Nutrient Composition and Cell-Wall Structure of Palm Kernel Cake Supplemented with Enzymes
Nutrient Composition and Cell-Wall Structure of Palm Kernel Cake Supplemented with Enzymes
Siti Zubaidah1, Chusnul Hanim2, Bambang Ariyadi3, Aji Praba Baskara2*, Zuprizal2
ABSTRACT
This study aimed to determine the nutritional composition of palm kernel cake (PKC) and its cell-wall structure. PKC with and without shells samples were used to study the chemical composition of PKC, and PKC with and without enzymes were used to investigate cell-wall structure. The enzymes consisted of mannanase (182 g/tons), nonstarch polysaccharide degrading enzyme (200 g/tons), and protease (130 g/tons). The chemical composition included dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ash, ether extract (EE), nitrogen-free extract (NFE), crude fiber (CF), total energy, amino acids (AAs), and fatty acids (FAs). In this study, the chemical composition was analyzed T - test student, while AAs, FAs, and cell-wall structure was analyzed descriptively. The microstructure of PKC cell wall after in vitro digestibility was determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The PKC with shell contained the following: 4,417.81 Kcal/kg gross energy, 95.45% DM, 4.51% ash, 15.95% CP, 8.36% EE, 21.21% CF, 49.78% NFE, 0.55% lysine, 0.09% methionine, and 47% lauric acid (LA). The PKC without shell had the following: gross energy of 4,555.43 Kcal/kg, 97.84% DM, 4.26% ash, 22.33% CP, 9.29% EE, 15.43% CF, 50.29% NFE, 0.62% lysine, 0.14% methionine, and 49% LA. The PKC without enzyme addition showed a whole and smooth cell-wall structure, and that of PKC with enzyme was looser, coarser, and more porous. In conclusion, PKC without shells had higher chemical components, AA, and FA than the PKC with shell. The results on the cell-wall structure of PKC with enzyme showed that enzymes could loosen the cell-wall bonds of PKC.
Keywords | Amino acid, Cell wall structure, Chemical composition, Enzyme, Fatty acid, PKC
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June 2024
Vol. 12, Iss. 6, pp. 994-1205
