Research Article

Maturity Dependent Changes in Post-Harvest Physiological, Antioxidant and Anti-Microbial Attributes of Tomato

Hafiza Mehwish Iqbal1, Qurrat Ul Ain Akbar1, Saqib Arif1, Shahid Yousaf2*, Salman Khurshid1, Saqib Jabbar2, Neelofar Hamid3 and Uzma Sitara1

1Food Quality and Safety Research Institute/ SARC Karachi, Pakistan; 2Food Science Research Institute/ NARC Islamabad, Pakistan; 3Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Pakistan.

Received | October 04, 2021; Accepted | February 22, 2022; Published | March 12, 2022

*Correspondence | Shahid Yousaf, Food Science Research Institute/ NARC Islamabad, Pakistan; Email: [email protected]

Citation | Iqbal, H.M., Q.U.A. Akbar, S. Arif, S. Yousaf, S. Khurshid, S. Jabbar, N. Hamid and U. Sitara. 2022. Maturity dependent changes in post-harvest physiological, antioxidant and anti-microbial attributes of tomato. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research, 35(1): 144-153.

DOI | https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjar/2022/35.1.144.153

Keywords | Juice, Moisture, Acidity, Lycopene, Postharvest, Antioxidant

Copyright: 2022 by the authors. Licensee ResearchersLinks Ltd, England, UK.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Introduction

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) from the family of Solanaceae is one of the worldwide important vegetables has essential because it can consume as fresh and also in processed forms (Mutari and Debbie, 2011). Tomatoes are perishable in nature, in Pakistan during high temperature the production decreases and causes the loss of supply of tomato in summer season as compared to winter (Tahir et al., 2021). Values of tomatoes are increasing on daily basis as tomatoes are rich in many nutritional components like, antioxidants and fibers etc. (Hussain et al., 2001; Sgherrri et al., 2008).

Tomato is as an important economical crop for farmers also it can overcome the unemployment ratio in the processing and manufacturer industries by enhancing the employment rate (Barbara et al., 2005). In general, the tomato production has increased because of consumer’s preference (Gupta et al., 2011).

Post-harvest maturity levels affect the shelf-life of tomato. Tomato is generally harvested at pinkish color maturity stage with maximum size by (Frary et al., 2000). However, at this pinkish edible maturity stage causes the post-harvest losses (Sankar et al., 2002) due to alteration in nutritional and physiological attributes as, fresh produces are alive at post harvest condition and physiological process are going on at this stage.

Several factors like ecological, pre- and postharvest attributes involved to cause the post harvest changes in tomato. Good post harvest practices retain the nutritional component also increase post harvest life of fruit as different mature levels (Suslow and Cantwell, 2006). Based on USDA colour chart table tomato has six mature levels. Full green, breakers, turning stage, pinkish, partial red and full red (Tadesse et al., 2012). Physical attributes like, colour, flavor, and texture also nutritional value is used to examine the eating quality. Colour is one of the main components as consumers prefer tomatoes with appealing color and indication for eating quality (Bhandari and Lee, 2016; Borji and Jafarpour, 2012).

Sugary flavor is due to total sugars like sucrose. Sucrose is depending on (TA) citric acid. Bitterness is related to the level of organic acid usually covers the sugary flavor and will be changed in mature level (Garcia and Barrett, 2005). Accumulation of sugars and acids during ripening can affect the post harvest performance of tomato (Adedeji et al., 2006).

Same as nutritional quality, antioxidant activity is also an important parameter in term of post harvest attributes. Oxidation processes are essential for living systems, but during stress condition ROS are produced. Higher production of ROS (reactive oxygen species) can lead to tissue injury. So, a defense system based on antioxidant that helps to protect the cells from the dangerous molecules (Sies, 1997). Antioxidant protects the cells from free radicals that can injure the cells and may play a key role in several human diseases related to heart, cancer and others. Tomatoes have numerous natural antioxidants compounds for instance: lycopene (bio active compound), phenolic compounds and ascorbic acid etc., that showed high antioxidant properties (Martinez et al., 2010; Valverde et al., 2002; Shi and Le Maguer, 2000; Umair et al., 2020). Oxidative stress cause diseases in human, although by the use of antioxidants that are naturally present in fruits such as vitamin C can fight the radicals and prevent the cell to damage (Giovannucci,1999). Tomato fruit has a lot of antioxidants which linked to health benefits. Ascorbic Acid helps the plant for survival in both biotic and abiotic stress (Kuzniak and Sklodowska, 2005) and protect the cells from damage by improving the fresh produces shelf life (Malacrida et al., 2006).

