanna F (2014). Native larval parasitoids associated with T. absoluta (Meyrick) in greenhouse tomato crops of Southern Sardinia. Commun. Agric. Appl. Biol. Sci., 79(2): 199-203.

Pereyra PC, Sánchez NE (2006). Effect of two solanaceous plants on developmental and population parameters of the tomato leaf miner, T. absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Neotrop. Entomol., 35: 671–676. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-566X2006000500016

Polat B, Özpınar A, Şahin AK (2016). Studies of selected biological parameters of tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) under natural conditions. Phytoparasitica, 44: 195–202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12600-016-0511-8

Portakaldali M, Öztemiz S, Kütük H (2013). A new host plant for Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Turkey. J. Entomol. Res. Soc., 15: 21–24.

Ramirez L, Ramirez N, Fuentes LS, Jiminez J, Hernandez-Fernandez J (2010). Estandarización de un bioensayo y evaluación preliminar de tres formulaciones comerciales de Bacillus thuringiensis sobre T. absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Rev. Colomb. Biotecnol., 12(1): 12-21.

Sabry AH, Ragaei M (2015). Field bindweed, Convolvulus arvensis: A new host plant recorded to T. absoluta (Meyrick) in Egypt. Elixir. Agric., 83: 33292–33293

Salama H, Fouda M, Ismail I, Ebada I, Shehata I (2014). Life Table Parameters and Fluctuations in the Population Density of the Moth T. absoluta (Meyrick) - (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Curr. Sci. Int., 3: 252–259.

Salama H, Ismail A, Fouda M, Ebada I, Shehata I (2015). Some Ecological and Behavioral Aspects of the Tomato Leaf Miner T. absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Ecol. Balk., 7: 35–44.

Shehata I, Ebada I, Ismail IA, Fouda M, Salama HS (2016). On the population dynamics of the tomato leaf miner T. absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Egypt. Ecol. Balk., 8: 65–75.

Tabikha RMM, Hassan AN (2015). Annual generations and population fluctuation of tomato leaf miner moth T. absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in El-Behera Governorate, Egypt. Egypt. Acad. J. Biol. Sci., 8: 141–153. https://doi.org/10.21608/eajbsa.2015.12932

Temerak SA (2011). The status of T. absoluta in Egypt. EPPO/ IOBC/ FAO/ NEPPO Joint International Symposium on management of tomato borer (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in collaboration with the IRAC and IBMA. Agadir, Morocco, pp. 18.

Torres JB, Faria CA, Evangelista Jr, Pratissoli D (2010). Within-plant distribution of the leaf miner T. absoluta (Meyrick) immatures in processing tomatoes, with notes on plant phenology. Int. J. Pest Manag., 47(3): 173-178. https://doi.org/10.1080/02670870010011091

Youssef AN (2015). Efficacy of the entomopathogenic nematodes and fungi for controlling the tomato leaf miner, T. absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Arab. Univ. J. Agric. Sci., 23(2): 591–598. https://doi.org/10.21608/ajs.2015.14599

Zappala L, Biondi A, Alma A, Al-Jboory IJ, Arnò J, Bayram A, Chailleux A, El-Arnaouty A, Gerling D, Guenaoui Y, Shaltiel-Harpaz L, Siscaro G, Stavrinides M, Tavella L, Aznar RV, Urbaneja A, Desneux N (2013). Natural enemies of the South American moth, T. absoluta, in Europe, North Africa and Middle East, and their potential use in pest control strategies. J. Pest Sci., 86: 635–647. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-013-0531-9