 

Intake of several forms of tomatoes contains a huge amount of phytochemicals that keeps check on unstable molecules (Borguini and Torres, 2009). Consumption of tomatoes as fresh or processed have been shown to be prevented against cardiovascular diseases (Rao and Rao, 2007). The objectives of the recent experiments included to evaluate the physiological, antimicrobial and antioxidant parameters of fruit at different stages of maturity.

Materials and Methods

Collection of samples

The trial was conducted to assess the physico-chemical quality of three different mature levels of tomato variety Roma VF (Green, Pink and Red). The tomatoes were collected from the fruit market of Karachi. On the basis of color the samples put in sterile bag with proper labeled and were transported to the lab for further analysis.

Sample preparation

After collection, Samples were washed with 0.2% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) to remove contamination on the surface and dried; fruits from each mature level 1500gm were used and samples were subjected to ambient environmental condition of a normal temperature (21+2ºC) and relative humidity of (75-78%) for analysis.

Physico-chemical analysis

Juice content: Tomato juice was extracted from selected maturity level (Green, Pink and Red) by using a juice extractor. For analysis, a glass cylinder was used and expressed in milliliter (ml) of juice per kilogram fruit weight (ml/kg) (Gharezi et al., 2012).

Moisture content: Ten gram of tomato was chopped into a pre-weighed petri-dish and dried in an oven at 105oC for 4hrs and then cooled. Weigh the petri dish (Owusu et al., 2012).

Moisture%= W1-W2/W1-W0 × 100

Where; The weight of empty crucible = W0; Weight of crucible plus samples = W1; Weight of crucible plus oven-dried sample = W2.

Ash content: It was determined following methodology described by (AOAC, 2010). Two gram of the chopped tomato sample was placed in a crucible and put in a muffle furnace at 600oC for 3-4 hrs. After that the crucible was cooled and the weight was taken. The percentage of ash was calculated by:

Ash % = Weight of Ash/ Weight of original sample ×100

Total soluble solids (TSS)

TSS of tomatoes was find out by Digital refractometer (Hanna’s, HI 96801) was used for total soluble solids in Brix (Umair et al., 2019).

pH values

The pH values were measured with bench top pH meter (HANNA, HI 3512, USA) (Umair et al., 2019).

Total titratable acidity (TTA)

Take 10 ml of a tomato juice, and dilute untill 50 mL distilled water, titrate it against 0.1% NaOH solution at a pH of 8.17 (Adubofuor et al., 2010) and the result was calculated as g/L.

TSS and acidity ratio of tomato

The TSS and acidity ratio of fruit pulp was analyzed using the formula:

TSS and acidity ratio of fruit pulp = % TSS content / % Acidity

Antioxidant activity

Antioxidant activity was measured by DPPH radical scavenging activity reported by (Coklar and Akbulut, 2017) with slight modifications. One-gram samples were added to 10 mL of water and centrifuged 10,000 rpm for 10 min and filtered. 2.0 mL extract was mixed with 2.0 mL of 0.1 mM DPPH radical solution. The absorbance of the sample at 517nm was read after 30 min incubation in the dark at room temperature. The DPPH radical-scavenging activity (RSA) was calculated by the following formula:

DPPH radical-scavenging activity = [1-(A517 sample/ A517 Blank)] × 100%

Ascorbic acid content

The ascorbic acid content was analyzed by titration method using a 2, 6-dichlorophenolindophenol sodium salt solution (AOAC, 1990).

Lycopene content

Tomato powder (1.0 g) of each sample was accurately weighed into 200 ml flask, then 100 ml of hexane: acetone: Ethanol in ratio 2:1:1 was added. The above mixture was centrifuged for 15 min at 4000 rpm. Then, 3mL D.W was added. The tube was then shaken for 5 min and rest for 2 min at room temperature to allow phase separation. The upper n-hexane layer was used to determine the absorbance by using a spectrophotometer BMS 1602 at 503 nm against the blank (Obadina et al., 2018; Umair et al., 2021).

Lycopene (mg/kg) = (A503 ×171.7) / W

Where; A503 = absorbance at 503 nm; W = weight of sample.

Antimicrobial and antifungal activity

Antimicrobial and antifungal activity of extracts was assessed by well diffusion method as proposed by (Gavade et al., 2015; Umair et al., 2020). For this study both Gram positive (S. aureus) and Gram negative (E. coli) food-borne pathogenic bacteria and fungi (A. niger and A. flavus) were used. This was performed by determining ZOI (zone of inhibition), which is rapid and easy method. Pure cultures of bacteria were sub cultured into nutrient broth and incubated at 37oC for 24 hours, while fungi in Potato dextrose agar at 35oC for 5-7 days. Petri plates containing 15-20 ml Muller Hinton medium (for bacteria) and potato dextrose agar (for fungi) were seeded with bacterial and fungal strains. For analysis of extracts, six wells (9 mm in diameter) were prepared by using sterile cork borer. Using sterile micropipette tips (100 µL) of the extracts of each maturity stage of tomato was pipette out into the wells in all the plates. The plates were pre-incubated for 1hr at room temperature and incubated at 37oC for 24 hr for antibacterial and antifungal activities respectively. After incubation the plates were determined by measuring the diameter of ZOI as indicated by clear area which was free from growth of microbes was measured (Balouiri et al., 2016).

Results and Discussion

Tomato fruits with different mature levels (Green, Pink and Red) were studied for postharvest physiological attributes. The characteristics such as; fruit juice content, pH, TA, TSS, moisture content, ash content, antioxidant activity, lycopene content, antimicrobial and antifungal activity were determined.

Moisture

As tomato fruits ripening progressed the MC was increased. Table 1 shows the variation in MC with three maturity stages. The range of MC was recorded (89.38-93.55 %) Green, Pink and Red tomatoes. Variation in moisture content level for tomatoes regards the ripening stages previously published by (Hossain et al., 2010; Sulieman et al., 2011) range of MC (88.19-90.67%), John et al., 2020 (91-95%). While, the food with low moisture content level has longer shelf life results from Table 1 shows that green tomatoes with low MC compared to pink and red tomatoes.

 

Table 1: Moisture and ash % of tomato fruit at different maturity stages.

Maturity stages	Moisture (%)	Ash (%)
G	89.38±0.54	0.35±0.02
P	92.79±0.23	0.38±0.01
R	93.55±0.48	0.41±0.02

G: Green; P: Pink; R: Red

 

Ash

The average ash contents of Green, Pink and Red tomatoes as 0.35, 0.38, and 0.41% with variation among the stages reported in Table 1. Present results was close to previous results 0.2-0.4% studied by (Hossain et al., 2010; Suleiman et al., 2011; John et al., 2020) and 0.34-0.43% (Tilahun, 2013).

From the results it was observed that red tomatoes, has more ash content and has more mineral than green and pink stage. Difference in Ash % content in each maturity stage due to absorption of minerals by root in water medium.

Juice content

The juice content in stages was varying, lower juice content (20.3 ml 500gm-1) in green and higher (28.6 ml 500gm-1) juice content was recorded in red tomato (Figure 1). Results was agreed with previous reported by (Beckles, 2012) juice content was recorded in from (31.66 -38.66 ml kg-1 ) juice content in green to red tomatoes. The difference in juice content could be due variation during harvest in maturity stage.

 

TSS

The total soluble solids in a solution show tomato quality. variation in TSS was observed in present results from different stages maximum TSS was shown in red tomatoes 6.00 brix while, lowest in green 5.1 brix and 5.3 was recorded in pink tomatoes Figure 2.

 

TSS of fruits is the sum of sugars, acid and other components (Pinho et al., 2011). The total soluble solids (TSS) values at green and red (Figure 2) agree with (Getinet et al., 2008) that was between 4.0 -6.00 Brix from mature to full ripe in tomatoes.

TSS is an important parameter for maturity indicator as it increases with the maturity increase (Tilahun et al., 2017a) also, several factors that are responsible for variation in TSS level during different maturity stages are postharvest storage time and temperature (Tilahun et al., 2017b; Rai et al., 2012).

pH and TTA

pH content of tomato fruits varied according to ripening stages, present results showed the results that pH increase from green to red (Table 2). Lowest pH value is (4.3) was recorded in green compared by pink (4.5) and red stage (4.8). Same observations also reported by (Tilahun et al., 2019) in tomato fruit during storage. Tolesa and Workneh (2017) selected four cultivars of tomato and observed variation in pH from 3.43 to 4.63. Increase in pH value as maturity increase also reported by (Gautier et al., 2008). During storage several enzymatic reactions causes’ pectin breakdown and leads minor changes in pH level that ultimately undergoes changes in physiological process and spoilage of fresh produces occur.

 

Table 2: pH, acidity and pH-acidity ratio of tomato fruit at different maturity stages.

Maturity stages	pH	TTA (%)	TSS and acid ratio
G	4.23±0.15	0.77±0.03	6.8
P	4.50±0.10	0.69±0.01	7.6
R	4.77±0.15	0.62±0.01	9.6

TTA: Total Titratable Acidity, G: Green; P: Pink; R: Red

 

The variation in TTA (%) are reported in (Table 2). The TA decreased as the maturity stage proceeded. It was found that TTA decrease from green to red ripe tomato samples. The green tomatoes contain 0.77% followed by pink 0.69% and red 0.62%.

The TTA content of tomatoes was also supported by previously results that TTA decreases with ripening of tomato fruit. The minimum TTA was showed in red, while the maximum showed in the breaker level (Tolesa and Workneh, 2017; Pila et al., 2010). Physiological processes (ripening and respiration etc) are involved that reduces the organic acids in different mature levels (Tolesa and Workneh, 2017; Moneruzzaman, et al., 2008; Singleton and Gortner, 1965). Respiration is main process that causes conversion of acid into sugars during maturity proceeds (Pinho et al., 2011).

TSS and acidity ratio

Current results assessed to increased sugar to acid ratio as ripening proceed. Full red ripening stage tomato observed the maximum ratio is 9.6 and green stage showed lowest ratio 6.7 (Table 2). Similar results reported by (Singleton and Gortner, 1965), during storage of tomatoes with different treatments application and (Sammi and Masud, 2007) reported increase of TSS to acid ratio with the ripening in pineapple. Taste is related to the bitterness and sweetness of fruit fructose and citric acid are essentially components. Sugar to acid ratio between sugar and acid is an important aspect for flavor of the fruits.

(DPPH) radical scavenging activity

Antiradical activity by free radical (DPPH) scavenging assay was assessed. The DPPH assay is simple method for evaluating the antiradical activity.

Radical scavenging percentage increases from green to red tomatoes in term of percent (37.5-43.6 %) Figure 3. same results previously reported by (Bhandari and Lee, 2016) among tomato ripening stages. The antioxidant activity was addressed to analyze the capability of the antioxidants that slow down the oxidation process in the fruit and help to prevent from spoiling. Also, antioxidant compound were mainly responsible for the phamacological activities (Umair et al., 2018).

 

Ascorbic acid content

Current study showed changes in the vitamin C content in three maturity levels. Green stage has minimum amount is about 5.4 mg/100 g f.w. was recorded and the higher 17 mg/100 g f.w. in pink while 14.5 mg/100 g f.w. in red stage Figure 4. Similar results were reported by (Soare et al., 2019) observed 4.8-20.7 from green phase to full ripe phase. Tigist et al. (2013) reported values from 14.6 and 21.7 mg/100 g f.w. in ripened tomato. Also, Sima et al. (2009) showed from 20.42–24.28 mg/100 g f.w. Several enzymatic oxidation processes are involved that enhance and decline the AA content. Increased in ascorbic acid level showed ripening while decrease indicate the decaying (Pila et al., 2010; Dragan et al., 2010).

 

 

Lycopene content

Current results showed changes in lycopene content Figure 5. The lowest lycopene content was observed in green tomato 22.1mg/kg while highest in red tomatoes as 33 mg.kg and pink tomatoes showed 26 mg/kg.

Lycopene content increased as ripening proceeds reported by different authors (George et al., 2004; Brandt et al., 2006; Dumas et al., 2003; Helyes et al., 2006). Luna-Guevar et al. (2014) reported 24.5 mg/kg lycopene content in light red tomatoes while, (Toor and Savage, 2005) obtained 28 mg/100gm. Fraser et al. (1994) stated that the changing in color from green to red due to breakdown of pigments from xanthophylls to lycopene, β, and γ carotenes in mature fruits.

Antimicrobial and antifungal activity

Total of three extracts of tomato stages Green, Pink and Red (acetone and methanol) were used to examine the antimicrobial and antifungal potential. In agar well diffusion assay for antimicrobial activity, Mature green stage gave 10.7-11.6mm MIZD, O. half ripe showed 09.3-10.4 mm and full ripe 09-9.3mm ZOI in methanol and acetone. It also reveals that the bacterial culture (E. coli and S.aureus) used for the activity were fully active. Results of different maturity stages extract against bacterial strains Table 3.

 

Table 3: Zone of inhibition (mm) of bacteria.

Maturity stages	E. coli		S. aureus
	Methanol	Acetone	Methanol	Acetone
G	11.3 ±0.5	10.7±0.6	11.6±0.3	11.4±0.5
P	10.1± 0.3	9.3±0.3	10.4±0.1	9.7±0.1
R	9.3 ±0.3	9.0±00	9.2 ±0.4	9.1±0.1

G: Green; P: Pink; R: Red

 

Antifungal activity, green level gave 11.2-11.8mm ZOI while, pink and red ripe 09.7-10.8mm and full ripe 09.3-09.8 mm ZOI in methanol and acetone against A.niger and A.flavus represented in Table 4.

 

Table 4: Zone of inhibition (mm) of fungi.

Maturity stages	A. niger		A. flavus
	Methanol	Acetone	Methanol	Acetone
G	11.6 ±0.2	11.2±0.3	11.8±0.4	11.7±0.2
P	10.8± 0.2	9.7±0.6	10.5±0.5	10.0±0.0
R	9.5 ±0.8	9.4±0.4	9.8 ±0.8	9.3±0.6

G: Green; P: Pink; R: Red

 

The tomato maturity stage extracts possess antibacterial and antifungal activity due to phytochemical and secondary metabolites. Earlier research provided information that phenolic compounds have antibacterial activity, Antimicrobial and antifungal activity of tomato paste also reported by (Murali et al., 2013) within different extracts ether and chloroform showed higher activity.

Conclusions and Recommendations

Tomato is a profit crop as it is cost-effective and high nutritional importance. Maturity levels are main aspects that linked with the physiological characteristic of tomato fruit in term of fresh and processed form. The results form study showed that TTA is inversely correlated with pH and TSS. While, antioxidant properties lycopene and DPPH scavenging activity increase with the increase in maturity level. Enhancement in maturity can increase in various antioxidant compounds that help against cardiovascular and other diseases. From the results it can be concluded that for maintaining physiological quality and marketability value of fruit, selection of maturity levels is most important parameters for fresh used ripened red is used and for marketing in distance area green stage necessary to be selected.

Acknowledgements

We acknowledge our technical staff for their assistance during analysis and department FQSRI- SARC-PARC for financial support.

Novelty Statement

Physiological, antioxidant and antimicrobial attributes of tomato variety Roma VF (Green, Pink and Red) was not evaluated before.

Author’s Contribution

Hafiza Mehwish Iqbal: Designed, analysed physiologically and wrote manuscript.

Qurrat Ul Ain Akbar: Gave technical support and conceptualization.

Saqib Arif: Gave technically input at every step and reviewed the manuscript.

Shahid Yousaf: Statistical application and analysed.

Salman Khurshid: Provided assistance throughout analysis.

Saqib Jabbar: Managed the article.

Neelofar Hamid: Reviewed the manuscript.

Uzma Sitara: Data analysis and wrote the manuscript.

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared no conflict of interest.

References

Adedeji, O., R. Ajani, C.T. Akanbi and K.A. Taiwo. 2006. Physicochemical properties of four tomato cultivars grown in Nigeria. Food Process. Preserv., 30: 79-86. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4549.2005.00049.x

Adubofuor, J., E.A. Amankwah, B.S. Arthur and F. Appiah. 2010. Comparative study related to physic-chemical properties and sensory qualities of tomato juice produced from oranges, tomatoes and carrots. Afr. J. Food Sci., 4(7): 427-433.

AOAC, 1990. Association of official analytical chemists. Volume I: Official methods of analysis of the AOAC: 06th edn. Gaithersburg, America.

AOAC, 2010. Association of official analytical chemists. Volume II: Official methods of analysis of the AOAC: 18th. edn. Gaithersburg, America.

Balouiri, M., M. Sadiki and S.K. Ibnsouda. 2016. Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: A review. J. Pharma. Anal., 6(2): 71-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2015.11.005

Barbara, V.D., G.M. De, V.L. De. J. Joep and N. Shankara. 2005. Cultivation of tomato: production, processing and marketing. Agrodok17, Agromisa/ CTA, Wageningen, Netherlands.

Beckles, D.M., 2012. Factors affecting the postharvest soluble solids and sugar content of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) fruit. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 63: 129-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2011.05.016

Bhandari, S.H., and J.G. Lee. 2016. Ripening-dependent changes in antioxidants, color attributes, and antioxidant activity of seven tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cultivars. J. Anal. Methods Chem., 3: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/5498618

Borguini, R., and E. Torres. 2009. Tomatoes and tomato products as dietary sources of antioxidants. Food Rev. Int., 25: 313-325. https://doi.org/10.1080/87559120903155859

Borji, H., and G.M. Jafarpour. 2012. A comparison between tomato quality of mature-green and red- ripe stages in soilless culture. Afr. J. Agric. Res., 7(10): 1601-1603. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR11.1148

Brandt, S., Z. Pek, E. Barna, A. Lugasi and L. Helyes. 2006. Lycopene content and color of ripening tomatoes as affected by environmental conditions. J. Sci. Food Agric., 86: 568-572. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2390

Coklar, H., and M. Akbulut. 2017. Anthocyanins and phenolic compounds of mahonia aquifolium berries and their contributions to antioxidant activity. J. Funct. Foods, 35: 166-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2017.05.037

Dragan, Z., D. Ban, M. Oplani and L. Kari. 2010. Influence of post-harvest temperatures on physicochemical quality of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). J. Food Agric. Environ., 8(1): 21-25.

Dumas, Y., M. Dadomo, G.D. Lucca and P. Grolier. 2003. Effects of environmental factors and agricultural techniques on antioxidant content of tomatoes. J. Sci. Food Agric., 83: 369-382. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.1370

Frary, A., T.C. Nesbitt, S. Grandillo, V.D. Knaap, B. Cong and J.P. Liu. 2000. A quantitative trait locus key to evolution of tomato fruit size. Hortic. Sci., 7(289): 85-88. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5476.85

Fraser, P.D., M.R. Truesdale, C.R. Bird, W. Schuch and P.M. Bramley. 1994. Carotenoid biosynthesis during tomato fruit development, evidence for tissue-specific gene expression. Plant Physiol., 105: 405-413. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.105.1.405

Garcia, E., and D.M. Barrett. 2006. Evaluation of processing tomatoes from two consecutive growing seasons: quality attributes, peelability and yield. J. Food Process. Preserv., 30(1): 20-36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4549.2005.00044.x

Gautier, H., D.V. Verdin, C. Benard, M. Reich, M. Buret, F. Bourgaud, J.L. Poessel, C. Caris-Veyrat and M. Genard. 2008. How does tomato quality (sugar, acid, and nutritional quality) vary with ripening stage, temperature, and irradiance. J. Agric. Food Chem., 56: 1241-1250. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf072196t

Gavade, S. J.M., G. H. Nikam, R. S. Dhabbe, S. R. Sabale, B. V. Tamhankar and G. N Mulik. 2015. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by using carambola fruit extract and their antibacterial activity Adv. Nat. Sci. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 6: 045015. https://doi.org/10.1088/2043-6262/6/4/045015

George, B., C. Kaur, D.S. Khurdiya and H.C. Kapoor. 2004. Antioxidants in tomato (Lycopersium esculentum) as a function of genotype. Food Chem., 84(1): 45-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00165-1

Getinet, H., T. Seyoum and K. Woldetsadik. 2008. The effect of cultivar, maturity stage and storage environment on quality of tomatoes. J. Food Eng., 87(4): 467-478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.12.031

Gharezi, M., N. Joshi, and E. Sadeghian. 2012. Effect of postharvest treatment on stored cherry tomatoes. J. Nutr. Food Sci., 2(8): 57-167. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9600.1000157

Giovannucci, E., 1999. Nutritional factors in human cancers. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 472: 29-42. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3230-6_3

Gupta, A., A. Kawatra, and S. Sehgal. 2011. Physical-chemical properties and nutritional evaluation of newly developed tomato genotypes. Afr. J. Food Sci. Technol., 2(7): 167-172.

Helyes, L., Z. Pek and A. Lugasi. 2006. Tomato fruit quality and content depend on stage of maturity. Hort. Sci., 41: 1400-1401. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.41.6.1400

Hossain, M.M.E., M.J. Alam, M.A. Hakim and A.S.M. Amanullah. 2010. An assessment of physco chemical properties of some tomato genotypes and varieties grown at Rangpur. Bangladesh Res. Publ. J., 4(3): 135-243.

Hussain, S.I., K.M. Khokhar, M. Mahmood and M.M. Mahmud. 2001. Yield potential of some exotic and local tomato cultivars grown for summer production. Pakistan J. Biol. Sci., 4: 1215-1216. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2001.1215.1216

John, F.M., O.A. Patrick and S.A. Moses. 2020. Effect of maturity stage on quality and shelf life of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum mill) using refrigerator storage system. Eurasian J. Agric. Res., 4(1): 23-44.

Kuzniak, E., and M. Sklodowska. 2005. Fungal pathogen-induced changes in the anti-oxidant systems of leaf peroxisomes from infected tomato plants. Planta, 222: 192-200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-005-1514-8

Luna-Guevara, M.L., O. Jimenez-Gonzalez, J.J. Luna-Guevara, P. Hernandez-Carranza and C.E. Ochoa-Velasco. 2014. Quality parameters and bioactive compounds of red tomatoes (Solanum Lycopersicum L.) cv Roma VF at different postharvest conditions. J. Food Res., 3(5): 8-18. https://doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v3n5p8

Malacrida, C., E. Valle and S. Boggio. 2006. Postharvest chilling induces oxidative stress response in the dwarf tomato cultivar Micro-Tom. Physiol. Plant, 127: 10-18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2005.00636.x

Marti, S.R., and J. Cebolla-Cornejo. 2016. Tomato as a source of carotenoids and polyphenols targeted to cancer prevention. Cancers, 8(6): 58. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers8060058

Martinez, M.A.J., P.D. Fraser and P.M. Bramley. 2010. Accumulation of health promoting phytochemicals in wild relatives of tomato and their contribution to in vitro antioxidant activity. Phytochem, 71(10): 1104-1114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.03.021

Moneruzzaman, K.M., A.B.M.S. Hossain, W. Sani and M. Saifuddin. 2008. Effect of stages of maturity and ripening conditions on the physical characteristics of tomato. Am. J. Biochem. Biotechnol., 4(4): 329-335. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajbbsp.2008.329.335

Murali K.J., P.A. Bhaumik and S. Kumar. 2013. Phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial studies of various extracts of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Sch. Acad. J. Biosci., 1(2): 34-38.

Mutari. A., and R. Debbie. 2011. The effects of postharvest handling and storage temperature on the quality and shelf of tomato. Afr. J. Food Sci., 5(7): 446-452.

Obadina, A., J. Ibrahim and I. Adekoya. 2018. Influence of drying temperature and storage period on the quality of cherry and plum tomato powder. Food Sci. Nutr., 6: 1146-1153. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.658

Owusu, J., M. Haile, Z. Wang and A. Amissah. 2012. Effect of drying methods on physicochemical properties of pretreated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum mill.) slices. Croatia.J. Food Technol. Biotechnol. Nutr., 7(1-2): 106-111.

Pila, N., N.B. Gol and T.V.R. Rao. 2010. Effect of post harvest treatments on physicochemical characteristics and shelf life of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fruits during storage. Am Euras. J. Agric. Environ. Sci., 9: 470-479.

Pinho, L., A.C. Almeida, C.A. Costa, M.C.D. Paes, M.B.A. Gloria and R.M. Souza. 2011. Nutritional properties of cherry tomatoes harvested at different times and grown in an organic cropping. Hortic. Bras., 29: 205-211. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-05362011000200012

Puupponen-Pimia, R., L. Nohynek, C. Meier, M. Kahkonen, M. Heinonen, A. Hopia and K.M. Oksman-Caldentey. 2001. Antimicrobial properties of phenolic compounds from berries. J. Appl. Microbiol., 90(4): 494-507. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01271.x

Rai, G.K., R. Kumar, A.K. Singh, P.K. Rai, M. Rai, A.K. Chaturvedi and A.B. Rai. 2012. Changes in antioxidant and phytochemical properties of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum mill.) under ambient condition. Pak. J. Bot., 44(2): 667-670.

Rao, A.V., and L.G. Rao. 2007. Carotenoids and human health. Pharmacological research: The Off. J. Ita. Pharmacol. Soc., 55(3): 207-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2007.01.012

Sammi, S., and T. Masud. 2007. Effect of different packaging systems on storage life and quality of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum var. Rio Grande) during different ripening stages. Int. J. Food Saf., 9: 37-44.

Sankar, P., M.K. Khan, G.R. Sahoo and N.R. Sahoo. 2002. Post-harvest losses on tomato, cabbage and cauliflower. AMA Agric. Mech. Asia Afr. Lat. Am., 33: 35-40.

Sgherri, C., Z. Kadlecova, A. Pardossi, F. Navari-Izzo and R. Izzo. 2008. Irrigation with diluted seawater improves the nutritional value of cherry tomatoes. J. Agric. Food Chem., 56: 3391-3397. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0733012

Shi, J., and M.L. Maguer. 2000. Lycopene in tomatoes: Chemical and physical properties affected by food processing. Crit. Rev. Biotechnol., 20: 293-334. https://doi.org/10.1080/07388550091144212

Sies, H., 1997. Oxidative stress: oxidants and antioxidants. Exp. Physiol., 82: 291-295. https://doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.1997.sp004024

Sima, R., D. Maniutiu, A.S. Apahidean, M. Apahidean and L. Muresan. 2009. The influence of fertilization on greenhouse tomatoes cultivated in peat bags system. Bull. UASVM Hortic., 66: 455-460.

Singleton, V.L., and W.A. Gortner. 1965. Chemical and physical development of the Pineapple fruit II Carbohydrate and acid constituents. J. Food. Sci., 30: 19-23. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1965.tb00255.x

Soare, R., M. Dinu, A.I. Apahidean and M. Soare. 2019. The evolution of some nutritional parameters of the tomato fruit during the harvesting stages. Hortic. Sci., 46(3): 132-137. https://doi.org/10.17221/222/2017-HORTSCI

Sulieman, A.E., K.M.A. Awin and M.T. Yousif. 2011. Suitability of some tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) genotypes for paste production. J. Sci. Technol., 12(2): 45-51.

Suslow, T.V., and M. Cantwell. 2006. Tomato recommendations for maintaining postharvest quality. Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, USA.

Tadesse, T., T.S. Workneh and K. Woldetsadik. 2012. Effect of varieties on changes in sugar content and marketability of tomato stored under ambient conditions. Afr. J.  Agric. Res., 7(14): 2124-2130.

Tahir. A., H. Shah, M. Sharif, W. Akhtar and M. Akmal. 2021. An overview of tomato economy of Pakistan, comparitive analysis Pakistan. Pak. J. Agric. Sci. Res., 25: 123-126.

Tigist, M., T.S. Workneh and K. Woldetsadik. 2013. Effects of variety on the quality of tomato stored under ambient conditions. J. Food Sci. Technol., 50: 477-486. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-011-0378-0

Tilahun, 2013. Analysis of the effect of maturity stage on the postharvest biochemical quality characteristics of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum MILL.) Fruti. Int. Res. J. Pharm. App. Sci., 3(5): 180-186.

Tilahun, S., D.S. Park, A.M. Taye and C.S. Jeong. 2017. Effect of ripening conditions on the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Food Sci. Biotechnol., 26: 473-479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-017-0065-7

Tilahun, S., D.S. Park, A.M. Taye and C.S. Jeong. 2017. Effects of storage duration on physicochemical and antioxidant properties of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). J. Hortic. Sci. Biotechnol., 35: 88-97. https://doi.org/10.12972/kjhst.20170010

Tilahun, S., D.S. Parka, T. Solomond, H.R. Choia and C.S. Jeonga. 2019. Maturity stages affect nutritional quality and storability of tomato cultivars. CYTA J. Food, 17(1): 87-95. https://doi.org/10.1080/19476337.2018.1554705

Tolesa, G.N., and T.S. Workneh. 2017. Influence of storage environment, maturity stage and pre-storage disinfection treatments on tomato fruit quality during winter in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. J. Food Sci. Technol., 54(10): 3230-3242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-017-2766-6

Toor, R.K., and G.P. Savage. 2005. Antioxidant activity in different fractions of tomatoes. Food Res. Int., 38: 487-494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2004.10.016

Umair, M., S. Jabbar, M.M. Nasiru., A.M. Senan., H. Zhuang and J. Zhang. 2020. Sequential application of high-voltage electric field cold plasma treatment and acid blanching improves the quality of fresh carrot juice (Daucuscarota L.). J. Agric. Food Chem., 68: 15311-15318. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03470

Umair, M., S. Jabbar, M.M. Nasiru., Lu. Zhoxain., J. Zhang., M. Abid and L. Zhao. 2021. Ultrasound assisted extraction of carotenoids from carrot pomace and their optimization through response surface methodology. Molecules, 26: 6763. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26226763

Umair, M., S. Jabbar, T. Sultana, Z. Ayub, S.A. Abdelgader, Z. Xiaoyu and L. Zhaoxin. 2020. Chirality of the biomolecules enhanced its stereospecific action of dihydromyricetin enantiomers. Food Sci. Nutr., 8: 4843-4856. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1766

Umair, M., S. Jabbar, A.M. Senan, T. Sultana, M.M. Nasiru, A.A. Shah, H. Zhuang and Z. Jianhao. 2019. Influence of combined effect of ultra-sonication and high-voltage cold plasma treatment on quality parameters of carrot juice. Foods, 8: 593. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8110593

Umair, M., X. Zhu., Z. Lu., J. Han., J. Sun., S. Tayyaba and J. Saqib. 2018. Effects of extraction variables on pharmacological activities of vine tea extract (Ampelopsis grossedentata). Int. J. Pharmacol., 14: 495-505. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijp.2018.495.505

Valverde, I.M., M.J. Periago, G. Provan and A. Chesson. 2002. Phenolic compounds, lycopene and antioxidant activity in commercial varieties of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum). J. Sci. Food Agric., 82(3): 323-330. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.1035